Federal Communications Commission FCC 26-37 Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) File No.: EB-FIELDNER-24-00036003 Etzer Toussaint ) NAL/Acct. No.: 202632010001 Spring Valley, New York ) FRN: 0037860996. ) NOTICE OF APPARENT LIABILITY FOR FORFEITURE Adopted: January 12, 2026 Released: January 12, 2026 By the Acting Chief, Enforcement Bureau: I. INTRODUCTION 1. In this Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture (NAL), we propose a penalty of $20,000 against Etzer Toussaint (Toussaint) for operating an unauthorized radio station, known as “Radio Model” or “Radio Tele Model” on 88.9 MHz in Spring Valley, New York (Station), by which Toussaint apparently willfully and knowingly did, caused, or suffered to be done pirate radio broadcasting on January 14, 2025. Operating an unauthorized, or pirate, radio station is illegal under the Communications Act of 1934, as amended (Communications Act or Act)1 and undermines the primary mission of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC or Commission) to manage radio spectrum. Such illegal operations can interfere with licensed communications, including authorized broadcasts and communications by public safety entities. Moreover, such illegal operations pose a danger to the public because they interfere with licensed stations that inform their listeners of important public safety messages, including Emergency Alert System transmissions that provide vital information regarding weather events and other dangers to the public. II. BACKGROUND A. Legal Framework 2. On January 24, 2020, Congress passed the Preventing Illegal Radio Abuse Through Enforcement Act (PIRATE Act), which was subsequently codified as section 511 of the Communications Act.2 Section 511 states that any person who willfully and knowingly does, causes or suffers to be done any pirate radio broadcasting shall be subject to a fine of not more than $2,000,000 and not more than $100,000 for each day during which such offense occurs.3 Both of these figures are subject to annual inflation adjustments.4 Section 511 defines pirate radio broadcasting as “the transmission of 1 47 U.S.C. § 511. 2 Preventing Illegal Radio Abuse Through Enforcement Act, Pub. L. 116-109, 134 Stat. 3 (2020) (codified at 47 U.S.C. § 511). 3 47 U.S.C. § 511(a)-(b). Prior to the passage of the PIRATE Act, the maximum monetary penalty for pirate radio transmissions was $151,005. See 47 CFR §1.80(b)(9)(ii) (2019); see also Acerome Jean Charles, Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture, 34 FCC Rcd 12744 (2019) (proposing a penalty of $151,005), consent decree adopted, Order, 35 FCC Rcd 6878 (2020). In 2020, that maximum limit was increased to $2,000,000. See 47 U.S.C. § 511. 4 See 47 CFR § 1.80(b)(6) (setting the current inflation adjusted statutory maximum for a violation of 47 U.S.C. § 511(a) at $2,453,218 and of 47 U.S.C. § 511(b) at $122,661); Amendment of Section 1.80(b) of the Commission’s Rules, Adjustment of Civil Monetary Penalties to Reflect Inflation, Order, 40 FCC Rcd 25, 32 at Table 5 to (continued…) Federal Communications Commission FCC 26-37 communications on spectrum frequencies between 535 and 1705 kilohertz, inclusive, or 87.7 and 108 megahertz, inclusive, without a license issued by the Commission, but does not include unlicensed operations in compliance with part 15 of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations.”5 Part 15, among other requirements, states that unlicensed operators in the FM band must not transmit over a certain low-power limit.6 B. Factual Background 3. On January 14, 2025, field agents (Agents) from the FCC’s New York Field Office monitored the frequency 88.9 MHz in Spring Valley, New York, and, using direction-finding techniques, traced the source of the signal to a commercial property located at 130 NY-59, Spring Valley, New York (NY-59 Site). Agents took field strength measurements of the Station’s signal and determined that it exceeded the limits for operation under the part 15 rules.7 Agents then searched the Internet for a station operating on 88.9 MHz in Spring Valley and found the website for the Station.8 The website identifies Toussaint as “Président Directeur Général”9 of the station, states that he established the Station in 2006,10 and provides his e-mail address as the method to contact station management.11 Agents matched the over- the-air programming on 88.9 MHz to the Station’s online audio stream.12 A review of Commission records revealed no authorization for any FM broadcast station to operate at or near the NY-59 Site on any frequency. III. DISCUSSION 4. We find that Toussaint, in apparent violation of section 511 of the Act,13 willfully and knowingly did, caused, or suffered to be done pirate radio broadcasting through the operation of an unlicensed radio station, known as “Radio Model” or “Radio Tele Model” on 88.9 MHz on January 14, 2025. Agents performed field strength measurements and determined that the transmissions on 88.9 MHz exceeded the limits for operation under part 15 of the Commission’s rules.14 A review of Commission records does not reveal an authorization for any FM broadcast station to operate at or near the NY-59 Site at any time relevant to the apparent violation discussed in this NAL. Evidence collected by the Agents, including the Station’s website providing Toussaint’s email address for contacting the Station, his title as “Président Directeur Général” of the Station and describing his establishment of the Station in 2006 show Paragraph (b)(12)(ii) (EB Jan. 3, 2025); see also Annual Adjustment of Civil Monetary Penalties to Reflect Inflation, 90 Fed. Reg. 3710 (Jan. 15, 2025) (setting January 15, 2025, as the effective date for the increases). 5 47 U.S.C. § 511(h). 6 47 CFR § 15.239(b) (stating that the field strength of any emissions in the 88-108 MHz band shall not exceed 250 microvolts/meter (“μV/m”) at 3 meters). 7 See 47 CFR § 15.239(b). 8 See Radio Tele Model, https://www.radiotelemodelfm.com (last visited August 25, 2025). The Station’s website uses both “Radio Tele Model” and “Radio Model” as the name of the Station. 9 Président Directeur Général is a French term which translates to Chairman and CEO in English. 10 See Radio Tele Model, PDG: Président Directeur Général, https://www.radiotelemodelfm.com/p/pdg-president- directeur-general.html (Last visited August 25, 2025). 11 See id., Contact, https://www.radiotelemodelfm.com/p/contact.html (last visited August 25, 2025). 12 See January 14, 2025 comparison video (on file, EB-FIELDNER-24-00036003) (comparing the over-the-air broadcast of the Station to the audio from the “Radio Tele Model” stream on its website). 13 47 U.S.C. § 511. 14 See 47 CFR § 15.239(b); supra para. 3. 2 Federal Communications Commission FCC 26-37 that Toussaint is the operator of the Station.15 Accordingly, the Bureau finds that Toussaint’s actions on January 14, 2025, constituted pirate radio broadcasting in apparent violation of section 511 of the Act.16 5. Section 511 of the Act authorizes the Commission to impose a forfeiture against any person “who willfully and knowingly does or causes or suffers to be done any pirate radio broadcasting.”17 In exercising our forfeiture authority, we consider the “nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation and, with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior offenses, ability to pay, and such other matters as justice may require.”18 We may adjust a forfeiture downward for minor violations, good faith or voluntary disclosure, a history of overall compliance, or an inability to pay.19 6. Section 511 of the Act and section 1.80 of the Commission’s rules authorize enhanced penalties for pirate radio broadcasting.20 Under these sections, any person who willfully and knowingly does, causes or suffers to be done any pirate radio broadcasting shall be subject to a fine of not more than $122,661 for each day during which the offense occurs, but not more than $2,453,218 in total.21 7. The primary intent of the PIRATE Act is to increase financial penalties for pirate radio broadcasting.22 Accordingly, in 2023, the Commission established a base forfeiture of $20,000 for pirate radio broadcasting,23 which is twice the pre-PIRATE Act base forfeiture level. Consequently, for Toussaint’s apparent willful and knowing violation of section 511 of the Act, we apply this base forfeiture amount, for a total proposed base forfeiture of $20,000.24 8. In applying the applicable statutory factors, we consider whether there is any basis for an upward or a downward adjustment of the proposed forfeiture. We find none. After applying section 1.80 15 See supra para. 3. 16 47 U.S.C. § 511(a), (h). 17 Id. § 511(a). 18 Id. § 503(b)(2)(E); 47 CFR § 1.80(b)(11). 19 47 CFR § 1.80(b)(11); see also The Commission’s Forfeiture Policy Statement and Amendment of Section 1.80 of the Rules to Incorporate the Forfeiture Guidelines, Report and Order, 12 FCC Rcd 17087, 17101, para. 27 (1997) (Forfeiture Policy Statement), recons. denied, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 15 FCC Rcd 303 (1999). 20 47 U.S.C. § 511; 47 CFR § 1.80(b)(6). 21 See 47 CFR § 1.80(b)(6) (setting the current inflation adjusted statutory maximum for a violation of 47 U.S.C. § 511(a) at $2,453,218 and of 47 U.S.C. § 511(b) at $122,661); Amendment of Section 1.80(b) of the Commission’s Rules, Adjustment of Civil Monetary Penalties to Reflect Inflation, Order, DA 25-5, 2025 WL 100529, *7 at Table 5 to Paragraph (b)(12)(ii) (EB Jan. 3, 2025); see also Annual Adjustment of Civil Monetary Penalties to Reflect Inflation, 90 Fed. Reg. 3710 (Jan. 15, 2025) (setting January 15, 2025, as the effective date for the increases). 22 See S. Rep. No. 116-178, 1 (2019) (“The purpose of S. 1228, the Preventing Illegal Radio Abuse Through Enforcement Act or PIRATE Act, is to increase the financial penalties for pirate radio broadcasting.”). 23 The Commission first applied this base forfeiture amount in prior Notices of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture. See, e.g., César Ayora and Luis Angel Ayora, Queens, New York, Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture, 38 FCC Rcd 2562, 2569, para. 15 (2023), aff’d, Forfeiture Order, FCC 23-80, 2023 WL 6843186 (Oct. 13, 2023); Thomas Barnes, La Grande, Oregon, Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture, 38 FCC Rcd 2554, 2558, para. 12 (2023), aff’d, Forfeiture Order, FCC 23-79, 2023 WL 6843178 (Oct. 13, 2023). 24 See 47 U.S.C. § 511. 3 Federal Communications Commission FCC 26-37 of the Commission’s rules and the statutory factors, and consistent with the Forfeiture Policy Statement,25 Toussaint is apparently liable for a proposed total monetary forfeiture of $20,000.26 IV. CONCLUSION 9. We have determined that Etzer Toussaint apparently willfully and knowingly did, caused, or suffered to be done pirate radio broadcasting in violation of section 511 of the Act on January 14, 2025. As such, Etzer Toussaint is apparently liable for a forfeiture of $20,000. V. ORDERING CLAUSE 10. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED that, pursuant to section 511 of the Act, 47 U.S.C. § 511, and sections 0.111, 0.204, 0.311, and 1.80 of the Commission’s rules, 47 CFR §§ 0.111, 0.204, 0.311, 1.80, Etzer Toussaint is hereby NOTIFIED of this APPARENT LIABILITY FOR A FORFEITURE in the amount of twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) for willful and knowing violation of section 511 of the Act, 47 U.S.C. § 511. 11. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that, pursuant to section 1.80 of the Commission’s rules, 47 CFR § 1.80, within thirty (30) calendar days of the release date of this Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture, Etzer Toussaint SHALL PAY the full amount of the proposed forfeiture or SHALL FILE a written statement seeking reduction or cancellation of the proposed forfeiture consistent with paragraph 14. 12. In order for Etzer Toussaint to pay the proposed forfeiture, he shall notify the Office of the Field Director at field@fcc.gov of his intent to pay, whereupon an invoice will be posted in the Commission’s Registration System (CORES) at https://apps.fcc.gov/cores/userLogin.do. Upon payment, Toussaint shall send electronic notification of payment to the Office of the Field Director, Enforcement Bureau, Federal Communications Commission, at field@fcc.gov on the date said payment is made. Payment of the forfeiture must be made by credit card using CORES at https://apps.fcc.gov/cores/user Login.do, ACH (Automated Clearing House) debit from a bank account, or by wire transfer from a bank account. The Commission no longer accepts Civil Penalty payments by check or money order. Below are instructions that payors should follow based on the form of payment selected:27 • Payment by wire transfer must be made to ABA Number 021030004, receiving bank TREAS/NYC, and Account Number 27000001. In the OBI field, enter the FRN(s) captioned above and the letters “FORF”. In addition, a completed Form 15928 or printed CORES form29 must be faxed to the Federal Communications Commission at 202-418-2843 or e-mailed to RROGWireFaxes@fcc.gov on the same business day the wire transfer is initiated. Failure to provide all required information in Form 159 or CORES may result in payment not being recognized as having been received. When completing FCC Form 159 or CORES, enter the Account Number in block number 23A (call sign/other ID), enter the letters “FORF” in block number 24A (payment type code), and enter in block number 11 the FRN(s) captioned above (Payor FRN).30 For additional detail and wire transfer instructions, go to https://www.fcc.gov/licensing-databases/fees/wire-transfer. 25 See Forfeiture Policy Statement, 12 FCC Rcd at 17101, para. 27; 47 CFR § 1.80(b)(11). 26 Any entity that is a “Small Business Concern” as defined in the Small Business Act (Pub. L. 85-536, as amended) may avail itself of rights set forth in that Act, including rights set forth in 15 U.S.C. § 657, “Oversight of Regulatory Enforcement,” in addition to other rights set forth herein. 27 For questions regarding payment procedures, please contact the Financial Operations Group Help Desk by phone at 1-877-480-3201 (option #6). 28 FCC Form 159 is accessible at https://www.fcc.gov/licensing-databases/fees/fcc-remittance-advice-form-159. 29 Information completed using the Commission’s Registration System (CORES) does not require the submission of an FCC Form 159. CORES is accessible at https://apps.fcc.gov/cores/userLogin.do. 30 Instructions for completing the form may be obtained at http://www.fcc.gov/Forms/Form159/159.pdf. 4 Federal Communications Commission FCC 26-37 • Payment by credit card must be made by using CORES at https://apps.fcc.gov/cores/userLogin.do. To pay by credit card, log in using the FCC Username associated to the FRN captioned above. If payment must be split across FRNs, complete this process for each FRN. Next, select “Manage Existing FRNs | FRN Financial | Bills & Fees” from the CORES Menu, then select FRN Financial and the view/make payments option next to the FRN. Select the “Open Bills” tab and find the bill number associated with the NAL Acct. No. The bill number is the NAL Acct. No. with the first two digits excluded (e.g., NAL 1912345678 would be associated with FCC Bill Number 12345678). After selecting the bill for payment, choose the “Pay by Credit Card” option. Please note that there is a $24,999.99 limit on credit card transactions. • Payment by ACH must be made by using CORES at https://apps.fcc.gov/cores/userLogin.do. To pay by ACH, log in using the FCC Username associated to the FRN captioned above. If payment must be split across FRNs, complete this process for each FRN. Next, select “Manage Existing FRNs | FRN Financial | Bills & Fees” on the CORES Menu, then select FRN Financial and the view/make payments option next to the FRN. Select the “Open Bills” tab and find the bill number associated with the NAL Acct. No. The bill number is the NAL Acct. No. with the first two digits excluded (e.g., NAL 1912345678 would be associated with FCC Bill Number 12345678). Finally, choose the “Pay from Bank Account” option. Please contact the appropriate financial institution to confirm the correct Routing Number and the correct account number from which payment will be made and verify with that financial institution that the designated account has authorization to accept ACH transactions. 13. Any request for making full payment over time under an installment plan should be sent to: Chief Financial Officer—Financial Operations, Federal Communications Commission, 45 L Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20554.31 Questions regarding payment procedures should be directed to the Financial Operations Group Help Desk by phone, 1-877-480-3201, or by e-mail, ARINQUIRIES@fcc.gov. 14. The written statement seeking reduction or cancellation of the proposed forfeiture, if any, must include a detailed factual statement supported by appropriate documentation and affidavits pursuant to sections 1.16 and 1.80(g)(3) of the Commission’s rules.32 The written statement must be mailed to the Office of the Secretary, Federal Communications Commission, 45 L Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20554, ATTN: Enforcement Bureau – Office of the Field Director, and must include the NAL/Account Number referenced in the caption. The statement must also be e-mailed to the Office of the Field Director at field@fcc.gov. 15. The Commission will not consider reducing or canceling a forfeiture in response to a claim of inability to pay unless the petitioner submits the following documentation: (1) federal tax returns for the past three years; (2) financial statements for the past three years prepared according to generally accepted accounting practices; or (3) some other reliable and objective documentation that accurately reflects the petitioner’s current financial status.33 Any claim of inability to pay must specifically identify the basis for the claim by reference to the financial documentation. Inability to pay, however, is only one of several factors that the Commission will consider in determining the appropriate forfeiture, and we retain the discretion to decline reducing or canceling the forfeiture if other prongs of 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(2)(E) support that result.34 31 See 47 CFR § 1.1914. 32 Id. §§ 1.16, 1.80(g)(3). 33 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(2)(E). 34 See, e.g., Ocean Adrian Hinson, Surry County, North Carolina, Forfeiture Order, 34 FCC Rcd 7619, 7621, para. 9 & n.21 (2019); Vearl Pennington and Michael Williamson, Forfeiture Order, 34 FCC Rcd 770, paras. 18-21 (2019); Fabrice Polynice, Harold Sido and Veronise Sido, North Miami, Florida, Forfeiture Order, 33 FCC Rcd 6852, (continued…) 5 Federal Communications Commission FCC 26-37 16. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that a copy of this Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture shall be sent by first class mail and certified mail, return receipt requested, to Etzer Toussaint at his address of {[ ]} Park Ave. Apt A1, Spring Valley, NY 10977.35 FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Patrick Webre Acting Chief Enforcement Bureau 6860-62, paras. 21-25 (2018); Adrian Abramovich, Marketing Strategy Leaders, Inc., and Marketing Leaders, Inc., Forfeiture Order, 33 FCC Rcd 4663, 4678-79, paras. 44-45 (2018); Purple Communications, Inc., Forfeiture Order, 30 FCC Rcd 14892, 14903-04, paras. 32-33 (2015); TV Max, Inc., et al., Forfeiture Order, 29 FCC Rcd 8648, 8661, para. 25 (2014). 35 Material set off by double brackets {[ ]} is confidential and is redacted from the public version of this document. 6