SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT FEDERAL COMMUNiCATIONS COMMISSION FiSCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1951 (With introductolY summary and nolatian 01 subsequent important developments) UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. WASHINGTON. 1952 For sale by the Superintenden' of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Offic. Washington 25, D. C. Price 40 cenn COMMISSIONERS MEMBERS OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (as of June 30, 1951) CHAIRMAN WAYNE COY (Term expires June 30, 1958) PAUL A. WALKER (Term expires June 30, 1953) ROSEL H. HYDE (Term expires June 30, 1952) EDWARD M. WEBSTER (Term expires June 30, 1956) II ROBERT F. JONES (Term expires June 30, 1954) GEORGE E. STERLING (Term expires June 30, 1957) FRIEDA B. HENNOCK (Term expires June 30, 1955) LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL FEDERAL COMMUXICATIONS COMMISSIOK, Washington 935, D. O. To the Oongress of the [""ited States: Pursuant to section 1 (k) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, there is herewith submitted the~v(>nteenthannual report of the Federal Communications Commission. Though this report concerns the Commission's actiyities for the fiscal year ended June all. 1951. primarily, the introductory summary includes convenient refel'enee to subseqnent events up to the time of /(oing to press. This year, in particular, I eannot emphasize too strongly the fact that, because of reduced appropriations and eOllsequent loss of man power, the Commission c.annot takecar~of its regular functions, not to mention duties added by the national defense program. Conse quently there is a mounting bucklaad of work in various categories which seriously affects the economy of the various communications industries and, in fact, the economy of the country generally. Respectfully, 'VAYNE COY, Chairman. HI [ Page IV in the original document is intentionally blank 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTORY SUMMARY • _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ 1 1. Highlights of the fiscal year__________________________________ 1 2. Subsequent events_ ______________________ _____ ______ 10 Chapter I. GENERAL_________________________________________________ 15 1. Authority • __________ __ __ _________ 15 2. Communications Act of 1934________________________ 15 3. Feders.l Communications Commission_ ____ 17 Organization chart- __ __________ __ __ _____________ 16 4. Functions~__________ __ __ _________ 17 5. Commissioners_____ ___________ __ ________ __ _________ 18 6. Staff organizatioll__________________________________ 18 7. Personnel_________________________________________ 24 8. Appropriations and expenditures_____________________ 24 9. LitigatioD__ __________________________ __ ________ ___ 25 10. LegislatioD_ ______________ _______ ___ _ __ _________ 29 11. National defense~_______________________31 12. Hearings__ _____________ _______ _____ _ __ _______ 34 13. Licenses and other authorizations____________________ 34 14. Applications and other filings________________________ 35 15. Correspondence, releases, and publicatious_ ____ _______ 35 II. COMMON CARRIERS -'.~_______________________37 1. Regulation_ ____________ _____________ _____ _________ 37 2. Domestic telephone_ ______ __ ____ _____ __ _______ __ 38 Ge~eral---------------.-----------------------38 Domestic telephone services_ __ __ __ ___________ ___ 39 Construction of facilities____________________ 39 Discontinuance, reduction, or impairment of service____ ___ ___ __ __ __ __ ___________ 41 Channels for TV program transmission_______ 41 Speed of service~_______________________43 Foreign attachment cases~____________43 Domestic public land mobile radio service_____ 43 Theater television____ ________ ________ __ _ 45 Rural subscriber and short haul toll radio. telephone 8ervice_________________________ 45 Radiocommunication service in Territories (ex- cept Alaska)_____________________________ 45 Coastal and Alaskan services________________ 45 Rates and tariffs_______________________________ 46 Rate schedules______ ____ ______________ _____ 46 Special permissions_________________________ 46 Charges llbased oncos~'46 l/Other line" charges_______________________ 46 Unlawful use of telephone facilities__ _________ 46 Investigation of Bell System rates____ ________ 46 Separations_ ___________ ______ __ __ _________ 47 Toll rate study____________________________ 48 State telephone rate 088e8___________________ 48 v VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page II. COMMON CARRIERs-Conti.p.ued 2. Domestic telephone-Continued Other regulatory mattcrs_____ 49 Depreciation ______________________________ 49 NARDC Committee on Depreciation_________ 50 NARDC Committee on Accounts and Statistics. 50 Continuing property records_________________ 50 Pensions and relief_________________________ 50 Preservation of records_ 51 Restatement of plant accounts on basis of original cost__ ________ ___ 51 Annual report Form M_____________________ 51 Annual report Form L______________________ 51 Monthly report form for class A telephone compsuies____ ____________________ _______ 51 Uniform system of accounts for telephone companies_____ ______________ __ __ _ 51 Monthly telephone statistic8_________________ 52 3. Domestic telegraph_________________________________ 52 General_______________________________________ 52 Services and facilities___________________________ 53 Speed of service____________________________ 53 Western Union modernization program_______ 54 COIl."ltruction of wire facilities____ ___ _________ 54 Discontinuance, reduction, or impairment of service_____ __ ____ __ ___ __ __ 55 Rates and tariffs_______________________________ 56 Rate schedules_____________________________ 56 Special permissions ,_________________ 56 Western Union domestic rates_______________ 56 Reperforator switching equipment charges_____ 56 Other regulatory matters________________________ 57 Relief and pensions_________________________ 57 Reclassification of plant accounts_ ______ _____ 57 Continuing property records_________________ 57 Uniform system of accounts_________________ 57 Preservat.ion of records_ _____ __ _ 57 4. International telegraph and telephone________________ 57 GeneraL • __ __ 57 International service___________________________ 5S Telegraph circuits__________________________ 58 Telephone circuits__________________________ 68 Applications____ ____________ 59 Frequencies_ ___ __ ______ __ ___ 59 Docketca.~es______________________________59 Equipment and operating techniques_________ 60 Invrnational merger__________________ _____ 61 International conferences_ ______________________ 62 International Administrative Telephone and Telegraph Conference, Paris, 1949_ _________ 62 Other conferences_ ______ ___ _ 62 TABLE OF CONTENTS VII Chapter Page II. COMMON CARRIERs-Continued 4. International telegraph and telephone-Continued Rates and tariffs_______________________________ 62 Rate schedules_____________________________ 62 Special tariff permissions~______62 Contract filings____________________________ 62 Elimination of special Government rates_____ _ 63 Distribution of unrouted international traffic_ _ 63 Marine rate case___________________________ 63 International rate case______________________ 64 Other regulatory matters________________________ 64 Depreciatioll_______ ___________ ________ _____ 64 Continuing property records_________________ 64 Pensions and relieL________________________ 64 Reclassification of planL____________________ 64 Uniform system of accounts for radiotelegraph carriers; Part 35 (uniform system of accounts for wiretelegraph and ocean-cable carriers) __ 65 Preservation of records_ ___ __ __ __ __ 65 5. Statistics_____ ________ _________________________ _ 65 Telephone carriers_____ ______________________ __ _ 65 Business and residence telephones by States__ _____ 66 Land line telcgraph_____________________________ 66 Radiotelegraph and ocean-cable carriers_____ ______ 67 Radiotelegraph carriers_____________________ 67 Ocean-cable carriers________________________ 68 International telegraph traffic____________________ 68 III. SAFETY AND SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES_______________________ 71 1. GeneraL__ ________________________________________ 71 2. Marine radio services_______________________________ 72 GeneraL___ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ 72 Safety at sea__________________________________ 73 Safety on the Great Lakes______________________ 74 Radio aids to navigation________________________ 74 International frequency coordination_____________ 75 Proposed automatic radiotelephone alarm system_ _ 75 Coast stations_ _____________ ___________________ 76 Voluntary use of radiotelephony__ _______________ 78 Fixed public service and maritime mobile service in AJaska______________________________________ 79 Interference___________________________________ 79 Equipment approvals and problems______________ 80 Rules governing stations in maritime services______ 81 Radio Technical Commission for Marine Services_ _ 82 3. Aeronautical radio services__________________________ 83 Aviation organizations and conferences_ _ _________ 84 Aircraft radio stations__________________________ 85 Aeronautical land and aeronautical fixed radio stations____ __ __ __ __ __ 86 Civil Air Patrol stations________________________ 86 Airdrome control stations_______________________ 87 Aeronautical mobile utility stations_ __ ___________ 87 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page III. SAFETY AND SPECIAL RADIO SERVICEs-Continued 3. Aeronautical radio services-Continued Aeronautical navigational aid radio stations_ _______ 87 Flying school radio stations_____________________ 87 Flight test radio stations________________________ 88 Aeronautical public service radio stations_ _________ 88 Aeronautical advisory stations_ ______ _____ _____ __ 88 4. Public safety radio services__________________________ 88 Public safety associations and conferences___ __ ____ 89 Police radio scrvice_____________________________ 90 Fire radio service______________________________ 91 Forestry-conservation radio service_______________ 91 Highway maintenance radio service______________ 92 Special emergency radio service__ ________________ 92 State guard radio service________________________ 92 5. Land transportation radio services___________________ 93 Railroad radio service__________________________ 93 Taxicab radio service___________________________ 94 Intercity bus radio service_ __ ____ ____________ 94 Urban transit radio service______________________ 95 Highway truck radio service_____________________ 95 Automobile emergency radio service__ _____ _______ 95 6. Industrial radio services____________________________ 96 Power radio service_ __ _________________________ 96 Petroleum radio service_________________________ 97 Forest products radio service____________________ 97 Motion picture radio service_____________________ 98 Relay press radio service________________________ 98 Special industrial radio service___________________ 98 Low-power industrial radio service_ _____ ____ _____ 99 Miscellaneous_ _ ____ ____________ _____ _______ 99 7. Amateur radio service_ ____ ____________ ______ __ _____ 99 8. Citizen radio service________________________________ 104 9. Disaster communications service_____________________ 104 10. Enforcement_ ____________________ ________ _________ 105 11. Statistics_ __ _________________ _____ _____ __ ____ _ 107 N umber of stations in safety and special radio services_____________________________________ 107 AeronauticaL ___ __ _ ___________ _____ _______ 107 ~Iarine___________________________________107 Public safety______________________________ 107 Land transportation________________________ 108 IndustriaL __ ___________________ __ ___ 108 Amateur and disaster_______________________ 108 Applications received in safety and special radio services_ ______ _____ __________ __ ________ ____ _ 108 AeronauticaL ___ __ ___ _____ ___ __ ______ _ 109 Marine___________________________________ 109 Public safety________ _______________ _______ 109 Land transportation________________________ 109 IndustriaL __ ____ ______ _____ ___ _________ 109 Amateur and disastef-______________________ 109 TABLE OF CONTENTS IX Chapter Page rII. SAFETY AND SPECIAL RADIO SERVICEs-Continued 11. Statistics-Continued Number of transmitters in safety and special radio services_ __ _____ __ __ __ ___ 110 AeronauticaL ___ ________________ _____ 110 ~farine~~_______________________110 Public safety______________________________ 110 Land transportation________________________ 110 IndustriaL __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ 110 Amateur and disastcL______________________ 110 IV. RADIO BROADCAST SERVICES________________________________ 111 1. Rule changes______________________________________ 111 2. Television (TV) broadcast service~_____________112 Increase in TVapplications_____________________ 112 Color television~_______________________113 Television proceedings__ ________________________ 113 Experimental TV service________________________ 115 Television broadcast auxiliary services~_116 Other television developments~___117 3. Standard (A;\l) broadcast servicc____________________ 117 Clcar channels__ _______________________________ 117 North American Regional BroadcastingAgreement_ _ 118 4. Frequency modulation (F:\'l) broadcast service_________ 123 5. Noncommercial educational F:'\f broadcast service__~___124 6. Facsimile broadcast service__________________________ 125 7. International broadcast servicc______________________ 126 8. Auxiliary broadcast services_________________________ 126 Remote pickup broadcast service_________________ 126 Broadcast BTL service__________________________ 126 Developmental broadcast service_________________ 127 9. Statistics____ ______________________________________ 127 Broadcast authorizations___ _____________________ 127 Growth of broadcasting_________________________ 128 Broadcast applications_ ______________________ 128 Broadcast station deletions______________________ 129 Receiving sets___ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ 129 Broadcast industry financial datiL _______________ 129 . GeneraL ______________ ______________ ___ 129 All networks and stations___________________ 130 Nation-wide networks only__________________ 130 AM broadcastrevenues, income and investment_ 131 TV broadcast revenues, incom e and jnvestment_ 132 FM broadcast revenues, income and investment_ 132 V. MISCELLANEOUS RADIO BERVICES___________________________ 133 1. GeneraL___ ________ __ _ __ __ ________ __ __ __ _ 133 2. Industrial, scientific, and medical service______________ 133 3. Experimental radio services _________________________ 135 Number of experimental radio stations____________ 137 Experimental transmitters ______________________ 137 Experimental applications____ ___________________ 137 4. Restricted radiation devices_________________________ 137 5. New antenna rules_________________________________ 138 Antenna applications_ __________________________ 139 ;xTABL~OF CONTENTS Chapter Page VI. RADIO OPERATORS_________________________________________ 141 1. Commercial radio operators_________________________ 141 2. Statistics_____ ______ __ _____________________________ 143 Authorizations____ _____________________________ 143 Applications____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 144 VII. FIELD ENGINEERING AND ::\.fONITORING______________________ 145 ]. GeneraL__ ___ ______________________________ _______ 145 2. Field offices_______________________________________ 145 3. Monitoring stations_ _________ _______________ ___ 145 4. Inspections____ ____________________________ ________ 146 Broadcast station inspections____________________ 146 Broadcast stationsinspected~________________146 Ship stationjnspections~_~~_____________________146 Number of ship inspections__________________ 147 K umber of deficiency notices scrved~~__ 147 Violations cleared during inspections__~______ 147 Inspection of other radio stations~~______147 5. Operator examinations~___________________ 148 6. Investigations_ __ _ __ __ 149 7; Monitoring functions~______ 150 Interference complaints~~_________________ 151 Emergency service_ _______________ _____________ 152 Monitoring sUTveys~~_ 152 Monitoring enforcement-~_~~___ 152 8. Technicaloperations_______________________________ 153 VIII. TECHNICAL AND LABORATORY ACTIVITIES____________________ 155 1. GeneraL~~__~~_______________ ______ _________ 155 2. Technical Research Division_________________________ 155 VHF and UHF propagation studies______________ 156 Television and FM-Ad Hoc committee________ 156 TV standards~_________________________156 Measurements~~~__________________156 Other studies__ _________________ ___________ 157 152-162 megacycle study______ __ __ 158 Color television~~_________________158 Technical studies and standards~_________ 158 General___________________________________ 158 Restricted radiation devices-_________________ 158 Incidental radiation devices_________________ 159 Receiver radiation~___159 Spurious and harmonic radiatioll___ __________ 159 Radioloctttion~__ .~________ _______ 159 Coordination of technical rules_____ __________ 159 Government-industry committees_ __ ___ __ ________ 160 Technical consulting service_____________________ 160 Medium frequency profect8_ ________ ____________ 160 Sunspot cycle recordings~____________160 Atmospheric noise__________________________ 160 North American Regional Broadcasting con- ferellce~_~~_______________161 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI Chapter Page VIII. TECHNICAL AND LABORATORY ACTIVITIEs-Continued 3. Laboratory Division________________________________ 161 General fUllctions~________ __ __ _________ 161 Broadcasting~~___ 162 Services other than broadcasting___ ______________ 163 Calibration of installations and apparatus~163 KOllcommunications equipment___ ___ ____ ________ 164 IX. FREQUENCY ALLOCATION AND TREATY ACTIVITIES______________ 165 1. GeneraL~__~__~~~__~~~______ 165 2. International frequency allocatioll_ ___________________ 166 3. National frequency allocatjon~_~~~_~~~_167 4. Frequency registration and notificatioll_______________ 169 5. International treaty activities~___________________1'70 Coordination with Canada~~_1'70 International interference cases~___1'70 Reports of treaty infractions~_____170 Special studies~~__~_~____________________1'71 Foreign requests for technical information_________ 171 International conferences_ _________ _____________ 171 6. Interdepartment Radio AdvisoryCommittee_~~__1'73 ApPENDIX________________________________________________________ 1'75 1. Field offices_______________________________________ 175 2.Publications~__~~~~~~__ __ __ _____ 1'76 3. Treaties and other international agreements "_ ____ 1'79 INTRODUC'lORY SUMMARY J. HIGHLIGHTIS 01' THE FISCAL YllAR :. ISUBSEQl'ENT IiIVENTS ,. HlGHLIGHi'i:! OF THE FISCA:Io TllAD GloNERAL Thg\lih te16'\'islol\ nlli! <>tMrbl'oatl~a5tmtlU@r8 oolllinu!ld to 1110 nupuli2@poplll~l'llllol'••t,th~'."~IlteenthyeHr ofFader~lCommunI. «"tions Comml»!;ioll 0l,.rftlilm witt.essed 8V011 l\Ju.'e Billlli!l.oant del'elopmM!:lI ,n the sofet~·i1.ud epoolal rMlio field ..nd It irol'iing oomplexity of problems nlfocting both wire and radio DOlIllIlOl\ ...r· I'JIll'S.Th~enOJlb"ond~fi~t""""ice~nre of BqUalllUlIDBl'nt~!JIB publio, Lince they hal}) to proted life 111\(\ pr0f'll''ty, aidDOmm!r~tlolld in dUlitry, pNl'ide emploJ'lnem· RJld Oll\N' individual amelltB, and involve the rotes paid by118~'5of telephone Rnd telegraph oOmmUlliyorn in for a 7-year term starting July l. The Commission continued to reorganize its staff on functional in stead of professional lines. On May 1, 1951, a separate Broadcast Bureau was created. In the light of the establishment of this bureau, and of two other bureaus (Common Carrier and Safety and Special Radio Services) in 1950, the duties of the General Counsel, Chief Accountant and Chief Engineer were redefined as of May 2, 1951. On .June 30, 1951, the number of persons employed by the Commis sion totaled 1,205, which was 80 less than the year previous. Ap proximately one-third of them were in the field, mostly engaged in engineering. The Commission operated with an appropriation of $6,600,000. This was $129,345 under the 1950 figure. 10 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Among legislative proposals made by the Commission during the year was one for the addition of a radio and wire fraud statute to the United States Criminal Code, and amendments to the Communica tions Act which would authorize the Commission to purchase land and construct buildings for monitoring and research purposes, provide reimbursement by the States for the safaries and expenses of Com mission employees loaned as consultants or witnesses in common car rier State regulatory matters, and eliminate the requirement for first securing a construction permit in licensing certain types of radio facilities. Of 24 cllSes involving the Commission in the Federal courts, the Commission was upheld in 11 (including 1 in the Supreme Court), was reversed in 1 (Court of Appeals), and 3 cases were dismissed or withdrawn. Three court injunctions were secured by the Commission against illegal radio operation. 2. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS National Defense On October 24 the President signed a bill (S. 537) which amended Section 606 (c) of the Communications Act, concerning emergency powers of the Chief Executive, to provide for the control of electro magnetic radiations which could serve as navigational aids to an enemy, and to prescribe penalties for violations. An Executive Order of December 10 empowered the Federal Communications Commis sion to draft and enforce regulations in this connection. On December 19, the Commission proposed to establish a Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service in which amateur r...Ji<> st..ti(ffis and operators could provide radiocommunication for civil defense purposes during the present emergency. COMMON CARRIERS In a report and order issued August 24, 1951, the Commission found that '''''estern Union needed additional revenues to meet com pany wage increases which became effective July 1 of that year. Ac cordingly, it permitted Western Union to revise rates for interstate message telegraph and money-order services which were expected to produce additional net annual revenue of approximately $9,800,000. The new rates went into effect September 1. On August 17, the American Telephone & Telegraph Co. inaugu rated telephone service over the final link in its coast-to-coast micro wave system. On September 4, this system was used for a special Nation-wide telecast of the Japanese peace treaty session at San Francisco, and was placed in commercial TV relay operation on Sep- REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 11 tember 28. This is the first transcontinental radio relay system and the largest facility of its kind in existence. On July 11, the Commission concluded that, with respect to utiliza tion of the band 470-500 megacycles, the needs of television broad casting were greater than those of the common carrier mobile service and, in consequence, it added that band to the proposed new TV channels. Common carriers were invited to consider alternative means of deriving additional channels, such as effecting adjacent channel assignments on closer frequency separations, use of improved operational techniques such as single side band transmission and mul tiplexing, and geographic sharing of frequencies assigned to other services. Test of a "Telemeter" subscriber television system was authorized by the Commission on October 10 under conditions which previously prescribed for tests of the "Phonovision" and "Skiatron" systems. On October 17, the Commission proposed a revised plan for appor tioning local telephone exchange costs between intrastate and inter state telephone service which would have important effects on local and long distance telephone rates. These contemplated changes in the separations procedures were accepted the following day by the National Association of Railroad and Utilities Commissioners (NARUC) in convention at Charleston, S. C., and then transmitted by the latter to State utilities commissions for their individual action. The effect of the revision is to transfer to interstate operations of the Hell System about $90 million of exchange plant book cost and $22y" million of associated annual expense (now charged to intra state operations). This change reduces the Bell System's revenue requirements applicable to state operations and increases its inter state long distance service revenue requirements. Because of the resulting substantial reduction in the level of Bell's interstate earn ings, the Commission, on November 21, thereafter, postponed indefi nitely its pending investigation of the Bell System's rates for inter state and foreign communication services (docket 9889), in order to observe the effects on Bell's operating results of the separations revision and of rate adjustments proposed to be made by Bell in inter state rates in order to compensate, in part, for the reduction in its rate of interstate earnings. The Commercial Pacific Cable Co., on November 15, received per manent authority to cease its transpacific cable operations because of radiotelegraph competition, age and condition of the cables, and cost of maintenance. On the following November 22 commercial radiotelephone service between the continental United States and the Island of Guam was opened by the American Telephone and Tele- 12 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION graph Co., on the mainland, and RCA Communications, Inc., on Guam. Trail of long distance telephone dialing started on November 10 when a call was made from Englewood, N. J., to Alameda, Calif. During July and August, the Commission prescribed depreciation rates for the Northwestern Bell, Illinois Bell, Ohio Bell, and South western Bell telephone companies, effecting a net reduction of more than $2,500,000 annually in sueh eharges of those four companies eolleetively. SAFETY AND SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES Use of mobile relay stations in the industrial and railroad radio services was authorized by the Commission on August 15, 1951, effec tive September 24 for those therein showing a speeial need for this type of communication. Previously, on July 5, the Commission proposed to amend its rules to permit microwave operation in the Low-Power Industrial Radio Service, for mobile communication similar to that in other industrial radio services. On July 18 the Commission referred to the Joint Teehnical Advis ory Committee (JTAC), for study and comment, questions of further reduetion of separation of frequencies in the 152--1(}2 and 450-4(}O megaeycle bands used for land mobile operation, and the relative merits of FM and AM for such operation. On July 11, the Commission proposed to permit the use of the fre quency 122.8 megaeyeles for private aircraft engaged in civil-defense activities, and to allow unattended operation of radio-beacon stations in the 200-400-kilocycle band. An Industrial Radioloeation Serviee, to be used primarily in geo graphical, geologieal, and geophysical activities, was authorized by the Commission on December lV, to beeome effective February 1, 1952. BROADCAST Television.-Beeause of the great length of time that oral hearing would consume, and in view of the urgent need for lifting the tele vision "freeze" at the earliest practicable date, the Commission on July 13, 1951, proposed to adopt, in principle, a form of written hearing urged by the National Assoeiation of Radio and Television Broadeasters and others to deal with the final phase of the TV pro ceedings-the proposed assignment of TV channels to individual eom munities. As the result of a formal prehearing eonference on July 20, in which more than 200 parties participated, the Commission on July 25 caneeled further oral hearings and prescribed a procedure whereby written statements and written replies would be filed by REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 13 geographic groups between August 27 and November 26, after which time the Commission hoped to prepare its final report (dockets 8736 etal.). Pursuant to a fifth report in the TV proceedings, released July 26, many existing TV stations were- able to increase their power under specified conditions and subject to the ultimate determination of these television Inatters. The Commission, on September 26, postponed until February 25, 1952, the start of its hearing on the allocation of frequencies and the promulgation of rules and regulations for a proposed theater tele vision service (docket 9552). July 1, which marked the tenth anniversary of commercial TV broadcasting, saw 107 stations Ion the air and 415 applications for new stations pending. The 108th TV station started operating on September 30. As of November 1, the number of TV sets in use in the United States was estimated by the industry to be in excess of 14'12 minion. The first transcontinental television pl'Ogram was sent on September 4 when President Truman opened the Japanese peace treaty confer ence at San Francisco. It was carried over the telephone company's coast-to-coast microwave relay system (see common carriers). The first two-way cross-country TV relay took place on September 23, and regular transcontinental telecast service began on September 28. Because of the materials shortage, a National Production Authority order of November 20 prohibited the manufacture of color TV sets or attachments, but permitted the manufacture of color TV equipment for experimental, defense, industrial, and certain hospital and edu cational uses. A "Code of Practices for Television Broadcasters" was adopted by . tbe Television Board of the National Association of Radio and Tele "Vision Broadcasters on December 6. A United States agreement with Mexico respecting the assignment of channels for TV stations along the border, to preclude inter ference and otherwise mutually protect operation, was announced by the Department of State on October 26, and on November 11 was made a subject of Commission procedure. Frequerwy morlulation.-On July 13, the Commission announced that it is "not cousidering the deletion of the FM band or any part of it" or "allocating the FM band or any part of it to any other serv ice", adding: The approximately 700 stations now operating in the Fl\1 band is realtesti~ mony to the strength of the service, plj.rticnlarly when one considers that many manufacturers do not make sets and none of them have carried on continuously aggressive sales campaigns. In almost every area in the country there is an lmfiUed demand for FM receivers. 14 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION General.-By actions on August 8 and 27, the Commission desig nated for consolidated hearing, to start January 15, 1952, various applications involving Paramount, DuMont, and Balaban & Katz interests, including a proposed merger of the American Broadcasting Co. and United Paramount Theaters, Inc. (dockets 10031 et al.). On July 15, the Commission finalized rule-making to relax tem porarily operator requirements for AM and FM broadcast stations in individual cases, effective September l. The Commission, on October 26, announced a policy to be followed in processing applications in conformity with the new North Ameri can Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA). AMATEURS The new novice class of amateur radio operator authorization be came available July 2, 1951. In the first week, 500 out of 600 appli cants qualified. Their ages ranged from 12 to 86 years, the average being about 25. On July 16, the Commission reminded amateurs that those who have filed timely applications for renewal of licenses may continue operat ing their stations beyond the normal expiration date pending receipt of Commission notification of action on their renewal applications. CHAPTER I-GENERAL 1. AUTHORITY 2. COMMUNICATIONS ACT OF 1934 3. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 4. FUNCTIONS 5. COMMISSIONERS 6. STAFF ORGANIZATION 7. PERSONNEL 8. APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES 9. LITIGATION 10. LEGISLATION II. NATIONAL DEFENSE 12. HEARINGS 13. LICENSES AND OTHER AUTHORIZATIONS 14. APPLICATIONS AND OTHER FILINGS 15. CORRESPONDENCE. RELEASES. AND PUBLICATIONS I. AUTHORITY The Federal Communications Commission operates under the au thority of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended. That statute coordinated in the Commission broadcast regulatory functions previously exercised by the Federal Radio Commission; supervision of certain telephone and telegraph operations formerly vested in the Interstate Commerce Commission; jurisdiction over Government telegraph rates which had been under the Post Office Department, and some powers of the Department of State with respect to licensing ocean cables. It also gave the Commission additional powers, including supervision of rates of interstate and international common carriers, and domestic administration of internationalagree~ meuts relating to wire and radio COffilnunication. 2. COMMUNICATIONS ACT OF 1934 Title I of the Communications Act defines the purposes of the statute, the terms and duties of the Commissioners, and confers general powers. Title II of the act embodies provisions applicable to common car riers engaged in interstate and foreign communication by wire and radio. 15 FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION ORGANIZATION CHART THE COMMISSION I IChairman I OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION I I Budget and Fiscal Division OFFICE OF OFFICE OF OFFICE OF Organization and Methods FORMAL INFORMA- ]'ORMAL Division HEARING TION HEARINGS Personnel Division ASSISTAKTS I I I OFFICE OF CHIEF OFFICE OF CHIEF OFFICE OF GENERAL BUREAU OF THE ENGINEER ACCOUNTANT COUNSEL SECRETARY Field Engineering and Accounting Systems Litigation and License Division Monitoring Division Division Administration Division Records Division Frequency Allocation and Economics Division Technical Branch Service Division Treaty DiVision Library Branch Laboratory Division Minute Branch Technical Research Division I I I COMMON CARRIER SAFETY AND SPECIAL BUREAU RADIO SFJRVICES BUREAU BROADCAST BUREAU Office of Field Ooordinator Enforcement Unit International Division Aviation Division Aural Facilities Division . 'J;'elegraph Division Industry and Commerce Television Facilities Division Telephone Division Division Rene\val and Transfer Common Carrier Statistics Marine Division Division Division Public Safety and Amateur Hearing Division License Branch Division Rules and Standards Division Authorization Analysis Division REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 17 Title III contains provisions relating to radio and is divided into two parts. Part I deals with radio licensing and regulation. Part II pertaius to use of radio on board certain ocean-going ships. Title IV contains procedural and administrative provisions. Title V deals with penalties and forfeitures for violators. Title VI prohibits unauthorized interception and publication of communications and confers certain powers upon the President in event of war or other national emergency. The authority of the Commission under the act extends to United States Territories and possessions, but not to the Canal Zone. The act limits licensing by the Commission to citizens of the United States. It further denies the license privilege to corporations of which any officer or director is an alien, or of which more than one fifth of the capital stock is owned or controlled by foreign interests. Commnnication facilities operated by the Federal Government are not under Commission jurisdiction. 3. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION As an independent Federal agency established by Congress, the Commission reports directly to Congress. It is composed of seven Commissioners, appointed by the President, subject to confirmation by the Senate. The Chairman is designated by the President. Nat more than four Commissioners can be members of the same political party. The normal term ,of a Commissioner is 7 years with the termination dates so staggered that not more than one Commissioner's term expires in any year. 4. FUNCTIONS The Commission is, in general, charged with regulating interstate and international communication by telephone and telegraph, and broadcast and other forms of radio services. Its duties fall into three major categories-those affecting common carrier services (telephone and telegraph by means of radio and wire, including submarine cable) ; those dealing with nonbroadcast radio services (safety aud special); and those relating to broadcast (pro gram) services. Commission regulation involves supervision of rates and services of common carriers subject to its jurisdiction; allocation of radio frequencies; licensing of non-Government radio stations and radio operators; promoting safety through the use of radio on land, water, and in the air; encouraging more effective and widespread utilization of radio; participating in the formulation and domestic administra· tion of wire and radio provisions of treaties and other international agreements to which the United States is a party; and helping co- 18 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION ordinate the many forms of electrical communication with the national security effort. These regulatory functions include the establishment and enforce ment of rules and regulations, and engineering standards, and making and carrying out policies to meet expansion and developments in this field. In so doing, the Commission must conform to the Adminis trative Procedure Act which prescribes uniform rule-making prac tices for Federal agencies to follow. No fee or charge of any kind is exacted by the Commission in connection with its licensing and regulatory functions. 5. COMMISSIONERS The Commissioners function as a unit, directly supervlsmg all activities of the Commission, with delegations of responsibility to boards and committees of Commissioners, individual Commissioners, and the Commission stuff. (See accompanying org-anization chart.) Since June 2, 1949, the Chairman has, pursuant to Commission authorization, exercised additional administrative responsibilities. The Office of Administration is directly responsible tQ and aids the Chairman in discharging these added duties. Since the same date, the Office of Formal Hearing Assistants, com prising a special legal and technical group, has assisted the Commis sion as a body in matters pertaining to hearings. Because of the mounting workload and growing complexity of problems requiring policy consideration, provision was made in early fiscal 1950 for an attorney adviser to each Commissiouer. Chairman 'Vayne Coy was, on May 22, 1951, renominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate on June 14 for a 7-year term, starting July 1, 1951. On July 1, 1950, Commissioner George E. Sterling began a new term under Presidential reappointment. An Executive order of December 21, 1950, exempted Commissioner Paul A. Walker from compulsory retirement for age during his present term. (A list of the Commissioners and their terms is contained in the front part of this report.) 6. STAFF ORGANIZATION During the year the Commission continued to reorganize its staff on functional instead of professional lines. By orders of May 2, 1951, the Commission redefined the duties of the Offices of General Counsel, Chief Accountant and Chief ·Engineer which (on April 3, 1950) had been established as major staff units. The effect was that, as of June 4, they have the major responsibilities here listed: REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 19 Office of General Ooumel.-(l) Advise and represent the Commis sion in matteI'S of litigation; (2) advise and represent the Commission, and coordinate and make recommendations to the Commission on proposed leg-islation and international agreements with which the Commission is concerned; (3) interpret the statutes, international agreements and international regulations affecting the Commission; (4) prepare and make recommendations and interpretations concern ing procedural rules of general applicability; review all rules for con sistency with other rules, uniformity, and legal sufficiency; (5) conduct research in legal matters as directed by the Commission; (6) in conjunction with the Chief Engineer, participate in, render advice to the Commission, and coordinate the staff work with respect to general frequency allocation proceeding-s and other proceedings not within the jurisdiction of any bureau, and render advice with respect to rule-making matters and proceeding-s affecting more than one bu reau; (7) perform all legal functions with respect to (a) international broadcast stations; (b) rules, establishment of technical standards, encouragement, authorization and regulation of experimentation in the electronic arts or the incidental use of them for general research and scientific purposes; provided, that experimentation which has the primary purpose of improving the established classes of services shall continue to be handled by the bureau responsible under the rules for the administration of such services, and provided that nothing herein shall affect the Field Engineering and Monitoring Division's inspec tion functions; (c) restricted and incidental radiation devices, in cluding the conduct of studies of uses of such devices by industry 'and the general public with a view toward eliminating interference to established services, including the development and promulgation of rules, the testing and type approval of equipment, the review of com plaints of interference to established radio services, and such other activities as are necessary in carrying out responsibilities in'connection with this function; and (d) regulation of commercial radio operators, including the development and promulgation of rules and regulations governing the licensing of radio operators, maintaining examination requirements on a current basis, reviewing citations with respect to commercial operators, and such other matters necessary to the carry ing out of tbis function; (8) in other matters (a) maintain liaison with other agencies of Government; (b) provide representation for the Commission on Commission-wide and interdepartmental commit tees; and (c) deal with members of the public and of the industries concerned; (9) exercise such authority as may be assigued or referred by the Commission pursuant to section 5 (e) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended; and (10) perform such other duties as may be assigued or referred by the Commission. 20 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION The Office of General Counsel functions with a Litigation and Administration Division and a Technical Branch. Offioe of Ohief Aooountant.-(I) Recommend the accounting prin ciples which shall be observed; (2) conduct research in and advise the Commission on economic matters to be considered in policy deter minations; (3) advise the Commission and its bureaus regarding ac counting, economic, and statistical matters; (4) maintain liaison with other agencies of Government on common-carrier matters; (5) pro vide representation for the Commission on Commission-wide and interdepartmental committees; (6) deal with members of the public and of the industries concerned; (7) perform such other duties as may be assigned or referred by the Commission; (8) exercise such authority as may be assigned or referred by the Commission pursuant to sec tion 5 (e) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended. The Accounting Systems Division, under the Chief Accountant, (1) recommends the formulation, revision, and amendment, in col laboration with the Common Carrier Bureau, of the (a) Commission's Uniform Systems of Accounts, (b) regulations for the preservation of records, (0) reporting requirements and related rules and regula tions; (2) l'eCOffilnends the fornlulation, revision;and amendment, in collaboration with the Broadcast Bureau, of the forms of financial and statistical reports required to be filed with the Commission, and related rules and regulations; (3) interprets the (a) Commission's Uniform Systems of Accounts, (b) regulations for the preservation of records, (0) reporting requirements and related rules and regula tions; (4) participates in activities and work of the National Associa tion of Railroad and Utilities Commissioners' Committee on Accounts and Statistics; corresponds with members on accounting matters of mutual concern; and prepares for and participates in periodic con ferences. The Economics Division, under the Chief Accountant, (1) conducts economic research activities: (a) prepares and compiles economic data and coordinates the compilation of regular economic reports to the Commission on condition and statns of the industries subject to the Commission's jurisdiction; (b) studies the social and economic fac tors affecting the public demand with respect to communications; (0) prepares studies, or suggests studies to the bureaus, in order to provide an over-all view of the structure and operations of the communica tions industries, for the assIstance of the CommiSSIon, the industry, and the public; (d) serves as a clearing house for the staff on sources for obtaining pertinent economic data within the Commission and available from governmental and private organizations; (2) provides statistical consultation and economic information service: (a) reviews and advises the bureaus on content and form of statistical schedules ImpORT OF THE FEDEHAL CO:\[lvIUXICATIONS COMMISSION 21 required by the Commission of communications companies and of sta tistical reports prepared by the Commission; (b) provides technical advice and assistance to the staff and the Commission on statistical af;pects of questionnaires, sampling, industry economic trends, na tional economic trends and statistical methods; ((;) review's statistical reports and prepares digests to infonll the Commission on basic in dustry developments; (d) serves as Commission representative on interagency statistical projects. Office of Chief EnginecT.-(l) Advise the Commission and the var ious bureaus on matters of applied technical research; (2) advise and represent the Commission on the allocation of radio frequencies in cluding international agreements pertaining to frequency allocations; (3) collaborate with the bureaus in the formulation of standards of engineering practice and the rules and regulations related thereto, and advise the Commission on such matters; (4) in conjunction with the General Counsel, participate in, render advice to the Commission, and coordinate the staff \vork with respect to general frequency allocation proceedings and other proceedings not within the jurisdiction of any bureau, and render advice with respect to rule-making lllatters and proceedings affecting more than one bureau; (5) perform all engineer ing functions with respect to (a) internatiollal broadcast stations; (b) rules, establishment of technical standards, encouragement, authorization and regulation of experimentation in the electronic arts or the incidental lise of them for general research and scientific pur poses; provided, that experimentation which has the primary pur pose of improving the established classes of services shall continue to be handled by the bmean responsible nnder the rules for the admin jstration of such services, and provided that nothing herein shall affect the Field Engineering and JIonitoring Division's inspection func tions; (c) rei)tIO:icted and incidental radiation devices, including the conduct of studies of uses of such devices by industry and the general public with a view toward eliminating interference to established serv ices, including the development and promulgation of rules, the testing and type appl'OVH 1 of equipment, the review of complaints of inter ference to established radio services, and such other activities as are necessary in carrying out responsibilities in connection with this func tion; and (d) regulation of commercial radio operators, including the development and promulgation of rules and regulations govern ing the licensing of radio operators, maintaining examination re quirements on a current basis, reviewing citations with respect to com mercial openltOI'S, and such other matters ]wcessary to the carrying ont of this fnnetioll; (6) in ot.her matters (a) maintain liaison with other ageneies of Government; (b) provide representation for the COllllnission on Commission-wide and interdepartmental committees; !H3537-:i2--:J 22 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CO""lMUNICATIONS COMMISSION and (0) deal with members of the public and of the industries con cerned; (7) exercise such authority as may be assigned or referred by the Commission pursuant to section 5 (e) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended; and (8) perform such other duties as may be assigned or referred by the Commission. The Field Engineering and :i\lonit,oring Division, Technica.l Re search Division, Frequency Allocation and Treaty Division, and Lab oratory Division are retained in the Office of the Chief Engineer. By action of May 1, 1951, also effective June 4, the Commission created a separate Broadcast Bureau to unify work pertaining to radio broadcasting which had previously been handled by various legal, accounting and engineering units, and transferred their per sonnel to the new bureau. The laUer's functions are: Broadcast Burea·u.-Assist, advise, and make recommendations to the Commission with respect to the development of a regulatory pro gram for the radio-broadcast services and be responsible for the per formance of any work, function, or activities to carry out that program in accordance with applicable statutes, international agreements, rules and regulations, and policies of the Commission, except insofar as functions are specifically delegated to other bureaus or staff offices of the Commission; and, specifically (1) examine applications ill the radio-broadcast services and make recOlnmClldatiolls to the Commis sion thereon; (2) participate in hearings involving applications, rule making, and other matters which pertain to the radio-broadcast serv ices; (3) make recommendations to the Commission concerning the promtllg~ltionof rules and standards illthe radio-broadcast services; (4) participate in international conferences with respect to radio broadcast services j (5) study frequency requirements in the l'adio broadcast services and make recommendations with respect to the allocation of frequencies and the drafting of frequency assignment plans in such services; (6) confer with Government and industry groups interested in the problems of radio-broadcast services; (7) study and establish teehnical requirements for equipment in the radio broadcast services in accordance with standards established by the Commission; (8) perform all other functions or activities essential to carrying out the above duties and responsibilities; (9) exercise such anthority as may be assigned or referred by the Commission pursuant to section 5 (e) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended. In addition to its Office of the Chief, the Broadcast Bureau func tions with five divisions as follows: Anral Facilities Division, which exercises responsibjlity with respect to the standard (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) broadcast services. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 23 Television Facilities Division, which administers to the TV and auxiliary broadcast services. Renewal and Transfer Division, which handles applications for renewals of licenses, transfer of control and assignment of licenses or construction permits and enforces applicable statutes, rules, and regulations and orders of the Commission. Hearing Division, which deals with applications which have been designated for hearing and revocation of licenses or construction per mits in the broadcast senices. (The dnties of this division are apart from the work of the Commission's Office of Formal Hearings, in which hearing examiners function pursuant to the provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act, and that of the Office of Formal Hear ing Assistants, which directly serves the Commission.) Rnles and Standards Division, which is concerncd with the develop ment or revision of rules and standards, international conferences,. and special projects in the radio-broadcast services. The License Division in the Ollice of the Secretary issues broadcast licenses upon approval of the Broadcast Bureau. Creation of the Broadcast Bureau is the result of a survey under taken by the Commission on Novembcr 9, 1950. It is the third of a series of self-instituted organization studies by the Commission. The two preceding surve,ys resulted in the establishment of two unified bureaus-the 001nlJ1.0n Carrier BU'l'eau, which began operations on April 3, 1950, and thc Safety and Speoial RadioSert'ices Bureau, which started functioning July 31 of the same year. (Duties of these bu reaus were detailed in the 1950 annual report,) On June 21, 1951, the Commission awarded a contract to McKinsey & Co" management consultants, to conduct two remaining management surveys-i. e., the Field Engineering and !ionitoring Division and miscellaneous staff offices not covered by the pnwious reorganization. These actions follow ont Commission pollcy, adopted in 1949, of reorganizing its operating staff on functional instead of professional lines. On December 18, 1950, the Commission changed the name of its State-Local Government amI Amateur Division of the Safety and Spe cial Radio Services Bureau to the Public Safety and Amateur Division in that same bureau. The Bureau, of the Secretary is under thc Secretary of the Com mission, who is custodian of the Commission's official records, proc esses correspondence and official papers, signs instruments of anthori zation for the Commission, and has certain service functions. The Office of Administration is headed by the Executive Officer who, under the supervision and direction of the Chairman, reviews in co operation with other staff nnits the programs and procedures of the 24 RKPORT OF THE FEDERAL CO).H.IUNICATIONS COMMISSION CommisHion, and plans, coordinates and ll1unages Commission activi ties relating to personnel, budget, and planning. The Offioe of Formal Hearings (which was established :May 28, 1947, as the I-Iearing Division and renamed December 15, 194\)) con sists of hearing examiners, functioning pursuant to the Adnlinlstrative Procedure Act, who conduct hearings, hold prehearing conferences, act on motions and petitions and prepare initial decisions containing detailed findings and conclusions. Initial decisions take the place of and serve the same purpose as proposed deeisions, which wcre issued by the Commission prior to J unc 2, 1949. The Office of Formal Hearing Assistants is a .separate unit, respon sible directly to the Commission. It reviews initial decisions and ex ceptions thereto, prepares summaries to assist the CommIssion during oral argument and drafts, pursuant to Commission direction, final decisions and orders dealing with petitions for reconsideration or rehearing. The Office of Info1'1I1ation releases public announcements by the Commission and is contact point ror the press and public in the matter or general information relating to Commission activities. An organization chart of the Commission, as of Jnne ao, 1951, ap pears as a separate page of t.his report. 7. PERSONNEL As of June 30, 1951, the number of persons employed by the Com mission totaled 1,205, which was 80 less than the year previous. Ap proximately one-third of all its employees were in the field. Person nel distribution was as follows: Office or bureau Commissioners_. _ . . Formal hearing assistants_________ _ ._. __ Formal hl'urings_ __ _ .. . _ Information _ Administration__ _ ._._. _ Secretary_ _ _ General counseL__ . _ Chief accountant- _ _ Ohief engineer ____ _ _ _ . _ Common carrier . _ Safety and special _ Broadcast- __ . "____ _ _ 'fotaL _ Washington !<'ield Total 35 0 35 0 0 6 17 0 17 4 0 4 40 0 40 101 0 UH 22 2 24 25 0 25 13::1 380 513 95 32 127 laO 0 130 123 0 123 414 I --- 791 I 1,205 8. APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES The COIllmission operated with an appropriation of $6,600,000 for the 1951 fiscal year. This was $129,345 less than the year previous. A breakdown of 1951 income and expenditures follows: REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 25 Appropriation Regular appropriation (sal- arief'; and pxpenses) _ Savings under sec. 1214 _ Total funds flvailable_ $6,G20,OOO 2G,OOO 6,600,000 Expenditures Personal services $5, 908, 513 Travel____________________ 85,439 Transportation of things__ 20,351 Communication sel'vices___ 151,063 Rents and utilities________ GO, 412 Printil1g and reprodnctioll_ 33,807 Other contractual sel'vices_ 91,784 SUDPlies and matel'inls____ 1313,50,;) EquipmenL_______________ 111,821 Refunds, awards, and in- demnities_______________ 123 Totaloblig~ttions____6,599, 818 Savings, unobligated bal- ance____________________ 182 Total 6,600,000 The appropriation and expenditurcs were authorized by Public Law 759, Eighty-first Congrcss, approvcd September 6, 1950. 9. LITIGATION Section 401 of the Communications Act confers upon the district courts of the United States jurisdiction to enforce the Communica tions Act and the orders of the Commission. Judicial revicw of Com mission adions is provided for in section 402 of the act. Section 402 (a) gives jurisdiction to the courts of appeals (under Public Law 901, Slst Cong., effective, except for pending litigation, on January 28, 1951) oversnits to enforce, enjoin, set aside, annul, or suspend any ordcr of the Commission with the exception of orders granting or refusing applications forlicense~.Section 402 (b) provides for direct appeal from such other orders of the Commission to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The great majority of cases involving review of Commission action is insti tuted in the latter court, During the fiscal year, there were 24 cases in which the Commission was a party in the Federal courts. Of this total, nine were instituted during the fiscal year-four in the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and five in district courts, The other 15 cases were pending at the beginning of the fiscal year. The Supreme Court upheld the Commission in the one caSe brought before it on appeal from a three-judge district court decision affirming the Commission. In the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, the Commission was sustained in five cases and reversed in one case, two cases were disnlissed by agreement of the parties, and one case was dismissed for failure to prosecute. In the district courts, 26 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION one complaint against the Commission wa.s withdrawn, one decision Was issued affirming the Commission (later affirmed by the Supreme Court), and three interlocutory injunctions were secured by the Com mission against the illegal operation of radio equipment. (One of these cases was later dismissed by stipulation.) As of June 30, 1951, five cases were pending in the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and five cases were pending in United States district courts. The status of litigation for the fiscal year may be tabulated as follows: Decisions Decisions Dismis.~edleases ]lcod- Total affirming r",versing or ~~e~;'~~-illg Jupe 30, Commis- remanding sion case parties 1901 0 0 0 14 ': I I Z 5 , 9 0 'I 5 " II 10 Court Total -----------1-- t One of these cases was later affirmed by the Supreme Court. 2The district court affirmed the Oommission in 1 of these cases, and was later sustained by the Snpre-me Conrt. Interlocutory injW1ctions were secmell by the Commission in 3 of these cases. The injunction was made final in.l, and 1 was latet dismissed by stipulation. The fourth case is therefore technically pending and is listed as \}ending. ~'rhis case, Which was broURht to secure an injunction againstCommi~ionaction, was withdmwn. The following cases decided during the fiscal year were of particu 1",1' iuterest : 1. In Radio Oorporation 0/ America, et al. v. United States, 341 U. S. 412, 71 Sup. Ct. 806 (1951), the Supreme Court upheld the Com mission's establishment of the first engineering standards for color television. After au extensive hearing the Commission had adopted staudards for color televisiou based on the field sequential system proposed by the Columbia Broadcastiug System, Iuc., aud rejected the Radio Corp. of America'8 dot sequential system. Over the con tention of RCA that the Commission's action exceeded its power and was not based on substantial evideuce, the court affirmed the decision of the District Court for the Northern District of Illiuois 195 F. Supp. 660), grauting summary judgment for the Commission. The court held that the Commission had authority to adopt a single, ex clusive set of standards, and that the record supported its rejection of the RCA system and the adoption of the CBS system as worthy of acceptance for public use. (There is further discussion of color tele vision in the chapter on Radio Broadcast Services.) 2. Iu Scripp8-HQ1v(J;rd R(J;dio, Inc. v. Federal Oommwnication8 Oommis8ion, 342 U. S. App. D. C. 830, F. 2d - (1951), the Commis siou had granted a constructiou permit for a new standard broadcast REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 27 station in Cleveland, Ohio, to Cleveland Broadcasting, Inc., and had denied the mutuallyexelu~iveapplication of the appellant for the same facilities. The Commission, after a comparative hearing, had found both applicants financially and otherwise qualified, and had made the grant on the basis of the superiurity of Cleveland Broad casting with respect to local residence of stockholders, degree of inte gration of ownership and managcment, and diversification of control of the media of mass communications, concluding that both appli cants had meritorious and similar program proposals and that the elements with respect to which Cleveland Broadcasting was superior outweighed appellant's greater broadcasting experience and the some what more efficient use of the frequency it proposed. The Court of Appeals held that the Commission had properly determined that it must consider all of the points of difference between the applicants, that its findings were supported by the record, and that its judgment as to which applicant would better serve the public interest was based on reasonable grounds. 3. In Huntington Broadca.sting 00. v. Federal Oommunicatians 00mmi8sion, - U. S. App. D. C. -, 192 F., 2d 33 (1951), the Com mission had granted the application of Coast Radio Broadcasting Corp. for a construction permit for a new standard broadcast station to be located in Los Angeles, and had denied the mutually exclusive appli cation of Huntington Broadcasting Co. for a new station in the city of Huntington Park, an independent municipality which is an inte gral part of the Los Angeles metropolitan district. The Commission based its decision on the ground that since both applicants had ap plied for regional stations which would serve substantiaIly all of the Los Angeles metropolitan district they were to be judged on their comparative qualifications to serve this area, rather than on the basis of whether Huntington Park had a greater need for a new station than the city of Los Angeles, and the further finding that Coast Radio was better qualified to serve the entire area in the public interest. The Court of Appeals sustained the Commission's position and held that the 'Commission had correctly determined "that the choice was not as to which of the two communities showed the greater need for a new station, but was rather which of two applicants would better serve the one large community which both desired to cover." The. court also held that the Commission had properly chosen Coast Radio on the basis of the greater local residence of its stockholders and its proposed greater integration of o\vnership and management. 4. In Oity of Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Fla. v. Federal Oommuni catio1U5 Oommission, - U. S. App. D. C. -, - F. 2d (1951), the Commission had denied the city of J acksonviIIe a first extension of its construction permit for a new television station in Jacksonville, Fla., 28 REPORT OF THE FEDEHAL CO:\Ii\lUXICATIOXS COl\IMISSIOX because the pennittec had failed to proceed diligently to construct the station and had not been prevented from completing: construction, and having the station ready for operation, within the authorized time by eauses beyond its control or other matters sufficient to justify an extension. Over arguments by appellant that the Commission had unfairly discriminated aga-jnst it and that the record did not support the COllul1ission l s conclusions, the COllrt of Appeals sustained the Commission in a per curiam opinion. This case therefore upheld the Commission's standard of judging applicants for extensions of con struction permits by their conduct during the period of time the construction perndt is in effect. 5. In Easton P'UblisldItg 00. Y. Federal C01nm/un-£cations COlnm,is sion, - U. S. ApI'. D. C. -,18;) F. 2d 987 (19;)0), writs of mandamus and prohibition were sought by Easton Publishing Co. and Allentown Broadcasting Corp. to prevent the Commission from reopening the record and holding a further hearing in a case where the Court of ..I.\ppeals had previously relnunded the matter to the Commission to make findings npon the comparative needs of two communities (from which there wpre mutnally exclusive applicants) for new radio scrv ice and the relative abilities of the applicants to serve the greater need. The court denied thc writs, holding that the Commission is the body charged by Congress with the duty of applying the statutory criteria of the public convenience, intcrcst or necessity, and that the Commission might, in the exercise of this duty, conclude that the original record did not contain sufficiept information for a proper determination of the issues before it. Arguments that the further hearing might in certain respects be erroneously conducted were re jected as a basis for the writs. The court held that such alleged errors might be the subject of review upon an appeal from any subse quent Commission decision but could not be the basis for preventing the Commission from holding the further hearing. 6. In Radio Station WOW, Inc. v. Federal Communications Com mission,-,U. S. ApI'. D. C. -,184 F. 2d 257 (1950), the Commission had granted the application of Star Broadcasting Co. for a new sta tion on the same frequency as station W01V, after a hearing in ,,,,hich W01V did not seek to participate, upon the testimony and representa tions of Star, which were based on the ground conduetivity maps in the Commission's Standards of Good Engineering Practice Concern ing Standard Broadcast Stations, that objectionable interference would not be caused to W01V. The ground conductivities shown in the standards are rebuttable, but accepted by the Commission in the absence of contrary evidence. Upon diseovei"iug a year later that the operation of the Star station actually caused objectionable interfer ence to station WOW, the latter filed a petition, based on actual RBPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIO)/S COMMISSION 29 measurements allegedly showing such interference, requesting the Commission to require Star to show cause why its license should not be modified to eliminate the interference. It also petitioned that Star's application for renewal of license be set for hearing. Both petitions were denied by the Commission, and 1VO,V appealed each denialnnder section 402 (b) of the Commnnications Act. The Conrt of Appeals held that it had no jurisdiction of the appeal from denial of the appellant's petition for a show-cause order why Star's license should not be modified since section 402 (b) (1) affords jnrisdiction only npon an appeal by a licensee from denial of un application for modification of its own license. However, the court held that it had jnrisdiction of the other appeal nnder section 402 (b) (2) since WOW was aggrieved and adversely affected by grant of Star's renewal application. Since section 307 (d) of the Communica tions Act provides that action of the Commis."ion with reference to renewal applications "shall be limited to and governed by the same con siderations and practice ·which affect the granting of originalapp1ica~ tions", the court held that matters as to which bona fide error was originally made are open for reconsideration where renewal applica tions are up for consideration. The Commission was, therefore, in ClTor in not granting 'VO"V a hearing- in respect to Stvhich was finally approved on Decen1be,r 29, 1950, becom ing effective gO days thereafter, which had been introduced by Mr. Hobbs as H. R. 5487. This new law provides that appeals from final orders of the Commission, made reviewable in accordance with the provisions of section 402 (a) of the Communications Act, shall be taken to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals of the appro priate circuits or to the United States Court of Appeals for the Dis trict of Columbia Circuit, and that subsequent appeals to the Supreme Court s11a11 be upon "'Tits of certiorari. This chnnged the previous 30 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION procedure for section 402 (a) cases, which provided for review by a specially constituted three-judge United States District Court, with subsequent direct appeal to the Supreme Court as a matter of right. The Commission presented extensive testimony on this legislation before the Judiciary Committees of both the House and the Senate, and amendments offered by the Commission ,vere incorporated in the bill as it was finally enacted. Various proposals were also submitted to the Bureau of the Budget as part of the Commissiou's legislative program. These proposals included (1) au amendmcnt to section 4 (g) of the Communications Act, which would authorize the Commission to purchase land and con struct buildings to he used for monitoring and research purposes; (~)the addition of a radio and wire fraud statute to the United States Criminal Code; (.3) an amendment to section 410 (b) of the Com munications Act to provide for reimbursement to the Commission by the States for the salary and expenses of Commission employees when they are made available to State cOffilnissions to act as consultants or witnesses in common CRTl'ier regulatory matters pending before such commissions; and (4) an amendment to section 319 of the Communi cations Act, which would simplify the procedure for securing licenses to operate certain types of radio facilities by eliminating the require ment of first securing a construction permit from the Commission, as is presently required. The Commission's proposal with respect to authorizing purcha.sing of land ror monitoring and research activities has been included as one of the provisions of S. 658, introduced by Senator McFarland, which passed the Senate on February 5, 1951. The proposal was also intrqduced by Mr. Crosser as H. R. 1760, which passed the House on February 19, 1951. H. R. 1760 also passed the Senate on March 12, 1951, but only after it had been extensively amended, and no final action on the bill had been taken by Congress. Mr. CelieI' introduced the Commission's proposal for a radio fraud statute as H. R. 2948, and the bill passed the House on June 4, 1951, after Committee hearings at which the Commission presented testi mony. This proposal also constituted one of the provisions of S. 658. Mr. Crosser introduced the Commission's proposals to amend sec tions 410 (b) and 319 of the Communications Act in the House as H. R. 1729 and H. R. 2794, respectively. No action had been taken on either of these bills. Congress considered numerous otber bills which directly or in directly affected the Commission and on which it submitted comments to Congress. The most important of those was S. 658, introduced by Senator McFarland, which would amend the Communications Act in numerous important respects and make substantial changes in the REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 31 Commission's organization and procedure. This bill was passed by the Senate on February 5, 1951, and members of the Commission pre sented extensive testimony at hearings before the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. S. 1379 and H. R. 4240, intro duced ]-,y Senator Johnson (Colo.) and Mr. Mansfield, respectively, would amend section 315 of the Communications Act with respect to providing equal radio-broadcasting facilities for candidates for public office. S. 537, the so-called electromagnetic radiation control bill, also introduced by Senator Johnson, contains provisions for the greater security and defense of the United States against attack. A member of the Commission presented testimony on this bill before a Senate committee. H. R. 4309, iutroduced by Mr. Rogers of Florida, would amend sections 2 (b) and 221 (b) of the Communications Act so as to make specific reference to certain telephone services utilizing radio. There were a number of bills and resolutions introduced at the close of the Eighty-first Congress and in the Eighty-second Congress deal ing with the allocation of tele.vision frequencies and television pro gramming, with particular emphasis on the use of television for non commercial educational programs. The Special Senate Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce introduced three bills (S. 1563, 1564, and S. 1624) which are intended to place restrictions on the use of communications facilities for interstate transmission of gambling information. The Chairman of the Com mission presented extensive testimony before the Special Senate Crime Committee with respect to the problems with which these bills are concerned. In addition to drafting numerous legislative proposals, presenting testimony before various congressional committees andcommen~ing extensively on the legislation discussed above, the Commission pre pared reports and comments for the Congress and the Bureau of the Budget on more than 30 pxoposed bills which concerned the func tions and duties of the Commission. 11. NATIONAL DEFENSE Regulation of interstate and foreign communication by wire and radio to aid the national defense, as well as promote the safety of life and property in general, is among the stated purposes of the Commission under section 1 of the Communications Act. In event of war, or public peril or disaster, or other national emergency, special powers relating to such communication are conferred upon the President by section 606 of that act. The Commission is, in effect, the established medium for executing the national communications policy. Thus, in carrying out the pro- 32 REPORT OF 1'HE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONSCOM~HSSIO:'i" visions of the act, it is to a large extent responsible for coordinating GoVerIIlnent and private activities in the comulunications field. Because the Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee (IRAC) assigns frequencies for the President to Government Sbltiolls and the Federal Communications Commission assigns frequencies to non Government stations, there must be mutual understanding and work ing arrangements. The importance of radio for quick contact with overseas points and the increased use of land, water, and air Inobile radio by the military and industry, amid changing scenes which add to interference and other problems, are of common concern to Govern ment and non-Government services. The role of the Commission jn national defense has lllu16p]jed since the President on December 15, 1950, declared a state of national emergency. Because of their classified nature, emphasized by section 4 of the Communications Act which specifically authorizes the Com mission to withhold publication of information affecting the national security, the Commission is unable to detail publicly its activities in the current defense program. Ho,vever, in general, it can bereported that the Comnllssion is cooperating closely with the armed services and other Government agencies engaged in such work, and with organiza- . tions and other elements of industries affected. The defense effort requires work which cuts across many fields that are regulated by the Commission. Radio, already essential to the sea and air navigation, land transportation, public communication, protection of life and property, and industrial processes and services, has taken on additional civilian and military significance in the pres ent emergency. Because electronic elnissions can be used to guide enemy aircraft and ail' missiles, it is necessary to render these signals useless for navi gational purposes by any foe and yet have radio continne to play its important part in IUass and specialized co.rnnlunication. Accordingly, the Commission has been called upon by the National Security Council, National Resources Planning Board, Central In telligence Agency, Civil Defense Administration, Department of Defense, Department JJf State, National Production Authority, and other military and civilian agencies to work on numerous national defense projects affecting all types of electrical communication. They cover highly technical plans for the control of electronic emissions during possible air raids, monitoring for subversive radio activity, meeting needs for civil defense communication, authorizing expansion of communication circuits, aiding experimentation with war-time applications of radio, making special technical studies, and safeguarding plants used for communication purposes. Particular REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 33 Governnlellt cooperation on military and civilia'll defense plans is effected through the IRAC (previously mentioned) and the Telecom munications Coordinating Committee. On Kovember 24, 1950, the Commission announced: 'l'he Federal Communications Commission in cooperation with theDepart~ ment of Defense and the radio industry is stUdying the use of radio in event of war. In connection with this stud.}', experiments are being conducted with new uses of radio. In furtherance of this work, the Commission, from time to time, will issue national defense-emergency authorizations pursuant to the tlrovisions of section 2.407 of the Commission's Rules and Regulations authorizing special experimental operations by existing stations. Nfltional security requires that these authorizations be classified and not be made public. Stations di rectly affected by the experimental operations will be informed as fully as. possible consistent with security regulations. Mounting use of radio by the Army, Navy, Ail' Foree, Civil Aero nautics Administration, and private industry has intensified the inter ference problem. One task of the Commission is to locate the sources of interference and to see that corrective measures are taken t.o protect vital overseas and domestic radio communication. In addition to policing the spectrum on a 24-hour basis, its monitoring service is providing direction-finding service to an increasing number of lost or disabled planes and ships. Effective and rapid communication between Federal, State, and local civil defense organizatiolls require the establishment of emergency networks, local communication systems, air.,raid warning systems, and t,he pooling of equipment, services, and operators. In the common carrier field, the Commission processes classified applications to provide the military organizations with llew telephone and telegraph facilities. It also acts on applications by international communication companies to serve new foreign points during the emergency. Since the Armed Forces lease telephone and telegraph facilities, they consult the Commission about available circuits and often request help in establishing additional circuits. In opening IIp new radio services and augmenting existing facili ties, the Commission has to find and allocate frequencies for their use in an already cro·wded spectrum, wrjte the rules to govern their func tioning under presBnt conditions, license their operation, and monitor their performance in a technical sense. During the fiscal year the Commission announced the creation of a Disaster Communications Service, which enables Government and non-Government stations to engage in emergency communication; new rules to permit non-Government stations to use Government frequen eies in an emerp:ency; reactivation of a State Guard Radio Service, affording radio facilities for State Guards in States where the National Gwud has been called into Federal service; and liberalization of com- 34 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION mercial operator rules because of the scarcity of certain operators, especially on board ships. More information about these subjects will be found elsewhere in this report. Its already established services include the Special Emergency Radio Service, which is concerned with public safety and the protec tion of life and property under emergency conditions; the Public Safety Radio Services, devoted to normal police, fire, forestry-con servation and highway protection; the Civil Air Patrol, a civilian auxiliary of the Air Force; and the Amateur Radio Service, which has long provided regional networks for emergency use and now has a military amateur radio system operating in conjunction with the Army and Air Force. At the same time, the Commission continues to maintain regional ·disaster emergency coordination with the Coast Guard, Navy, Army, Air Force, Red Cross, amateur radio operators, and State and munici pal police organizations. 12. HEARINGS When the Commission is not satisfied that the public interest war rants a grant of an application on the basis of the information con tained in the application, or when there is more than one applicant for the same facilities, a hearing must be ordered. The great majority of the Commission's hearings concern broadcast matters. Applications in hearing may be disposed of in three ways-by a decision after hearing; by removing from the docket and granting when the application has been amended to eliminate the issues which necessitated a hearing; or, by dismissal of the application at the request of the applicant. Docket statistics for the 1951 fiscal year follow: Pending Designated Disposed Disposed Pending Class JUll(',30, 10' of without o{(ol1owing:run~30. 1950 heating hearing hearing 1961 Broadcast: AM_. ___________ ----------- 342 197 170 109 2J3O FM. _______ 16 3 7 5 7 1'V ----------- lSI I 0 3 179 Othor ------------------- 6 3 2 2 5 Safety !londspecial~~~~_____________________ 16 19 20 • II Common carrier. _______ . ____ . __________ . __ 27 73 25 6 69 Joint and generaL ______ 7 9 • 2 10 TotaL._ -----.------._----- 595 306 228 131 541 13. LICENSES AND OTHER AUTHORIZATIONS At the close of the year the Commission had more than 885,000 licenses and other authorizations outstanding. This was a net in crease of more than 100,000 over the number for the previous year. REPORT OF THE FEDERALCO~f.MUNICATIONSCOMMISSION 35 There ,,'ere :19 times as mallY nonbroadcast radio authorizations (nearly 179,000) as there were broadcast authorizations (nearly 4,600). However, the largest group comprised commercial radio oper ators (over 612,000). Radio station authorizations, collectively, represented the use of some 425,000 transmitters, of which number more than 115,000 were fixed and nearly 310,000 wcre mobile. 14. APPLICATIONS AND OTHER FILINGS During the year the Commission received approximately 268,000 applications of al1 kiuds, which was 48,000 more than in 1950. Of this total, over 150,000 concerned radio operators, 108,000 others were in the nonbroadcast services, 5,700 concerned broadcast, and nearly 4,000 were from common carriers. These figures do not include legal filinw., periodic reports, or tariff schedules. Common carrier and holding companies filed more than 19,100 tariffs and nearly 2,100 annual reports requiring Commission attention. There was a reduction in international tariff filings of 2,000 under the previous year, due to international conferences and rate changes ,vhich have taken place. 15. CORRESPONDENCE, RELEASES, AND PUBLICATIONS ~early 1,115,000 pieces of correspondence in the form of letters, telegrams, etc., were received or dispatched through the Commission's Mail and Files Branch during the year. Of this nnmber, about 780,000 were incoming and 335,000 were. outgoing. The Commission's regulatory and administrative procedure re quired the issuance, during the same period, of mimeographed public notices, orders, decisions, opinions, and rule-making. These neces sitated the use of nearly 56,000 stencils, 9,128,000 sheets of paper, and more than 14,380,000 impressions. The Commission issues no "press releases". The Commission makes no public distribution of its printed publica tions, The latter are processed by the Government Printing Office and are sold by the Superintendent of Documents. A list of those currently available appears in the appendix to this report. ( Page 36 in the original document is intentionally blank ] CHAPTER II-COMMON CARRIERS l. REGULATION 2. DOMESTIC TELEPHONE 3. DOMESTIC TELEGRAPH 4. INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE 5. STATISTICS l. REGULATION Interstate a nd foreign communication by telegraph Hlld telephone whether by wire, ocean eahle, Or radio-is s\l.bject to COllwnission regulation. The COIlllnunieations Act, mnong other things, requires that every subject comillon carrier furnish serviee upon reasonable request and at reasonablecharge~.No eaI'l'ier may add or acquire facilities, or Cllrtail or discontinue service, \vithout COllnnission approval. All charges, practices, classifications, and regulations in connection with interstate awl foreign cOllllllunication service must be just and reason able and nondiscriminatory. To implemellt this requirement, the common carriers cOlwerned file tariff schedules with the Commission, and those schedules are subject to Commission review and regulation. Hates £01' interstate telephone and telegraph services, as well as rates for such services between the United States and foreign and overseas points. are regulated by the Commissioll, which also reviews the adequacy and quality of these services. The Commission is further empowered to prescribe the forms of records and accounts kept by these carriers. Under this authority, it has established unifonll systems of aecounts for them to follow. The Commission is required by lay;' to approve cOllstruction of new lines and extensions or supple111entations of lines of common caITim's engaged in interstate commlll1cations where such lines are to be used for or in connection with interstate service, before any snch con struction may be undertaken. Further the Commission regulates the interlocking of officers and directors of subject common carriers, it being unlawful for any person to hold office in more than one car rier unless specifically authorized by the Commission. The Com mission also passes upon applications of such telephone and telegraph ca.rriers for authority to merge or consolidate. D73537- -52--4 37 38 HEPORT OF THE FEDERALCO.:\lMU~ICATIONSCOMMISSION Common carrier wire service which is purely intrastate in character is not, in general, subject to Commission jurisdiction. However, oper ation of common carrier radio facilities come under provisions of the act which require the licensing of all radio transmitters. The Commission receives applications to land or operate submarine cables connecting the United States with othercOllntries~and advises the President with respect to the granting of Huch licenses, after receiving the approval of the Secretary of State. 2. DOMESTIC TELEPHONE GENERAL The annual reports of the Commission have for the past several years emphasized the rapid development and expansion of the domes tic telephone industry since World War II. The addition of facili ties and public demand for service continued at a rapid pttce during fiscal 1951. In the 1950 calendar year, the Bell system alone expended nearly 900 million dollars for new plant, hringing its total gross plant at the end of that year to more than 10 billion dollars, a net increase of about 669 million dollars as compared with 194}). The non-Bell, or so-called independent telephone companies, also made substantial additions to plant. As of Decemher 31, 1950, the investment in tele phone plant of the independent industry was estimated by the United States Independent Telephone Association to be approximately 1.2 billion dollars, an increase of about 133 million dollars during that year. Thus, the total gross telephone plant investment of the tele phone industry in the United States was estimated to be approximately 11.5 billion dollars as of December 31, 1950. More than 43 million telephones were in service in the United States at the end of 1950, over 35.3 million of which were operated by Bell system companies and approximately 7.7 million by the inde pendents. This is double the number of telephones in service prior to World War II and 15 million more than 5 years ago. The number of telephones in the Bell system, which operates abollt 82 percent of the telephones in this country, was increased by approximately 1,900,000 telephones during the calendar yem' 1950. Unfilled or'ders for telephone service held by the Bell system approximated 800,000 on December 31, 1950. Telephone conversations handled by the Bell system again reached a new record high, increasing from 44 to approximately 46 billion local and toll calls for the calendar year IH50 over 1949. Toll ac counted for approximately 2 billion calls, which is about the same fignre reported for 1949. However, it is significant to note that ex- REPOR'!' OF THE FEDERAL CO.M'TL'NICATIONS COMMISSION 39 tensiYe increases in so-called extended area service have resulted in many calls for relatively short distances, previously classified as toll, now being classified as local. In addition, the volume of Teletype writer Exchange Service calls increased. approximately 15 percent in the Bell system for 1950. Operating revenues for the Ben system rcached $3,261,fi28,000 for 1950, an increase of almost 13 percent from the previous year's oper ating revenue of $2,893,273,000. The high level of operations also produced increased earnings. with the Bell system reporting net in come of 3fi9 million dollars for the year ended December 31, 1950, an increase of 49 perccnt over the net income of the previous year. Ben system earnings amounted to $12.fi8 per share of AT&T stock in 1950, the highest per share earnings in any year since 1929. The continued expansion of the Bell system is illustrated in the following tabulation: Calendar year 1940 __ . . ------.-----.--. 1945 .___ ---_ .. _.• - J946_____ ---------,. 1947 _. .. --- •... -. -----------------_ 1948. _.- . __ . 1949._. • _ 195IL _ "'umber of Plant invast- Revenues Employees tl'lcphones ment 17,48.1,981 $4,701,177,364 $1,174,322,517 275,317 22,445,519 5,702,056,557 1,930,889,452 387,300 25,709,458 6,294,419,079 2,093,664,941 496,438 28 506 795 7,348,802,865 2,224,582,932 524,120 31: 3M: 493 8,618,842,204 2,624,827,067 546,723 33,388,258 9,432,749,584 2,8\13,273,356 515,854 35,343,440 10, 101, 521, 562 3,261,528,032 523,251 The dial conversion program of the Ben system continued during calendar 1950, resulting in an increase in dial operated telephones in the system from 73 percent at the end of 1949 to 76 percent on Decem ber 31, 1950. Extended area service, permitting subscribers to dial their calls to nearby communities, was expanded to the point that this service was available to 3.5 million telephone users at the close ()f 1950. The operator toll dialing program discussed in the Com mission's previous annual report was also extended, more than one third of all toll and long-distance calls now being dialed straight through to the distant telephone by the operator. In addition, the Bell system announced that subscriber toll dialing would be inaug urated during the calendar year 1951 at three exchanges in the Engle wood, N. J., area, which will permit subscribers in those exchanges to dial their own long-distance calls through to the distant telephone without the assistance of a toll operator. Substantial additions to the Bell system intercity television transmission network were also made during fiscal 1951. DOMESTIC TELEPHONE SERVICES Conshuetion o//aoilities.-As previonsly indicated, the telephone 'industry continued to construct new facilities for the expansion, 40 REPORT OF 'I'HE FEDERALCO~,L\nJNICATIONSCOM~nSSIOX replacement, and modernizat.ion of exchange and toll planL expend ing, as it did in 1949, over a billion dollars for these purposes. j\Iost of these expenditures Vfel'C for central-office equipment, buildings, exchange lines, and station apparatus. Hmvever, the number of authorizations requested for the construction, lease, or acquisition, and operation of wire and cable toll facilities (including installations of carrier equipment) for use in connection with interstate and foreign telephone and special services and t.he total amounts involved, in creased substantially in fiscal 1951 compared to fiscal 1950. During fiscal 1950, 161 such applications were received by the Commission, involving' estimated expenditures of over 19 million dollars. Two hundred and thirty-five such applications were received during- fiscal ] 9:)1- with estimated equipment and construction costs totaling 59 million dollars. The, Commission granted 240 of these applications (including 10 held over from fiscal lH;30) during" fiscal 1H51. It is estimated that the total eonstl'netion thus authorized ,,-ill cost nearly 46 million dollars. The annua! blanket application of~\T&-'l' and c{>I'tain of its asso ciated companies for the calendar year l!);'"jl requested authority for long lines construction estimated to cost $;)3,893,000. Of that amouut, $16,107.000 "'as anthorized dm visions in the division of charges for telegraph messages exchanged between these companies and their overseas correspondents. Elimination of special Government rates.-As has been set forth more fully in the previous annual report, the Commission in its Fourth Interim Report in docket 8230, authorized the international telegraph carriers to eliminate special governmental rates under certain specified. conditions. By July 1, 1950, such reduced rates had been eliminated for traffic between the United States and 30 foreign and oversea,; points. Since that time, such reduced rates have also been eliminated with respect to 50 additional foreign points including certain coun tries in the British Commonwealth: Distribution of unrouted international tmffic.-In the past.year the Commission has given active consideration to various problems which have arisen in connection with the interpretation and administration of the formula which sets forth the manner in which 'Western Union shall distribute unrouted outbound international traffic filed at its offices, among the various international telegraph carriers. The views of the international telegraph carriers with respect to the manner in which they feel this formula should be revised have been solicited. In addition, the carriers have been requested to supply pertinent traf fic data which would indicate the manner in which traffic is actually being handled under the present formula. As was noted in the Sill teenth annual report, the Commission has pending before it a com plaint (docket 9369) wherein it is alleged that Western Union has erroneously interpreted the formula and engaged in traffic practices which are contrary to the provisions thereof. By order dated Novem ber 22,1950, the Commission set this complaint for hearing. Marine rate oase.-During 1950 the Commission received requests from marine radiotelegraph companies for rate relief. At the same time, Western Union, which originates and terminates much of the marine traffic, also advised the Commission that it desired to revise its land-line charges for handling this traffic. This proposed revision also made provision for establishing uniform division of charges with the various marine carriers. On March 14, 1951, the Commission adopted an order instituting an investigation (docket 9915) into the matter of handling marine traffic for coast station and land-line charges as well as the legality of the divisions between 'Western Union and the marine carriers. The Commission had pending before it a formal complaint by Tropical Radio Telegraph Co. against Western Union (docket 9822), wherein it was charged that Western Union had failed to comply with the provisions of the formula for the distribution of outbound marine 64 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION traffic in its division of tolls for marine traffic. Since this complaint Fnvolved issues which were similar to those before the Commission in its general marine investigation, the Commission consolidated this complaint with the proceedings in docket 9915. Hearings in this consolidated proceeding, begun in J nne 1951, were continuing at the end of the fiscal year. International rrde case.-As was noted in the previous annual re port, the Commission has issued four interim reports in docket 8230 and a final report in this proceeding is stilI pending. Dnring fiscal 1951 the international telegraph carriers enjoyed increased revennes and profits partly because of the increase in traffic resulting from the disturbed world sitnation and partly because of the changes in traffic classifications resulting from the revised Telegraph Regnlations. The Commission is maintaining close watch of these operations. How ever, because of the aforementionedsittlation~the Commission has not taken final action in this proceeding. OTHER REGULATORY MATTERS Deprec£ation.-Stnc1ies to determine the reasonableness of annual depreciation rates llnd charges, and the recorded depreciation 1'e SeITeS, and to determine the propriety of the depreciation practices of the international telegraph can'jers, were continued. Considerable progress was made on such studies with respect to four major interna tional carriers and, pending completion of these studies, tentative a'pproval was given to the proposals of these carriers to effect changes in their annual depreciation accrual rates, as well as in certain of their depreciation practices. - Continuing property records.-Verification of the form and con tents of continuing property records and evalnation of the effective ness of continuing property records procednres of radiotelegraph and ocean cable carriers were continued. The four carriers that had not completely fulfilled the requirement to establish and maintain con tinuiug property records at the beginning of fiscal 19M stilI have not attained this objective, although considerable progress has been made. PAI/,s'ion8 and ·rdie.f.-The Commission pursued its general studies of the carriers' pension arrangements. Six of the carriers introduced changes iIi their pension plans during fiscal 1951 and these changes Were analyzed, particularly to determine their effect upon operating expenses. Reclassification of l'lant.-Except for certain adjustments applica ble to four of the carriers and which are now under stndy, the plant of the international radiotelegraph and ocean-cable carriers has been reclassified in accordance with the respective uniform systems of a'ccounts. ;, REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 65 Uniform system of Mcount8 for radiotelegraph cMTiers; part 35 (uniform system of accounts for wire-telegraph and ocean cable ClP' nen).-Parts 34 and 35 of the Commission's rules werefurth~ amended during fiscal 1951 so as to provide a single account in each of the message-revenue groups (Domestic l Transoceanic,an~ Marine) for recording Governnlent message revenue derived from international messages. During the year, part 34 (uniform system of accounts for radio telegraph carriers) of the Commission's rules ·was further amended to reflect changes in retirement units occasioned by plant develop ments in recent years. Preservation of records.-Revised rules for the preservation of records of telephone carriers, part 4G, and inteTnational telegra,ph carriers, part 46, wcre adopted during fiscal 1951. They were designed to Tecognize modern methods of record keeping. improve procedures for management of records, fmd provide for adequate retention of records needed in the Commission's regulation of these eluriers. 5. STATISTICS TELEPHONE CARRIERS Reports were filed on an allllual basis by 221 common carriers and 25 controlling campanics for the calendar year 1$J50. Among the reports received from common carriers were 102 from telephone car riers and 95 from carriers engaged in rendering mobile radiotele.;. phone service. Financial and operating data concerning telephone carricrs for the year 1950 as compared with 19M) arc shown in the following table: Telephone carriers J Item Investment In plant and equipment (as of Dec. 31) Depreciation and amorltlzatlon reserves ._ Net investment in plant and equipmenL _ Local service revcnues. ._ Toll service revenues. _. . ... _ Total operating rcvenues. __ . . __ . _ Opcnltlng expenses ..__ Taxes '·c_.__ --- -. ----.- ••• Net operating income after all taxes . __ ._ Net inCOlne ._ ._.__ . ._. _ Dividends declared . . _ Company telephones: Business ..__ _ . . __ ._ Residence , .. . . . Average number of rolls origiluiting per month: J..ocaI 2 __ ------_._----- ----------------------_._- Toll! .... .._. __ ._. .. Number of employees at end of October __ . _ :il-falc .. ._. _ Female .... ... _ Total compensation for the year__ . . _ 1919 $9,986,086,460 $2,796,2'21,835 $7,189,864,625 $1, 8Ul, 126, 8G6 $1,126,496,490 ~:~g~:~~~:~~ $366,731,809 $32'2,135,485 $252, 325, (}{\2 $234, 294,968 11,29<1,574 24, 658, 635 1 5,086,975,778 179,346,751 559, 9791 195,524 364 455 $1,754,640: 079 1950 $10, 704, 134, 1il $2,980.061,346 $7,724,072,825 $2,051:\, 311, 931 $1, 245, 3,11, R04 $3,445.154,483 $2,464,080,999 $52G,043,1l3 $455,030,671 $.371, 592, 086 $269, 770. 55G 11,775,231 26,269,563 5, 443, 998, 555 176,285, 442 565,105 196,996 368,109 $1,798,193,391 Percent of increase or (decrease) .. 7.19 6.57 7.43 14.28 10.55 12.68 4.04 43.44 41. 25 47.27' 15. lot 4.26 6.53 ('J ('J .02 .75 1. 00 2.48 I Intercompany dupHclltions, cxccpt in minor instances, have been eliminated. 2 Partly cst.imatedb~"reporting carriers. 3The number of calls shown are not comparable, as many calls were reclassified from "Toll" to "Lor:ll" during 1950, du\: to enln.rgement of numerous local calling arcus. . 66 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSIOl< BUSINESS AND RESIDENCE TELEPHONES BY STATES There were 43,003,800 telephones in the continental United States of which 30,067,000 are located in residences, and 12,936,800 in busi ness establishments. The number of telephones, arranged by States, are shown on the following table. The figures were compiled on the basis of partly estimated data as of January 1, 1951, furnished by the American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Business Residence Total 119,100 3M,700 423,800 1)9,800 100,600 160,400 80,300 112,900 253,200 1,293,200 2.517,900 3,811,100 137,100 303,900 441,000 217,700 569.500 /87,WO 3.5, IJOO 82,200 118,100 222,600 266,400 4S9,OOO 265,400 381,600 647,000 178,000 399,400 577.400 39,800 100,700 J4(),5OO 972,2011 2,067,400 3,0:19,1',00 286.000 800,000 1,152,000 lu7,700 6.'i6,700 824,400 IS5,2OO 459,(J()() 594,200 124,700 336,300 461,000 153,400 363,100 516,500 57,600 173,400 23J , 000 192,600 469,400 662; 000 464,400 1,122,500 1,586,900 .'}Z8,300 1,508,800 2,~~;~ 222,000 681,800 ('-.8,100 158,700 2'26,800 333,100 817,500 1,150,600 44, :lOO 102,300 146, fJOO 96,300 304,500 400.800 20,700 28,700 49,400 37,200 112,400 149, flOO 174,800 1,170,500 1,645,300 49,800 67,400 117,200 1,1)92,201) 3,498,500 5,490,700 161,400 377. 800 539,200 :)1,100 94,400 125,800 %l,20D 1,952,700 2,513, \)()() 167,300 405,300 572,600 131,900 306,300 438,200 848,500 2,30.1,600 3,152,100 70, J()() 171,100 241,200 75,600 174,400 250,000 35,800 118,400 154,200 175,500 458,700 6.14, WI) 1303, BOO 1,275,800 1,879,000 57,500 141,800 199,300 24,300 71,800 00,100 213, !'i0ll 474,500 M8,000 222,600 5..16,500 759,100 96,400 260,0003,~7,300 265,500 726, Joo 991, fiOO 25,000 52,200 77,200 12,936,800 30,067,000 43,00.3,800 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~------~----"-----I---"-------'-I--~ UnitedState~._,~__ ._._ State Alabama _ Arizona _ Arkansas__ California. __ Colorado ~l£$~~~~c~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_-------- --- District of Columbia _ Florl(la ._'..__ Georgia.. __ , • , __ . " .. __ . __ mf~~~~~~~~~~:_:_~~::::::::~~::, _ Indiana . . __ .. , __ . _. __ .. ._ Iowa__ _ . _ Kans.\lS . ._,__ Kentucky _" ._ LOUisiana ._, Maine.._ Maryland _ Massachusetts _ Michigan . _ Minnesota_. -'_ Missis~ippL. __ MissourI. . _, _ 1\1nntaOil ._ _ . . __ " Nebm,,<;ka • _ Nevada . _ New Hampshire . • _ New Jersey_ Ne,,' MexiCQ NcwYork .. _ North Carolina __ North Dakota Ohio_ .. _ Oklahoma __ Oregan _ Pennsylvania Rhode Island _ Routh Carolina . . _ South Dakota _ Tennessee _ Texas _ Utah _ V~r':l0.nL.. , . _ Vifgmm "'_ Washington .•. ~~;~~~f~~~i~_-~~~~=~=~~==:--:==:=~=~==~==~:~------- ---- W.yoming _ LAND-LINE TELEGRAPH Annual reports containing statistical data for the calendar year 1950 were received from 24 wire-telegraph, ocean-cable, and radio telegraph carriers. Financial and operating data compiled from re ports received from the Western Union concerning land-line opera tions for the calendar year 1950 in comparison with 1949 are con tained in the tabulation shown below. The figures pertaining to its REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 67 cable operations are included in another table relating to ocean-cable carriers. TILe Western U-nlan Telegraph 00. 1 '''m Investment in plant and equipment (as of Dec. 31) _ Depreciation and amortization reserves __ . _ Net investment in plant a.nd equipmcnL _ Message revenu('s.~_ Total operating revenues " _ Operating expenses, depreciation, and other operating revenue deductions . . _ Net operating revenues _ Income taxes__ . _ Net income_ __. Dividends declared . Revenuemessa~eshandled . _ Number of emplo;rees at cnd of October _ Total compensation for the year._. ," _ Percent of [949 Il100 increase or (decrease) $306,316,463 $294,451,126 (3.87) $133,978,693 $128,226,700 (•. 29 l ~172,337,770 $166,224.426(3.~l) $146,353,375 $151,389,344 3.44 $171,393,408 $177,993,880 3." $173,504,919 $167,279,568 (3.51:1) ($2, Ill, (11) $1O,714,3l2 ($3,468: 249) $2,050,000 ------------ $7,352,472 $2,458,972 ------------ 2 182,069,952 2 182, 994, 799 .51 41,660 40,482 (2.83) $125,871,207 $116, 936, 815 (7.10) l Represents data for land line operations. Figures covering cable are included in another table. Z Includes dotIlestic transmission of transoceanic and marinem~ssages(about 8,467,000 in 1949 and about 8,462,000 in 1950). RADIOTELEGRAPH AND OCEAN-CABLE CARRIERS The accompanying tables contain financial and operating data tab ulated from the annual reports filed by radiotelegraph and cable car riers rendering international service. The returns are applicable to the calendar year 1950 as compared with 1949. Radiotelegraph carriers ,,,"' Invrstment in plant and equipment (as of DeCl. 31) _ Depreciation and amortization reserves.. _ Net invcstment in plant and equipmellt. _ .Message rewmues: Domestic 1. _ Transoceanic _ 1larine -. __ _ _ Total operating revenues__ ""__ " _ Operating eXJ)ell>,es, depreciation, and other opcrating rcve- nue deductions _ Net operating revenues __ Income taxes _ Netincome_ "_, _ Dividends declared "" _ Revenue messages handled: Domestic 2__ 'l'ransoceanic . _ ]l,farine __ "_, <" _ Number of emploJ'&'s at end of Oct.ober _ Tot.al compensation for the )'ear • _ 1949 $38,042,579 $18,207,637 $Ill, 834, 942 $1,542,098 $17,530,0.51 $1, 294, l:\7:3 $2:3,440,539 $22, 696, \lO8 $743,631 $500,989 $430,506 $5,000 52,784 9,588.339 920,044 5,4&'l $18, 231,l:\25 1950 $38,885,097 $18,l:\45,689 $20,039,408 $1,743,566 $19,223,350 $1,271,847 $25,683,717 $22, 962, 711 $2,721,OOB $853,515 $2,3'73,280 $7,500 5,886 9,938,645 !:!95,347 5,264 $18,208,915 Percent of increase or (decrease) 2.21 3.50 1.03 13.06 9.66 (1. 18) 9.57 1. 17 265.91 70.37 451. 28 00.00 .19 3.65 (2.68) (3.99) (.13) 1 Includes revenues from t.he domestic t.ransmission of transoceanic and marine messages and revenues from domestic classification messages (primarily Canadian and Mexican). 2 Hepresenlli domestic classiflcat.ion messages (primarily Canadian and Mexican). 68 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Ocean cable carriers (including cable operations of The Western Union Telegraph 00.) '''m Investment in plant and equipml,lnt (as of Dec. 31). _ Depreciation and amortizationre~erves__ Net investment in plant and equipment. Message revenues: Domestic 1 • __ • • Transoceanic. __ .... _ Total operatin!!' revenues__ Operating expenses, depreciation, and other operating revenue dcductiollS_ _____ _ . _ Net opcrating revcnucs _ Income taxcs _ Net income__ . _ Dividends declared. _ Revenue lli('ssag\.';S handled: Domcstic 2___ _. _ TranSOC('3nic _ Numlwr of employees at end of Oct.ober Total compensation for the year _ Percent oC 1949 1950 increase or (decrease) $96,289,40fi $97,28.1,249 1.03 $61,1~"8,089 $f,1,9IO,819 (l. 20) $31,600,716 $33,372,430 5.61 $344,224 $157,521 (M.24) $20,389,9:H $20,073,604 (1..55) $2.1,154,138 $24, 649,4J4 6.46 $22, Hi9, 301 $21,250,1'>47 (4.14) $934, &Ii $3,398,761 245.11 $117,1'>88 $.708, 112 500.67 $137, DIll $2, 165,79:~1,052.53 $.353,4BS $883,670 150. UO 217,691 41,168 (81. 09) 1O,172,45H 9, 856, 802 (3. to) 5, h67 5,495 (3.04) $13,0.16, 719 $12,030,892 (7.72) I Includes revenues from the domestic t.ransmission of transoceanic messages and revenues from domestic clwsiftcation mes.'\3KeS (primarily Canadian). J Represents domestic classification messages (primarily Canadian). INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH TRAFFIC The reports received from cable and radiotelegraph carriers indi cate that 518, 523,407 paid words were handled during the calendar year 1950. The outbound traffic amounted to 263,769,025 words dur ing the year, and inbound 254,754,382 words. The following table shows an analysis of the traffic handled between the United States and the principal countries of the world. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 69 International telegraph (radio and cable) traffic, 1950 Number of words Number of words Country Outbound from the United States Inbound to the United States Country Outbound from the United States Inbound to the United States 71,0.31,913 105,4:n 3,OOfi,9H 425,526 1,910,132 1,171,854 474,665 41-1,696 4, 130,64~ 3,643,281 4,882,699 2,099,920 15,258,805 928,045 1,274,797 831,757 618,786 1, 6S6, 929 6,834,1l9 t:ll,201 1,2..17,4ii 204,545 51,272,222 1,821,188 li2,527 3,411,301 1i;9, fi9-t 2, 5:l2, 469 9M.707 429,808 3:~8,:H5 4, 56.'i, 941 3.960,71\2 5,317,275 2, 136,r~19 9,097,160 278,295 1,201,2flf; 8G3,047 255, S97 1, fl75, 038 5,032,1\42 132,567 1,259,OR7 487, G30 44,61'12,997 670,097 ASiA AND OCEAKIA WEST INDIES, CENTRAL, NORTHA~DSOUTH A}lERICA-----continucd C.alllldll__ . . 6,fi56,018 7,807,742 Canal Zone "' __ .. 46fi,R:3a 549.898 Chile___________ 2, 152, I.')() 2,302,168 Colomhia.._. __ . 4,421,289 4, a06, 818 Co~taRica__ 776,158 62.'i,OSfl Cuba . __ .. 6,878,007 8,9fi9.96S Dominican Republic 1,252, 6J I 1,224-,669 Ecuador._ 1, 245,90l 828,355 Guatemala... 1,228. /i1.') I, Zig,n.~ HaitL_..._.. __ 802,905 ,4,5,985 HOfldtnas , __ " (\.18,416 559,.'128 Jamaica"._._ 611,59.5 466,120 i\'IcxiCQ_ ... I,RllH,081 ],430,707 Netherlands Wcst Imlics. 1,1118,359 1,193,185 N'icaragua___ 876,985 606,709 Panallla . l,lflli, ISS 919,41i2 Paraguay_"__ 38r"423 215, r,73 Peru", __ 1,9-13,859 1,665,251 Puerto Rico__ 3,45.1,:lJ8 3,OSI,208 ."aln,dor_".__ 790,711 f>Ol,555 Surinfllll..._. 127,38] 128,040 'l'rinidad.• _ mS,740 373,689 l)rugllay 1,9-10,774 ].710,3-13 Venezuela__ 6,00\'\,106 7,(;98,91>/) Vir!,in Tslands____________ 223,!lZ{ 216,767 All other placcs_. __ -"-"-I__3_1_5,_7_40_1[~C'C,OC[C5 TotaL_ _ 68, 0r,9, 267 Afghanistan . __ "__ . Australia .._.._" __ ,. __ Ceylofl_. , _ Cllina (excluding Hong- kong) Formosa.. _ }'rench Indochina. . __ Gllam.~---- IIawflU._.._ _ _ Hongkong._ lndia .... _ Indonesia _ Japlln, _ Korea .. Malay States__ New Zealand _ Okinawa.._... Pakistall _ Philippines_.. __ . __ .,._._ ."ociety Islands_ Thailand (Siam) , _ All othet· plaees.._. . i~c-i--- TotaL , ... _ Unknown destination or origin... , _ 12,1,601 717,943 1,7.5-1, 623 287,128 4,991,515 2011,720 202,2fj{) 1,551,571 1, 2Tl, 545 I,411,503 125,424 I 520,9:;8 ' 13,242,5.12 • 9,140,448 2,mro,l6X 340,619 228 -150 964; 466 2:)0, .'lIS 1,1:18,4\17 ::1,:~OO,726 7, &'It, 521\ 711::1, &11 4i};1,8Ja 112,401 2,50, 667 1 71l,986 6, H\6, 0731 1,8.17,863 308,710 442,175 9,')2, 6181 If'JO,784 2,m, 0·10 I ~;~:~~'[ 101,426 I l.';fl,92.1 771\ 866 I 2,388,860 2,875,859 45, fflO. 817 800,940 2,710,680 130,629,069 194,885 812, .572 1,594,727 32~,658 5,696,414 2::\8,001 222,759 1,071,945 1,8811,900 1,706,590 211,627 481,242 21,276,721 8,178,185 2,274, :iriS :}i2,697 286,3:JQ !iri,'i, ,'i83 191,ll09 878, .5-15 3, 119,3f~1 9,3&3,3ifo 804,112::1 624, li,'i2 125,994 362,Or,2 684, ms 6,481,231 2,658,759 30:-1,344 559,ll7l 1,322,7~8 155,389 3,108,853 3,466,261 7,488,197 302,132 278,101 175,622 1,084.3.36 2,222,858 6,449.812 47,878, Hl7 1,009,097 1,432,25.1 TotaL 150,346,064- ==~i~=~ EUROPE, .AYRICA AND THE NEAR EAsl' WEST I:SDlES, CENTRAL, NORTH, AND SOVTH AMERICA: Algeria _ Arabia. _ Austria _ Belgian Congo_ Belgium . British East Africa_ British West Africa _ Czechoslovakia. Denmark.__ Egypt _ Ethiopia _ Finland _ France _ Germany. Greece Hilngary _ Iceland__ Iran _ Iraq ._ Ireland_ IsraeL__ Italy _ I..{)hanoll _ Liberia . _ LllxemllOUfg__ . __ 1Vforocco-French. J\lorocco-Tangier__ K ethcrlands Norway " _ Persian Gulf _ Poland_ Portul!"ul _ Rouilluniu. .. __ .. SPUill .. _ Sweden . .. _ Swit7,crland ..._ Syria _ Tran~jorilania--_ Trieste, Free 'l'erritory of. Tllrkey . _ UniOll of South Africa . U. S.S. H ._ .._. United Killgdolll _ Yugosl,wia _ Ail other places_._. __ .._.. Argentina . ._ 7,218,01.3 7,8!)I,759 I Bahamas . __ .. 602,020 721:l,7R6 II Bermuda .___ 851, i22 9'15,690 I[ Dolivia___________________ 777,448 71)9,976 ' Brazil. . 9,SO.'i,71O 10,710,1<421' British Guiana_...._.__ lfJO,850 I 122,n09 _~_~_!~_~~_.~_~_·~_~_t_ill_'~_;_,_:;_'-_-:_:_:_:'_~i_~~_:_j_~~_I__:_~_~:_~_O_~__ia_m_n_d_'o_t_"_'_-_-_-_--_-_-:~~7i=;~~ 1 Points not listed separately. 973537--52----6 [ Page 70 in the original document is intentionally blank J CHAPTER III-SAFETY AND SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES 1. GENERAL 2. MARINE RADIO SERVICES 3. AERONAUTICAL RADIO SERVICES 4. PUBLIC SAFETY RADIO SERVICES 5. LAND TRANSPORTATION RADIO SERVICES 6. INDUSTRIAL RADIO SERVICES 7. AMATEUR RADIO SERVICE 8. CITIZENS RADIO SERVICE 9. DISASTER COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE 10. ENFORCEMENT 11. STATISTICS 1. GENERAL Most of the nonbroadcast radio services are gronpcd in what is known as the Safety and Special Radio Services. They comprise a broad field of radio utilization by commerce, industry, and Govern ment and represent by far the greatest number of radio station licenses issued by the Commission. The services fall into four categories: Safety servwes.-Aeronautical, Marine, Police, Fire, Forestry-Con servation, Highway Maintenance, Special Emergency, and State Guard. Land tramportation 8erviaes.-Railroad, Urban Transit, Intercity Bus, Highway Truck, Taxicab, Automobile Emergency, and Citizens. Indu8trial 8ervwes.-Power, Petroleum, Forest Products, Motion Picture, Relay Press, Special Industrial, Low-power Industrial, and Agriculture. Amateur and disaster serviaes. These services are continuously expanding, as indicated in the statis tical tables at the end of this chapter. This trend necessarily will continue, even though no new uses of radio are authorized, since the licenses are not exclusive but are granted for shared use of frequencies on the basis of the applicant's membership in an eligible group. Thus, the licensing and regulatory problems grow more complex from year to year as more and more radio stations are fitted into the available 71 72 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION spectrum space. Likewise, the function of enforcement and main tenance of a satisfactory level of compliance has become increasingly difficult with the rapid development of these services since ·World War II to a total approaching 200,000 stations. 2. MARINE RADIO SERVICES GENERAL The !'mes and operating in defense areas are required to be radio equipped. Related to the general subject of aviation use of radio, but not in cluded in the Aeronautical Radio Serviees, is a special class of operator authorization for operating radiotelephone stations on private air craft. This is covered in another section of the current report. AERONAUTICAL LAND AND AERONAUTICAL FIXED RADIO STATIONS The more than 1,300 aeronautical laud and aeronautical fixed sta tions provide communications necessary for tJle safe, expeditious, and economical operation of aircraft. Aeronautical land stations com municate with aircraft whereas aeronautical fixed stations provide point-to-point communications to enable aircraft operators to carry on their business more efficiently. In the continental United States, aeronautical fixed stations are used primarily as "back-up" circuits for land line faeilities; however, in international operations, aeronautical fixed stations provide the pri nlary service. In aceordance with Civil Air Regulations, domestic air carriers are required to luainta-in gronnd-air-ground communication at terminals and at such other points as may be deemed necessary by the Government to insure satisfactory communications over the entire certified route. Such a system is independent of radio facilities pro vided by Federal agencies. The expansion of aircraft operation in the Territory of Alaska has resulted in the formulation of an Alaskan communication plan to pro vide additional high and very high frequencies. The aeronautical portion of part 14 of the Commission's~uleshas been incorporated in part 9 together with the other rules affecting aircraft operation in Alaska. CIVIL AIR PATROL STATIONS These stations handle the necessary radio communication for civil air patrol activities and emergencies pertaining to the protection of life and property. The Civil Air Patrol, operating on frequencies made available by the United States Air Force, participates in air shows, missing aircraft search missions, training missions and. com munication systems at encampments, bases, and official meetings. There were nearly 1,500 authorized Civil Air Patrol base stations at REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 87 the close of the fiscal year. Approximately 5,000 mobile statiolls a.re associated with these base units. AIRDROME CONTROL STATIONS This type of station provides communication between all airdrome control to\ver and aircraft or aeronautical mobile utility stations for the purpose of controlling aircraft within the control area of an air port awl both aircraft and vehicular traffic on any portion of the land ing area. Such control is lnandatory in directing arriving and depart ing aircraft so as to lnaintain safe separation of aircraft to avoid collisions and to provide an efficient flow of air traffic into and out of the airport. Fifty-six stations of this type are licensed by the Com mission. AERONAUTICAL MOBILE UTILITY STATIONS This class of station is installed on board crash, fire, and maintenance ,·ehicles operating on an airdrome to provide communication with the airdrome control tower so that the control tower operator may have direct contact and control over such stations at all times. This service is essential to municipalities and individuals operating airports for safeguarding personnel- aboard the vehicles anu aircraft utilizing the field. Nearly 100 aeronautical mobile utility stations are authorized. AERONAUTICAL NAVIGATIONAL AID RADIO STATIONS These stations involve the transmission of special radio signals to establish traffic lanes of the air so that aircraft may determine position with reference to the navigation facility. The navigational aid sta tions include radio beacons, radio direction-finders, radio ranges, ioeal izers, glide path, marker beacons, ground control approach, instrument landing, radar and distance measuring stations. This service is nor mally operated by the CAA; however, as a result of the inauguration of off-airways route operation by the air carriers, it has been necessary for the air carriers to establish and operate additional navigation facilities. At the close of fiscal 1951 there were more than 150 aero nautical navigation type facilities authorized by the Commission. FLYING SCHOOL RADIO STATIONS A flying school station is a station on the ground or on board an aircraft used for communications pertaining to flight instructious to students or pilots while actually operating aircraft and for the promo tion of safety of life and property. At the close of the fiscal year, 18 flying school stations held licenses. 88 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COYIlHUNICATIONS COMMISSION FLIGHT TEST RADIO STATIONS A flight test radio station is installed on ground or aircraft for the transmission of .communications in connection with the test o£ aircraft 01' nuljor components of aircraft. The development of air craft and associated equipment has steadily increased. For the flight testing of such aircraft and associated equipment, communication with the gronnd station is essential in order that the aircraft manu facturer may acquire information necessary for the designing and production of aircraft and components which will be safe and efficient. Nearly 100 flight test stations were in operation. AERONAUTICAl, PUBLIC SERVICE RADIO STATIONS An aeronautical public service radio station provides private com munication between individuals aboard aire-raft in flight and persons on the ground. The aeronautical public service station operates in connection with the Nation-wide, land-line telephone system through the coastal harbQl' radio telephone and coastal telephone stations. This service has continued to increase inasmuch as the operators of large aircraft used for business purposes consider communications between individuals ahoard their aircraft in flight and the ground to be essential. Nearly 550 of these stations held licenses. AERONAUTICAL ADVISORY STATIONS This is a new class of station, first authorized during 1951 to meet an increasing demand for advisQry air-ground contmunication at the smaller airdromes, many of them in remote locations not served by regular aeronautieal control or communication facilities. This type of station provides advisory communications between an airport operator and private aircraft to enable airmen to ascertain the condition of the runways, type of fuel available, wind conditions, weather and other information necessary for aircraft operations. Aeronautical advisory stations are not used for the control of aircraft at a landing area and authorizations for these stations are issued only to the owner or operator of a landing area not served by an airdrome control station. Thirty-three such stations have been authorized. 4. PUBLIC SAFETY RADIO SERVICES The Public Safety Radio Services encompass radio cOI11l1lunicat.ion used for State and local police, fire, forestry-conservation, and high way maintenance organizntions, and for certain St..'lte military organ izations. Included, also, is the Special Emergency Radio Service used for the alleviation of an emergency endangering life or property. Just as the Marine Radio Services aflord safety to ships at sea and the Aeronautical Radio ServiC'es care for the safety needs of aircraft, REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 89 the Public Safety Radio Services provide important communication facilities required by the different non-Federal govenlillcnta] jurisdic tions for the public safety needs of the over-all population of the country. Although public safety use of radio onlaml is taken as a matter of course and it receives little., if any, publicity, State and local police departments have fOlllHl lhat, with radio, one police officer can do the work that formerly required at least three or four men. Highway departments have also found that by using radio they can keep roads in condition and make repairs faster with fewer pieces of road equip ment and less personnel. Accordingly, in this time of manpower and material shortages, the Public Safety Radio Services have eontillued a steady growth as evidenced by the authorization of some 1,500 new stations dnring the year, bringing the over-all total of public safety radio systems to more than 9,100 with an estimated tollli of nearly 90,000 transmitters. Durillg the year a llC1Y service ,vas added to the pubHc-safety group-the, State GlIurd Radio Service. Regulations governing this servicc are provided in the new subpmt K of part 10 "hieh beeame effective whell ndopted by theCOJrlJrlis..~iollon October ao, ID::iO. Dnder the newl'egulatioll~,:lUillOrizations for stations in the State Guard Hadio Scr\'icc lllay be issued to the ofHeial Stale guanI, 01' comparable orgtlnizntion of a State, Territory, possession, or of the Distriet of Columbia, where sllch an ol'ganJzat.ion has been cTeated by law and is subject only totll(~governor or comparable official of the SLate or Territory ill \yhich it is to be licensed as distinguished from Xational Glltlnl ol'gallizatlons subject to Federal ('ontrol. P[j'BUC SAFETY ASSOCIATIONS AND CONFERENCES In onler to uUllmint public-safety licensees more fully with the Commission's rules and their interpretations, and in order to become acquainted ·with the problems of tho licensees, the Comlnission has in creased its attendance at llational meetings held by the associations oflicenseE\.~in the various pllblic-safety services. Notably, these are the yearly meetings of the Associated Police Communication OfHcers, Inc.;tl~eInternational l\Iunicipal Signal Association, Inc.; the For estry Conservation COllnllul1ications Assoeiation, and the American Association of State Highway Officials. jUembel's of the Connnission's staff have attended these meetings to deliver addresses on the subjects of Commission rules, interpretations, and current trends in the service2. They have also participated in the associated technical sessions at which problems cropping up in the day-to-day operations arc discussed awl analyzed. Thus, the Commission is kept informed of what changf's may be required in order to keep its rules current to meet the yarying needs of the licensee...9. 90 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Staff members of the Commission re.sponsible for administering the Public Safety Radio Services have participated, to the extent that work relates to such matters, in the work of several committees that are engaged in the preparation of reports and recommendations out lining the United States position on policy matters to be presented by the Department of State at tho, no,xt international conference-the Ex traordinary Administrative Radio Conference, to be held at Geneva, starting August lH, 1951. This work has bo,en divided into three stages. The first stago, consisted of discussions between the IRAC and FCC representatives to resolve conflicts betwo,en the Federal and non-Federal frequency assignments and to prepare a unified United States assignment plan. Secondly, a second series of conferences will be held in order to resolve conflicts between the assignment plan evolved in step 1 and those of other countries in the American region. The unified plan covering the American region will then be presented for consideration at the Geneva conference. This, of course, is a con· tinuing project and work thereon will be continued during tho, next fiscar year. The Commis..,;ion has also participated extensively in discussions with other governmental agencies, with the Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee, and with industry with respect to the needs for civilian defense radio communication facilities. As a result of these meetings, the Commission is now in the process of preparing rule amendments which are intended to clarify the extent to which the indi vidual public safBty radio servico" will participate in the civilian defense program of the country. POLICE RADIO SERVICE Police radio station authorizations are issued to States, Territories, cities, and towns. Governmental institutions charged with the respon sibility for providing their own police protection are also eligible. There are some 6,200 police radio authorizations. During the yo,ar the Commission was ahle to regularize high-powered operation on the part of State polico, radio systems. Preliminary work on this project was started during" 1949 when experimental au thorizations were issuo,d to four separate Stato,s. As a result of the expeTience gained from this experimental operation, the Commission found it in the public interest to permit State police systems using frequo,ncies between 42-44 megacycles to operate high-powo,ro,d sta tions. It is expected this will result in a moro, efficient as well as economical radio system, particularly for those States covering laTge areas and having a low density of population. The Commission was also successful in its efforts to provide for the needs of the Territorial Highway Patrol in Alaska for point-to-point REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CO;1MLCNICATIONS COMMISSION 91 voice communication between the variolls territorial police radio sta· tions. An amendment to part 10 authorized the use of the frequency 7480 kilocycles for such police communication in Alaska. The police in the Midwest had established the value of intersystem communication in previous years. Based on this experience, several extensive networks have been inaugurated on the west coast to provide intersystem communication among all the police agencies in a given area. In view of the mountainous terrain encountered and since the police operate principally in the VHF part of the frequency spectrum, which is in geneml limited to line of sight transmission, most of the intersystem networks on the Pacific coast involve the use of unattended fixed relay stations located on mountain tops. These stations are triggered off by signals received via radio from a police department in one valley and automatically retransmit these signals on another frequency to other police departments on the other side of the mountain. FIRE RADIO SERVICE Eligibility in the Fire Radio Service is extended to governmental agencies and organizations which are responsible for providing local fire protection. Volunteer fire departments are included among those organizations eligible in this service. At the end of the year there were some 430 fire radio stations authorized-a growth of approxi mately 50 percent during the year. However, it is to be noted that this expansion is occurring primarily in the urban areas and in the suburban areas adjacent thereto. In the rural areas the volunteer fire departments are not generally able to install independent radio systems due to the limited funds availahle. It is customary, therefore, in the rural areas for the fire department to take service from the nearest police radio station. FORESTRY·CONSERVATION RADIO SERVICE Stations in the Forestry-Conservation Radio Service are author ized to transmit conununications relating to the prevention, detection, and suppression of forest fires and other ofIieial forestry conservation activities. Eligibility is generally restricted to States, Territories, possessions, and otlwr .£!overnmental subdivisions, and to persons or organizations charged with speeific forestry conservation activities. The value in combatting and preventing the spread of forest fires has been clearly demonstrated in the many fires that occurred during the past year. Additionally, radio has proved its value in connection with the conservation of wildlife and in the enforcement of fish and game laws in many States. As a result, the service has shown a steady growth during the year from a total of approximately 1,300 92 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CQ11MUNICATIONS COMMISSION stations at the end of fiscal year 1950 to approximately 1,700 stations at the end of the current year. HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE RADIO SERVICE The Highway Maintenance Radio Service was first established on July 1, 1949. Despite this very brief history, the service has grown to more than 400 stations. This service provides the radio communi cation needs in connection with the maintenance, supervision, and operation of public highways. EEgibility is extended to States, Terri tories, possessions, and governmental subdivisions including counties,. cities, towns, etc. Although there are relatively few State-wide high way maintenance systems in operation at present, these systems have indicated the savings that radio can achieve in the operation and maintenance of our public highways. It is anticipated, therefore, that this service will enjoy an uninterrupted and steady growth. SPECIAL EMERGENCY RADIO SERVICE The Special Emergency Radio Service is the only one of the public safety group "\vhich is not generally reserved for governmental sub divisions. It is included in that group, however, because communi cations arc restricted to trans1nissions directly relating to public safety and the protection of life and property. Eligibility is extended to priYate individuals who are concerned in one way or another with pllblic safety, sitch as ambulalH;c service, beach patrolsrespon~iblefor life-sHving activities, school bus opera tors having routes in rural areas, doctors and veterinarians, and or ganizations established for relief purpo:,;cs in ellwl'gcncies. Pe1'sons llaving establishments in remote locations und lacking other C0111 rnunieation facilities arc eligible. Communications common carriers a.re also permitted to use special emergency radio stations to bridge gaps in wire linc circuits in order to spced the restoration of normal communications whieh have been disrupted. There were more than 300 authorizations in this service at the close of the year. STATE GUARD RADIO SERVICE State Guard Radio Service, available only to a bona fide State mili tary organization under State direetion, is used primarily for the transmission of emergency eommunications directly relating to public safety and the protection of life and property. Such statio)}s may also be used to transmit nonemergcncy communications necessary for training and maintaining" an eflieient organization. In view of the limited number of frequencies available, the Commission was able to provide only one frequency for this service, but provision is made for such stations to operate on certain frequencies in the band 2505-3500 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUKICATIONS COMMISSION 93 kilocycles where a frequeney can be made available upon a shared basis through appropriate arrangements with governmental agencies. The State of Texas was the first licensee in this service, and it now holds licenses covering 1 mobile, 47 base, and 3 fixed stations. As of June 30, there were 50 State Guard authorizations. 5. LAND TRANSPORTATION RADIO SERVICES The Land Transportation Radio Services include the Railroad, Taxicab, Intcrcity Bus, Urban Transit, Highway Truck, and Auto mobile Emergency Uadia Services. Communications are limited to those relating dircctly to the protection of life or important property and to messages essential to the maintenance, supervision, and efficient operation of land transport:ltion systems. Although the rate of expansion in radio facilities authorized for the transportation services during the past year has not been as rapid as during the period immediately following July 1, 1949 (when part 16 of the Commission's rules became effective), the fact that the services are now established on a regular basis rather than experi mental continues to provide for the sound and orderly expansion of new and existing radiocommunication systems engineered and planned on a long-range basis. The year closed with nearly 5,000 authoriza tions covering 78,000 transmitters. RAILROAD RADIO SERVICE The Railroad Radio Service provides for the radiocommunication needs of the Nation's passenger and freight railroads providing a common carrier service. As of 1951, the railroads had in excess of 600 radio Ruthorizations covering nearly 400 land stations and 5,300 mobile units. Approximately GO perce,nt of the class 1 railroads now have radio facilities. The history of railroad radiocommunication dates from 1915, when the first expcrimcntation commenced. Both space radio and carrier current or inductive systems are presently in use. It is generally recognized, ho,vever, that the carrier system cannot be used satisfac torily in all cases as a substitute for space radio. Generally, railroad communications may be -broken down into two general types: (1) Communication on and with trains en route, and (2) communication within yard and terminal areas. To provide for the communication needs of the railroads, the Commission has al located 41 frequencies in the 152-162-megacyele band for the Railroad Radio Service in the city of Chicago where 23 trunk-line railroads with a total of 32 routes are operated. Of these 41 frequencies, 39 are available for use outside of Chicago, some being shared with the 94 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Public Safety Radio Services in areas where there will be no inter ference to railroad radio operations. The use of radio by the railroads has progressed on a conservative, but sound and carefully planned, basis. The growth of this service has been steady, and it is anticipated that it will continue. Of signif icance in this respect is the change in emphasis in railroad eOIllmuni cations ,vhich is now centered on main-line operations while in the past it was on the yard and terminal type of operation. Additional frequencies in the micrmvave region arc alsoavail~lble to the railroads on a developmcntal basis. The availability of fre quencies in this region of the radio spectrum has created a whole new concept of point-to-point local and long distance communication. The successful operation of a limited number of microwave systems pres ently operated by the railroads to supplcment their point-to-point communication needs gives promise that Ull increased number of re quests for authority to construct such systems can be expectcd. Deter mining factors in the expansion of activity in the microwave type of installation presently appears to be the availability of suitable and reasonably priced equipment, and the developmcnt of ncw techniques and types of terminal equipment leading to increased channel or circuit utilization. TAXIcAn RADIO SERVICE The Taxicab Radio Service provides a. commnnication service for persons furnishing to the public, for hire, a nonscheduled passenger land transportation service which is not operated over a regular route or between established terminals. The principal use of this service is in connection with dispatching of taxicabs. The Taxicab Radio Service has operated on a regular basis since 1949, and since that time has grown at a phenomenal rate. There are now nearly 3,200 separate systems operating in this service with more than 63,000 mobile units. The Taxicab Radio Service has a total of eight frequencies in the 152--162-megacycle band, and these are heavily loaded in some areas. Improved equipment which has been readily available has coutributed to the growth of this service. Such equipment has permitted satisfactory adjacent channel operation in congested areas, which in tUl'nleads to better utilization of spectrum space. In addition, the year saw the first large scale developmcntal operation on frequencies in the 450-460-megacycle band where results appear to be satisfactory and may encourage further gl'o\vth of the service by providing additional spectrun1 space in congested areas. INTERCITY BUS RADIO SERVICE The Intercity Bus Radio Service provides for the radiocommuniea tion needs of companies \vhich are regularly engaged in passenger REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION- 95 transportation over public highways between cities as distinguished from the Urban Transit Service which is limited to operations within urban or suburban communities. Use of radio by bus transportation companies assists operators in providing safe, efficient, and more de pendable service. Communication facilities are often required to warn drivers of dangerous or unusual road conditions which may be encountered, and as a melOns of expediting the dispatching of "ddi. tionaI buses, ambulances, repair trucks, and wreckers. The growth of the Intcrcity Bus R"dio Service has been relatively slow but steady since it was inaugurated in 1949. There are3~such authorizations. The communicationrequiremen~sof this service neces· sitate installations which are capable of providing coverage over an extensive service area, and such systems require careful planning. Installations of this type may be quite costly and operators are proceeding cautiously in the use of the service. URBAN TRANSIT RADlO SERVICE The Urban Transit Radio Service provides a communication service for companies operating city and urban bus lines whose operations are primarily within urban and suburban communitips. The basic purpose and chief use of this 3crviee is to furnish communication be tween supervisory cars and repair trucks during po\Yer and equipment failures, collisions, and to assist in rerouting transit lines during tnttil.c tie-ups, fires, and otlWl' such emergencies. The majority of the more than 100 authorizations in this service have been issued to transit systems in the larger cities. HIGHWAY TRUCK RADIO SERVICE The I-ligh\Yay Truck Radio Service provides a communication serv ice for persons l'cgularly eng-aged in the operation of trucks on a route basis outside of metropolitan areas. This service is not available for truck routes within a single metropolitan area. The IIighway Truck RadiO" Service was established becanse ,vire line facilities are not generally available at all hours and locations to truckers on nlany intercity routes. Although highway radio systen1S are generally expensive to install because of the extellsive number of installations required, the service nuw' has neurly 300 authorizations. AUTOMOBILE EMERGENCY RADIO SERVICE The Automobile Emergency Radio Service provides for the radio eommunieation needs of persons or organizations providing emer gency road service. Masses of automobiles on crowded highways require prompt towing and repair service if highways are to be kept clear. This service has proven effcctive in the dispatching of emer- 96 'REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CO:Vl:MUNICATIONS COMMISSION geney road service trucks and towcars to stalled or disabled vehicles, which contributes toward public safety on the highways, particularly in urban areas. The number of authorizations was approaching 100. Lack of spectrum space has hindered the development of this service in the past. 'Vith the availability of equipment capable of operating on frequencies in the 450-460-megacycle band, it is anticipated that congestion may be materially decreased on the single 30-40-megacycle frequency with a resultant improvement of service in crowded areas. 6. INDUSTRIAL RADIO SERVICES The Industrial Radio Services include the Power, Petroleum, Forest Products, Motiou Picture, Relay Press, Special Industrial, and Low Power Industrial Radlo Services. The growth of these services has been very rapid in the past year. They have nearly 10,000 authoriza tions to usc 70,000 tl'ansmltters. As un aid to efficient administration of these services, the industries arc recognized individually for purposes of allocating frequencies and determining eligibility. Regional industry advisory groups are func tioning in several of these senrices and have appreciably reduced the Commission's administrat1,'e load by supplying applicants with in formation as to which frequencies in a given area may be the most de sirable from the standpoint of interference. On FellI'uary 17, 1949, the Commission temporarily allocated the band 1750-1800 kilocycles to the radiolocation ser"ice for use within 150 miles of the Gulf of Mexico for the location of petroleum deposits. In the light of the current national emergency, and due to the in creased interest shown by parties interested in the use of radiolocation in the oiI'-shore exploration for petrOleum, the Commission held a hearing on June 4,1951, to determine whether a racliolocation service should be provided in the 1750-1800-kilocycle band, which is presently allocated to the Disaster Communications Service. A decision in this matter is pending. POWER RADIO SERVICE The Power Radio Service provides for the radiocommunication needs of persons who are engaged in generating, tra.nsmitting, col lecting, purifying, storing, or distributing, by means of wire or pipe line, electrical energy, artificial or natunll gas,water or steam for use by the public. This service is used by public utilities generally in connection with the restoration of service which may have been interrupted by fire, flood, storm, accident, or disaster. The principal volume is messages concerning routine maintenance activities not necessarily of an emer gency nature, Communications are required to coordinate pipe laying, wire-stringing, cable-pulling, and other construction projects. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 97 Messages arc also required between load dispatchers and generating stations, gas storage areas, pumping stations, and other supply sources. The use of radio by public utilities continued to incl'eiU'3e at a rapid rate during the past year. There are more than 5,000 such Rnthoriza ti011S. In addition to the new mobile and fixed systenl installations, many utilities have shown an increasing interest in the development of the microwave portion of the spectrum and multichannel radio links which permit central operation of electrical control circuits for entire power plants and systems. PETROLEUM RADIO SERVICE This service provides for the radiocomnlllllication needs of persons who arc engaged in locating, producing, colleding, refining, or trans porting by means of pipelines, petroleum or petroleum products in- eluding natural gas. The Petroleum Hadio Service is used, for example, by persons· ell gaged in the geophysical exploration beneath the earth's land and water surfaces for oil. Other uses include drilling for, producing, collecting, or refining and piping those products. Petroleum is nsally located in remote areas where the construction of telephone lines is impractical. 1 1 "'ire, explosion, well blowouts, acci dents and equipment failures require prompt and pfJicient communi catiOlls if serious disasters are to be prevented or halted. Radio is also used to maintain communication between field headquarters and drill ing sites to provide close supervision of drilling operations. The use of radio by the petroleum industry, particularly in the pro duction and pipeline phases, has been increasing at a phenomenal rate. There were more than 2,400 authorizations at the year's close. :i\iany ne,,, point-to-point microwave radio circuits are being installed paral lel to pipelines, one sueh system extending from HotLston to Chicago. These microwavc systems usually are capable of handling several voice, telemetering, and control circuits simultaneously, and many are quite complex and expensive, being integrated with mobile radio sys tems along pipelines. FOREST PRODUCTS RADIO SERVICE The Forest Products Radio Service provides for the communication needs of persons engaged in tree logging, tree farming, or related woods opcrati.ons. There is no provision for any other uses of radio in this service other than those involved in actual woodsopel'atiol1'~ The more than 450 authorizations in this service provide private busi ness with radiocommunication facilities similar to those used by Fed eral and State governments for fire detection, prevention, and suppres- 98 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION sian. They may also be used to promote safer, more efficient, and more economical logging operations. Lumbering in recent years has in many areas become a vast tree farming operation, whereby trees are planted in denuded areas, pro tected during growth and then cnt and replaced with seedlings. Pa trol and protection of these areas require adequate communication facilities although actual logging operations may not occur over long intervals. As in the past, the greatest 118age of this service is in the Pacific Northwest. MOTION PICTURE RADIO SERVICE The l\rlotion Picture Radio Service is intended to serve the l'udio communication needs of the motion-picture industry and is available for personsengagl~din tIl(' production or filming of motion pictures. The number of authorizations fluctuates around a score. This service may be used b'y picture companies on location to con nect parties with the nearest wire lines for purposes of safety of life and property, to expedite shipment of supplies and to promote more efficient operation on location. The low-power radio transmitting equipment generally used to coordinate action ta.king place on outdoor sets serves a useful function during filming, often eliminating time consuming retakes. RELAY PRESS RADIO SERVICE The Relay Press Radio Service is intended to provide for the radio communication needs of newspapers and established press associations. The principal use of this service is in the dispatching of reporters ,wd photographers. The greatest use of this service is by the large metro politan dailies. There are 35 authorizations. SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL RADIO SERVICE The Special Industrial Radio Service, which has nearly 1,500 au thorizations, is limited to persons engaged in an industrial activity primarily devoted to producton, construction, fabrication, mannfac turing, or similar processes as distinguished from ac6vities or a service or distribution nature. An applicant is further required to show that his activities involve construction projects of a public character, and are confined to a remote or sparsely settled region or to the yard area .of a single plant. In view of the current national defense program, the seope of plant area communication systems has been extended to permit the operation of mobile transmitters outside of the physical limits of such installa tions on matters involving plant security in those cases where use of the Low-Power Industrial Radio Service does not meet the operational REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 99 requirements of the industry which would otherwise be eligible for that service. Establishing the Special Indnstrial nadia Service was not easily accOlnplished. Chief among the problems faced was the question of how far the Commission could go, in view of the limited amount of spectrum space, toward permitting businesses, whatever their char acter, to operate private radio systems. The demand for facilities, especially in urban areas, has been So great that there are not enough frequencies to provide for a mobile dispatching service for retail stores and service or distribution organizations. LOW·POWER INDUSTRIAL RADIO SERVICE The Low-Power Industrial Radio Service affords a communication service for industrial and commercial activities which have need for short-distance mobile radiocommunication to permit more efficient and safe condnct of their operations. It provides for the operation of any number of portable transmitter units which are restricted to a. very low power in order to reduce the interference range between units and thereby permit large numbers of transmitters to operate on a few frequPlleie.o;;;. As in the past, most OT the 150 authorizations in this serviee nrc held by contractors and maintenance and service companies. MISCELLANEOUS In addition to these regular services, there is a very limited radio operation in California ,,,here, since 192G, nine point-to-point telegraph stations have translnitted agricultural market information for regional use. 7. AMATEUR RADIO SERVICE The Amateur Uadio Service is one of the oldest radio services recognized and estabUshed by the Commission, and continues to be one of the largest and most active of the services administered. Amateurs now hold collectively about 180,000 station and operator licenses. At the end of the fiscal year there were approximately 90,500 ama teur station licenses and 88,700 amateur operator licenses outstanding. The number of amateur stations remains slightly higher than the number of amateur operators as a result of many operators being licensees of more than one amateur station, either as trustee-licensees of stations used by amateur radio clubs or by military units, or as owners of personal stations at more than one address. The number of these additional stoLtions, however, is balanced somewhat by a cor responding number of amateur operators who do not have amateur station licenses, due principally to their being in the Armed Forces 100 REPORT OF THE FI<:DERAL CO!\UvIUNICATIONS CONIMISSION or otherwise unable to locate an nn}-ateur station at some pe-rmanent address. There is no age limit in the~\mateurHndio Service, station and operator licenses being held by persons in their eurly teens as well us by persons in their seventies and eighties. Any citizen of the United States who passes the prescribed examination and is othenvise qualified may obtain an amateur operator and station license. 'Vomen as well as men are welcomed to the ranks of the amateur radio hobbyist and find it 3..n interesting avocation; in fact, their special interest in ama teur radio is evidenced by the formation of a national and international organization known as the Young Ladies Radio League whieh holds meetings and general get-togethers over the air. The amateurs, or "hams" as they prefer to be known, a.re inter nationally recognized and licensed in many countries, although pos sibly three-fifths of the amateur stations in the world are located in the United States and its possessions and Territories. Theil' ranks comprise persons illa-lmost 8\ r ery wa.lk of life, from those ,,,,ho obtain a livelihood fron1 employment in the radio industry to housewives, school children, and others whose livelihood is obtained inco~npletely unrelated lines of endeavor. They are all united, however, hy a com mon interest in experimentation and self-improvement in radio tech niques; a.n interest which is ,vithout pecuniary considerations and involves only personal aims. Through the exercise of their skills in designing, developing, constructing, and experimenting with radio equipment, and developing comnmnication techniques, as well as by providing scientific observation services and emergency cO,lnmunica tion service in times of disaster or local emergency, and the handling of personal messages between members of the Armed Forces and their families at home, the amateurs have demonstrated that the privileges grant€d them have been well justified. In addition, the Amateur Radio Service has a high degree of national value. It constitutes a reserve of self-trained radio teeh nicians and operators upon which the country can draw in times of ,val' aud other national need, and its specinl networks, theequip~ ment of its stations, and other amateur adivities have proved ex tremely valuable in the national defense program. In the planning for the defense of the civilian population in caSe of armed attack, the Federal Civil Defense, Administration is encouraging the inte,gra tion of amateur radio stations, operators and networks into the local civil defense organizations to provide civil defense communication. To assist in the planning of civil defense communication and the utilization of amateurs for that purpose, the Commission on J anu ary 17, 1951, in cooperation with the Federal Civil Defense Adminis tration and with the concurrence of the Armed Forces, announced that certain Dortions of the regularly anocated amatenr frequency REPORT OF THE FEDERAL C01L\1UNICATIONS COMMISSION 101 bands are to remain available for use of amateur radio stations and operators to provide communication for civil defense activities after any suspension of normal amateur activity which may be found to be necessary because of war or other national emergency, and that regu latiolls to goverll the use of those frequency bands ill the civil defense program would be the subject of later action by the Commission. At the close of the fiscal year, this matter was under active study by the Commission, with the possibility that proposed rules to govern the operation of amateur stations and operators for civil defellse pur poses would be made public during the latter part of 1951. The value of the Amateur Radio Service in times of emergency was again amply demonstrate(l during the year. One of the most' out standing examples of public service by the amateurs occurred during January and Fehruary 1951, when severe, ice storms blanketed a large portion of Texas for a period of over 170 hours, completely dis fupting communication and power wire lines in that area. Com munications handled by the amateurs in the area, using emergency power in many ('ases un(l on an entirely voluntary basis, related to the dispatehing of trains and other utilities, the relaying of orders for emergency food snpplies, the reporting of hourly weather observa tions, the bridging of gaps in commercial telegraph facilities for handling e-mergency and deathnH:'~<;;snges,and the relaying of personal messages regarding the health and safety of individuals. Cases of similar serrj('e in the Pacific Nortlnvest, in California, in l\Iississippi and Tennessee, in Florida and Alabama, and in the New England States, when floods, hurl-ieanes, and other natural disasters struck, were reported to the Cornmission. Another example of the ndlle of ty qualify by adual experience for a higher class of amateur license, the other for the technically minded individual who wishes to experiment with radio without the necessity for qualifying in the ';\fol'se Code to the extent required for operation on the lower amateur frequencies. These new amateur operator licenses, called the "Novice" and "Technician" classes, respcetively, require an ability to transmit and receive the InternationallHorse Code at a speed of only 5 words pel' minute, as compared with the minimum of 18 words per minute required for other classes of amateur operator licenses. In addition, a new higher class of amateur operator license, called the Amateur Extra Class, was >tlso established, to become >tvailable JallUal'Y 1, 1952. This license, which is designed to recognize superior a.mateur qualiHcations l incluuing the ability to transnlit and receive in the International ]\'10rse Code at the rate of 20 words per minute, will authorize the same amateur operating privileges as the former class A amateur license (renamed the Advanced class) ,,,,hich will not he available, other than by renewal of existing licenses, after Decem ber 31, 1952. The other existing classes of amateur operator priv ileges,previou~lyknown as class B and class C, were also renamed as General and Conditional classes, but were otherwise continued without change. Other amendments to the amateur rules include the addition of frequencies 8800 to B850 kilocycles in the am>tteur "80-meter" b>tnd for use by amateur radiotelephone stations; permanent provision in the rules for the use of nalTOW b>tnd frequency or phase modulated radiotelephony in the bands 3800 to 3850 kilocycles, 14,200 to 14,250 kilocycles, 28.5 to 29.7 meg>tcycles, and 50 to 54 meg>tcycles; >tnd a re vision of rules with respect to the renewal of amateur operator li censes to require that the showing as to operating aeti vity be made in terms of operating time rather than in terms of the number of other stations with which radio communication is established. In consideration of the service of numerous amateurs in the Armed Forces during the present period of national emergency, and the re sulting inability of those amateurs to qualify for the renew>tl of their amateur operator privileges by operation of their amateur stations, the Commission waived the requirements of a showing of operating time with respect to all amateur operator licenses which expire during the period January 1 to December 31, 1951, inclusive, where it is shown that the individual amateur Was unable to meet the require ments beeause he was on active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States. The extension of the period of this waiver will, of course, depend upon the status of the national emergency at the end of the calendar year 1951. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 103 Interference to the reception of television broadcast continue...q to be an item of major concern to amateurs throughout the United States, particularly to those whose stations are located within a short distance from TV reeeivp.rs as compared to the distances of those receivers from the TV statiolls which they arc attempting to receive. This problem is especially acute when the owners or TV receivers are using them to receive weak signal programs beyond the normal service areas of the TV stations concerned and beyond the normal rnnge Tor which TV receivers are designed. The situation is additionally aggravated by the receiving characteristics of many TV receivers which, because of their extreme sensitivity, aTe particularIy susceptible to signals ap pearing on frequencies to ,,,hich they are not even tuned. The challenge to reduce radiation of harmonic and other spurious emissions which may cause interference on the frequencies to which TV receivers are tuned ha...-;;; been successfully met by many amateurs; the problem of eliminating the interference cause,l by the inability of a receiver to differentiate between signals on entirely different fre quencies is also being solved in many eases by the use of wave-traps and "band-pass filters". However, theCommis~ionis aware of the prob lems presented and is studying the matter with a view to clarifying individmtl responsibilities in such cases. In response to a request from the Department of the Army, and with the concurrence of the largest national organization of amateurs, the Commission on ",tpril 2.5, lD51, issued it public notice requesting the voluntary cooperation of the amateurs in the avoidance of harmful interference to militaq radio operation in the,~700-to 3900-kilocycle portion of the amateur "80-meter" band during large scale military Illaneuvers to be staged in North and South CHl'olina from August 6 to September 7, 1951. In that Hotice, the arnatellrs were asked to refrain from nIl operations during the specified period and in the specified frequency band in an area roughly composed of the States immediately surrounding Xorth and South Carolina; and to similarly limit their operations during night hours in all States east of the Mississippi River, Despite an enviable record of self-policing on the part of amateur licensees in genera1, as usual, it was necessary for the Commission to issue a number of citations in cases of frequency deviation or other minor infractions of its rules. It also ordered the suspension of the lieense."i of 10 amateurs involved in more serious violations of its rules and ordered a. hearing in the case of one applicant whose past record indicated a ('omplete disregard of the regulations of the Commission '"hen operating amateur stations previously licensed to him. Increased nctivity was noted during the year in the preparation by amateurs for emergency operations of aU kinds, particularly in the provision of emergency power supplies for their home stations and in 104 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COi\I1HJNICATIONS COMMISSION the installation of mobile units in their automobiles, in preparation for the conununieation problems incident to a widespread disaster resulting fron1 natural causes, accident, or armed attack. This in cluded a healthy expausion of the use of the VHF and UHF amateur bands, with sehedliled drills and te..')ts on a continuing or regular basis in many areas. As a result of this increased activity, new records for distance of communication on the VI-IF were being established fre quently, glVll1g further impetns to more experimentation on those bands. 8. CITIZENS RADIO SERVICE The Citizens Radio Service provides a radioeommunication serv ice for the individual citizen. Licensing procedures are relatively simple and any citizen of the United States who is 18 years of age or older is eligible. This service may be llsed for radiocommllnication, radio signalling, control of objects or devices by radio, and for any other purpose not specifically prohibited by the Commission's rules. Stations licensed in this service are not permitted to charge for messages, carry broad cast material, to transmit directly to the public or to engage in commnnications that are contrary to law. Although this service has been established since .fanuary 1949, the wide usage predicted for it has not yet materialized; consequently it has grown rather slowly and there are somewhat less than GOO authori zations. The chief reason for this has been the absence of readily available low-cost radiotelephone equipmeut designed specifically for operation in the citizens radio band, 460-470 megacycles. Eqnipment intended for operation in this service for control of objects or devices including garage door openers has recently appeared on the market. The demand for such equipment will increase as the availability increases and cost decreases. A proposal to amelHl the rules governing this service to provide for the operation of control devices on the frequency 27.255 megacycles is presently under consideration. 9. DISASTER COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE The Disaster Commnnications Service is a new service, established by the Commission on~Iarch21, 1951. Hmvever, the planning for that service extenderl over a period of severaI years a.s the resnlt of early recognition by the Commisslon of the need for a Eaison service for handling of emergency communications in times of disaster to be composed of amatenrs and other non-Government and Government groups operating fixed, land, and mobile stations. The frequencies available to this service, 1750 to 1800 kilocycles, were set aside for disaster communications by the Commission on February 17, 1949, REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CO:\fMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 105 pursuant to a proposal in that regard made in its Report of Proposed Al1ocation Below 2;5,000 Kilocycles, dated May 21, 1945. Any person eligible to hold a station license under the provisions of the Communications Act, is eligible for station license in the Dis aster Communications Service, provided it is shown that the station will constitute an element of a bona fide disaster communications net work organized or to be organized and operated in accordance with a locally or regionally coordinated disaster communications plan. Stations of the United States Government may also operate in this service if authorized to do so by their controlling agencies. Stations in Ule Disaster Communications Service may provide es sential communication incident to or in connection with disasters or other incidents which involve loss of communication facilities nor mally available or which require the temporary establishment of com munication facilities beyond those normally available. Thus, they may be used, when needed, in connection with such incidents as floods, earthquakes, hurrieanes, explosions, aireraft or train wrecks, and arnled attack, when the health or safety of a eommunity or larger area, or of a group in an isolated area, is threatened or inyolved. As a consequence of the present state of national emergency empha sis on preparutiOllH for civil defense, it is natural that the DiHuster Communications Service should be looked upon as one of the possi bilities of providing- means for the handling of eivil defense com mUllieations. This was anticipated by the Commission in providing that, while the organization and operation of disaster communications plans shall be under the leadership and direction of competent local authority in the areas served by such stations, duly designated civil defense offieials of such areas ,vill also be considered competent loeal authority. At the end of the fiscal year, licenses in the Disaster Communica tions Service had been issued to two municipalities-Santa Cruz, Calif., and Phoenix, Ariz.-both primarily for civil-defense purposes. These lleenses authorize the operation of two station units at fixed (control center) locations, 29 portable station units capable of being llloverl from place to place and being llsed at undetermined locations, :llld 32 mobile station units mounted in automobile.s, trucks, or other mobile vehicles. Several applications for licenses in this service were pending at the end of the year, and are expected to be granted as soon as the necessary sho,vings of eligibility and purpose of the proposed stations are completed. 10. ENFORCEMENT The centralization during the past year of enforcement and com plianee activities in the Safety and Special Radio Services was a Hew 106 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION organizational concept which, it ,vas hoped, would produce better re sults through concentration of records, standardization of methods and procedures and specialization of personnel. The necessity for some drastic action became evident with the rapidly increasing number of violation citations, complaints of interference, and other lrregularl ties amounting to nearly 20,000 annually. These were to be expected, of course, with the vastly increased use of radio for commercial and safety purposes in recent years, and the extension of eligibility to large segments of the general public who ,vere new to radio awl hence unappreciative of the teehnical difficulties of large-scale radiocom munication and the need for strict compliance with the necessarily complex regulations in order that all licensees might obtain the full benefits of this form of communication. The new arrangement has proved ve,ry satisfactory. After a period of organization and experience in classifying the general categories of enforcement and compliance problems, steps were taken to stand ardize letters, forms, procedures, and methods which have enabled the Enforcement Unit, with less than half the personnel heretofore avail able for the purpose, to keep abreast of the current influx and reduce to a very large extent the ba(.'klog of violation matters which had existed at the inception of the unit. Over-all compliance is still far from satisfactory, however, and the staff has devoted cOllsiderable study to possible new concepts of euforcement methods that may offer promise of better end results. Despite eff'orts to create "assembly-line machinery'l to speed the handling of routine cases, many practical factors such as public inter est, degree of offense, honestmistakes~new Hituations not contemplated by rules, etc., make it necessary to exercise original judgment and dis cretion in a hi,gh percentage of the cases. Thus, one of the most time consuming aspects of enforcement activity is that of conducting an exchange of correspondence in regard to citations for irregularities due to misunderstanding or misinterpretation of rules. Although the~')esituations generally require individual treatment, standardized letters and information releases have been and are being developed for certain recurring types. In addition to the large volume of citations and complaints disposed of by routine administrative methods, certain enforcement matters involve fonnal proceedings such as imposition of monetary for feitures, license suspension, and I'evocation proceedings or reference to the Department of Justice for prosecution. The Commission is empowered to mitigate or remit certain forfeitures incurred by vessels, or their masters, by reason of the navigation of the vessel in the open sea. contrary to radio requirements of the Communications Act. Dur ing the past year a total of $IJ,220 was collected in the settlement of such cases. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CmlMUN1CATIONS COMMISSION 107 Studies were made dming the past year of possible amendments of the Cormnunications Act which ","Vould serve to lessen the enforcement task and facilitate enforcement procedure. A proposed amendment to section 319 of the act ,vas subluitted to Congress which would per mit waiver of the requirement for construction permit in the majority of stations in the Safety and Special Radio Services. No practical purpose is served by the construction permit in many instances and the proposed amendment, if enacted into law, should remove an im portant source of technical violations. A study was completed look ing toward possible amendment of the penalty provisions of the act to enable the assessment of small civil penalties to be collected or miti gated by the COllunission. Such legislation is similar to that admin istered by the Coast Guard and other Government agencies and is considered essential to deal effectively with the type of minor irregu larities so prevalent in the Safety and Special Radio Services. 11. STATISTICS Number ,nf Stations in Safety and Special Radio Services Stations in the Safety and Special Radio Services (exclusive of ex perimental, ,ylJich are treated in a se,pnratc ehapter) exceeded 177,000 at the close of the fiscal year. This represents a llet increase of more than~;;,OOOdUl,jng the year. The number of authorjzed stations in the various services are shown in the following table: --- ... ---------.---- --------.". --------, 7,607 9,129 I 1,522 1=;='=-""'1 Cla% of station Total Aeronautic:1-l~('ryiees: Carrieralrcraft _ I'riq)tt' airerafJ ___ ___ Public service airrfi\ft~__ Aeronantic,tl laud alld fhe,L_ Civil air patrol '_ Ainironweillitrol___ > _ AeronautiC<1t 11:11' igat iOllaL, __ Flightl!'~l Flying 5\'\>001._ .. . _ Aer,lllHlIti('~llutility mobile __ Al'roJluulie:ll ;tIlyisory_ Marine Service'S: t~;l£ra(ia;':~:_ Coast~l~Jl(lmadill' H'lay Alaskan{~Ifl~tat Alaskan fixed public Other _ '1'olal. __ Public Safety St'ryiecs: l'oliep. _" Fire_ _ _ Forestr~··COllSl'I'Y;: t iOIl lii[!hway JWli'lt"l1allCe' __ f:pt'eial ('ll\rrgcncy_ Stale guard __ TotaL ,I JUII;~o,I: JUlie 30, .1 rncr..a~e 19,;0 IO,'iJ I or (de- I 1crt'a~e) _~~' I i . I . ! -------------. .-1J}:.~~~\2~:in:iO,~~~ _ 1' mm I~ln~(144) 1,40!J I L;:\IO: (9!l) 1,I'l~f;I J, 4'(,'1 I (40:3) ._-- I ,>3 5f; ;-; :::___1~.~1~~_ 2A ____ In lSI 2 ----, 95 i"S I (7) I~O_~_~~__2~ _ ....__ 1 21, 7tH I 34,0 1 ;1 I 10,21',7 _______I-~2,nll;1=-= zr"fl-.<;t-I~:::= _______ 1,12:5 1,ii23 500 ____ 1.1,) I W; I (14) ------ 340 I 3-<4 I 4 ___ __ :i21 517 : (7) r:l~~:()l-l__~~ I 24. H2l 29,;'14 I 4, liZ:} ----------::::::::::::r5,~~~=~h:~~,--;g- .. -------- 1,3071,i2~I 421 _____ 238·W,~_ 170 HiS 313 : 145 o 50 50 108 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Orand total _. _ Amateur and Disaster Services: Amatellr_ _ _ Disflster corumlmications_ Land Transportation Services: Railroad__ __ Urban transit _ Intercity OWL_ 'l'axieab. ___ _ Highway truck. Automobile emergency__ Citizens. .. _ i June 30, , 1950 I Class of station I June 30.1I~~rr(d~~e 1 1951 ! cH',lse) 450604!~ I 2,~~3.:H4~i I l~~I~~~l~ 335 ·,fiO 225 --- ------- :I 1I;j() 4,81:$ : 983 ='==i= 3.601 5,016 I 1,415 1,:l80 2,416 'JJ);~6 246 4.'i31" 207 724 1,451 i'n 9:J If,Q 57 26 351" 9 20 21 I S \) I 0 -_ ....------- 1__ 6,(1(19 "_ 9,linl I 3,·t,12 I 87, 9671 90,585 2,618 o 2 2 ------------ 87,967 i 90,587_~,620 ••• 15+,218IITl,685I~:467 ._--------- 'rotal Total Industrial Services: Power. '... . _ l'ctroleulli_____ . . Forestproducls ._ Special industrial Low-power imlustrial__ Relaypre~s_ lvIotion picture _ AgriCUlture 2 _ 1 The apparrnt decreasc in the number of Civil Air Patrol stations was the result of a change in licensing proeedurt:. Foradministrativecml\ enience, there was inaugurated a "system license" plan in which all of the lund station transmitters at the SllTIl(' loeutiun and the associated Illobile units authorized to a particular CAP Wing wpre combincd into a single station authorization. Tlwre has been considerable activity in this service lind under the former liCeJlsing procedure would have shown a sh.nble incrrasr in Ole number of stations authorized, sine" more thun 200 new systems were added during the tlscal )'ear 195L 2 This service was grouped with the Common Carrier statistic'S in the sixtl:ellth annual report. NOTK-A station is defined us a separate license UI' construction permit authorization. For example, 65 mobile units oIwrating on 1 Iiecnse are counted as 1 stat[un_ Applications Received in Safety and Special Radio Services More than 107,000 applications for stations in the Saiety and Special Radio Services were received during 1951. This represents an in crease of more than 13,000 applications compared with the previous year. The number of applications received in each service is shown in the following table: REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CO"-IMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 109 Class of station TotaL. __ Aerommtical Services: AircrafL _ Ground. __ "__ "1', Received I Recl'i\'edIlncn~r'5e Hl50 HI5l~;e~;) ----------------! ' 14,201 19,6(;21' 5,401 2,41:l 2,8.10 417 ~22,432i~8 === Marine Servic<:,s: ~hip_ Ship radar. . __ . _ Coastal and marine relay_. __ Alaskan coastal_ __ __ Alaskan fiXf'd puhlie Other._ 'rotaL _ Public Safety Services: Police . __ Firc . . _ F' orl'stry-Conservatioll__ lfig-hway maintpllancc __ Special cmcrgrmcy__ State guard TotaL Land Transportation 8E'rviccs: Hailnw.l__ ('mall tr'lHsit._ Intf'rcily bus_ T~\"k~\h IIighway trllek. _ AutrJlllOhi\p elllcrgClll'y_ CitizE'llS ToI:1L __ IlHlnstrial Scrviees: l'ower Petroleum _ For,'st I'rodlleh_ Spel'ial induslrbJ _ LOW-POWl'!" iJl(luslrial HdllYpres~ _Motion picturc__ " Agricultllrc__ Total_ Amateur and Disaster ,services: AllIatl'ur _ l>isast-er CommuniealiollS__ Tob.l Grand total H',_ 905 18, if,7 1,852 . 680 1,191, 516 12H 177 51 26{ .'i{):l 239 :~511\'17 296 :HQ 307 (33) _-Ii6uH 1------;I,587 ------;:-921 .,_'.'_il'~I~1G,104 (2,0In _______ 438 13m .l13 2,201 'I 1, 337(Sf1~) 327 Mil 228 2% <147 IH1 o 00 90 11,,1:~3I!),.~~~J(2,099) 579 ,S.10 I (29) lOt 78 (21\) 13 II (2) 4,:'12:~~.I)(tl(nl) IS'! I 416 I 227 111) I 1"'; U "Vto I 192 (404) ____________ ---,-,,920!~I~ ~,_",c'I~~ fi,22\( 4, ellii (7Gl) :2 .J;'i" 2, (,Ill 20!) ,:J(;i (151) 2il:l 1,.J1S 2,:17R 9l;o 16\1 if:,(} (Il) 48 ;\7 (II) ·················1 u7:~i-i",r:~j_::~ ·1 31,O:l-\ i :IS,46lJ II 7,4::1,5 , Uj 11 11 _1----;l,O:l-l i 3ii,-\Sn \--7:"44-;- ,__ 1"';;),';]87-1-- lOi,2U(l i13~;~ Non:.-An unusually large number of allplic1.(ions for renewal of license was recdv('() in thc T'uhlic Safety, Industrial, and Lana Transportation RadIO Spl"vicl's during l!J[)O. CPllscqw,tltly, in SOIHC scrvieps. tlwrewa~:l. decrease in t.he number of app!icH!iollS received dnring 1961 since renewalperiod~have been ~bggl'f('din~m('lfort to C(jllillj7/' thel(J~.d. 110 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CONIMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Number of Transmitters in Safety and Special Radio Services More th,m 392.000 tranRmitters are authorized to operate iu the Safety and Speciltl Rltdio Services. These figures were compiled on the basis of records as of January 1, 1951, unless otherwise stated. Of this total over 111,000 were land Dr fixed stations and more than 280,000 were portable or mobile units. The breakdown follows: Class or station I Land O[ (iXCI;l i Alobile I· I station station,tra~~ftters transmitters transmitters -------------1--- Aeronautical Services: Aircraft _ Ground. _ Total 3,181 3,181 25,293 7,252 32,575 25,293 10,463 35,756 Marine Services: Ship _ Ship radar_, . . Coastal and marine relay 1 _ Alaskan cvas!311.. _ Alaskan fixed public 1 Other I. _ TotaL _ Public Safety Sl!rviccs: I Police. _ Fire .... . _ Forestry·Conservation____ _ ._ Highway maintenance r •• • __ ••• __ ,.••• _ _ Special emergeney State guard..__ ._ 101 382 Gl2 178 1,273 4,266 383 1,3fifi 311 224 30 25,545 1,384 1,156 28,085 59,99t 7,945 10,041 1,513 943 25,545 1,384 101 382 612 1,334 29,358 04,257 8,328 11,406 1,824 1,167 30 TotaL_. . . . _ 6,579 80,433 87,012 4.1,062 12,200 2,9Il8 10,132 1,692 385 152 9 39,538 10,429 2639 9; 363 1,692 369 142 16 10 9 379 5,280 5,659 ~~l'i~1,~~ 3, om 63,479 66, 546 1191 1,878 1,997 7f> 989 l,Ofifi 1,500 1,500 -------::-=1---:;:-::::; '_~I74,966 78,687 :~~~I~~"= 3,524 1,861 21j9 769 TotaL . ... ...__ Land Transportation Services: Railroad________ _ ._ Urban transit .______ _ . _ !p;:[~i;:~~_-.~~-- --. ---~~_.._ Highway truck _ <5m~~~~~l~.~~~~~~~~: Industrial Services: i Power Petroleum . Fon~~tproducts . __ . . _ Special industrial __ . ._. _ Low-power industrial Relay press. . __ Motion picture . . ._ Agriculture" . __ .. . .. . _ Totai TotaL Grand total n,458 I 64,172 I 70,630 Aml~:~~~_~_i~~~~~~_~~~~~~s.:_~.._.I~~~~~'~0~,~5~!J\J~2~'IO,~,,~,,~,~,,~'~'"~'I'~,I~~~~~~9~0~,5~69" Disaster cornmunications l'"_ ••••••••••• _••••• _._ •• __ •• __~v 63 gO,60=-' '!-~---:6::-1i-~-9{)-,66"2 111,813 1 280, 292 1 392,105 1As of Nov. 30, 1950. ~As of~Iar.9, 1951. 3 Estimated. I As of Apr. 20, 1951. I As of June 30,1951. NOTE.~Dueto the change in licensing procedure for Civil Air Patrol Stations, accurate reeords, which Show the number of portable~lldmobile Wlits, are not currently available. It.is cstimated that there are 7,000 such transmitters authOrized. CHAPTER IV-RADIO BROADCAST SERVICES I. RULE CHANGES 2. TELEVISIOIoi (TV) BROADCAST SERVICE 3. STANDARD (AM) BROADCAST SERVICE 4. FREQUENCY MODWLATION (FM) BROADCAST SERVICE 5. NONCOMMERCIAL EDUCATIONAL FM BROADCAST SERVICE 6. FACSIMILE BROADCAST SERVICE 7. INTERNATIONAL BROADCAST SERVICE 8. AUXILIARY BROADCAST SERVICES 9. STATISTICS I. RULE CHANGES Probably the most significant rule change affecting broadcast ap plication processing was the adoption of part 17, Rules Concerning the Construction, Marking and Lighting of Antenna Structures, which is discussed elsewhere in this report. Other rule changes pertaining to broadcasting included the follo,wing: 1. Authorization was given to the engineer in charge of the head quarters' district ollices of the Comission's Field Engineering and Monitoring Division to act upon AM and FM licensees' requests for temporary operation with operators of lesser grade than normally required. 2. Arrangement was made to have the expiration of licenses of commercial broadcast stations occur in groups on a geographical basis (instead of a frequency basis as heretofore) . AM and FM sta .tions in each of 18 geographical areas will have their licenses expire at the same specified time and the time of expiration of these groups is spaced at 2-month intervals through their 3-year license period. Similarly, the expiration dates of the 1-year licenses of TV stations are divided into six geographical groups for the same purpose. This procedure permits the licensees of several kinds of broadcast stations in the same area to make the necessary equipment tests and prepare the reports on all stations at one time. 3. The Commission's rule requiring that the main studio of a broad cast station be located in the city the station is licensed to serve, 111 112 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CO.:\lMUNICATIONS COMMISSION and that a majority of its programs must originatethere~was relaxed· to permit the establishment of the main studio at the transmitter site. It was also relaxed to permit licensing of a station to serve more than one city, if a substantial number of live programs would originate in each place, and if a satisfactory showing could be made regarding compliance with the standards (particularly with respect to coverage) and regarding the unreasonableness of considering the station as serving a single city. 4. The Commission issned a report on the establishment of a uni form policy to be followed in licensing radio broadcast stations in connection with violations by an applicanle of laws of the United States other than the Communications Act of 1034, as amended. The purpose of the report was to set forth the basic principles which will guide the Commission in the exercise of its licensing functions where the applications raise questions with respect to violations of law other than the Communications Act. In that report the Commission stated: The Commissioll must be satiRfied that an applicant has the requisite quali fications to assure that public interest will be served by a grant of his applica tiOll. 'l'his determination cannot he made on the basis of isolated facts but should include a careful, critical analysis of all pertinent conduct of the appli cant. We believe that if an applicant is or has been involved in unlawful practices, an analysis of the substance of these practiees must be made to determinc their relevancc and weight as regards the ability of the applicant to use the request-ed radio authorization in the puhlic interest. We do not believe that the outcome of this determination should be prejudged hy the adoption of any goenf'ra] rule forbidding any grant in all cases where unlawful condnet of :lIIY kiTHI or (If'gl'ee can be shown. 1\01' do ·we helieye that :lny rille could adCfjUatply prescribe what type of conduct lIlay be considered of sHeh fl nature tllUt in all cuses it would be contrary to the public interest to grant a license. 2. TELEVISION (TV) BROADCAST SERVICE INCREASE IN TV APPLICATIONS The Commission continued its "freC'ze" policy concerning the con struction of new television stations and, consequently, there ""as no incrense in the llllmber of commercial TV brondenst stations on the air dllrillg the fiscal year. The 107 stations that were in operation con tinued to bring national ,md local video prograllls to 63 cities and metropolitan areas with a popillation of approximately 87,000,000 people in43 States. Of these stations on the air, 81 helcllicenses while 2G operated on a commercial basis under special temporary authoriza tions. Notwithstanding thf' Commission's request to interested parties not to file applications f01" new television stations until after a final de termination had bern reached on the issues ill the pending television rule-making proceeding, discussed hereinafter, there was a steady increase in the number of applications for new TV broadcast outlets REPORT OF THE FEDERALCO~JMUNICATIONSCOMMISSION 113 and at the end of the year 415 such applications were pending. It Hppears that in Juany areas, due to the li]11ited Humber or available channels, comparative hearings will be necessaryto determine which of the applicants arc best qualified to construct and operate the re quested facilities. Television-receiver production continued at a rapid pace despite material restrictions and the limiteel areaS of normalrcccI)tion. Con tinued progress was made in receiver design with emphasis on larger direet-vif'w pictllro tubes. It is estimated that thore ,yere over 12,500,000 receivers in the hands of the public at the close of the fiscal year. COI,OR TELEVISION In its Notice of Further Proposed Rule~1aking,issued on July 11, 19c19, the Commission stated that it would consider color-television systems which could operate in a G-megacycle channel. Three such 6ystems were proposed to the Commission; i. e., the field sequential system, the dot sequential system, and the line seqwmtial system. Hearings were he.ld OIl these proposed sj'stenls between September 26, 1949, and )Iay 2G, 19;30, during which }wriod the Commission heard the testimony of 3-3 witnesses during ():J days of hearing covering D,717 pages oftran~{'ript,and received in evidence 265 exhibits. Demon stra.tioll~of the proposed color systems were ·vie\ved by the COllllnis sion on eight separate occasions. TheConllllission'~detailed findings and conclusions with respect to the color-television issues were set forth in the First Report of the Commission, issued on Scptember 1, 1950. On October 11, 1950, the Commission issued its. Second Report or the Commission, and at the saIne time issued an order amending its television engineering stand ards to provide for color standards based on the field scq.nential sys tem. This order and the proceedings incident to its promulgation and adoption were thereafter the subject of litigation in the Federul courts. On ]\,fay 28, 19:>1, the Supremc Court of the Fnited States affil"lned the judgment of the lower conrt sllstaining the orde.r of the Commission. Color broadcasts based on the field sequential system began on a cOlll1nereial basis on.JHne 2.;"),10;')1. The initial prognnns were carri.ed 0yer a limited network and for a limited period during the day. TELEVISION PROCEEDINGS The Conunission's extensive rule-making-pro~eedingsto amend its television rules, regulations, engineering standa.rds, and frequency assibYJuuents ,vere instituted on .July 11, 1949. The Commission had disc-overed, as stations began operating under the present table of TV frequene-y assignments, that too little mileage separation had been 114 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CO.MMUNIC'ATIONS COMMISSION provided betwecll statiolls, and that the interference resulting' frOln tropospheric propagation caused a serious degrauation of service. The television situation was further complicated by the fact that the 12 channcls in the VHF band comprising the present table of assignments were so limited in number that many ('ommullities were of necessity either without any assignnlents whatever or with in sufficient chanllels to provide adequate service. The Commission, therefore, was faced with the additional tltSk of investigating the feasibility of employing channels in the UHF portion of the spectrum to supplement the present table in order to insure a Nation-wide competitive system. Since the allocation problems of the UHF (Ultra High Frequency) and VHF (Very High Frequency) bands are interrelated, it was necessary to consider them simultaneously to insure a fair and equi table assignment of TV channels throughout the country. The pur pose of the television rule-making proceedings has been to lay the groundwork for an efficient Nation-wide television service In addition, the Commission gave consideration to such develop ments as color television, the reservation of channels for noncommer cial educatienal purposes, stratovision and polycasting. Pending the outcome of these proceedings, the COlllmission on September 30, 1£)48, stopped granting new TV stations. In September 1949, the Commission commenced extensive public hearings in these proceedings (dockets 87:16 et al.) starting with the color-television issue already mentioned, which extended into 1950. On October 16, WoO, the Commission began hearing testimony on the general issnes. These inc'hIded the feasibility of utilizing the UHF pOltion of the spectrum for commercial TV broadcasting, classi fication of stations, mileage separations between stations, oscillator radiation, image interference, intermodulation, stratovision, poly casting, and the reservation of television channels for noncommercial educational stations. This phase of the hearings continued to Jan uary 3L 1951, at which time the Commission recessed in order to study the voluminous record. On the basis of this record, the Commission on Mareh 22, 1951, issued a Third Notice of Further Proposed Rule Making looking to ward the promulgation of television engineering standards based on the latest technical information; the adoption of a Nation-wide tele vision assignment plan utilizing both the VHF and UHF portions of the frequency spectrum; a partialliftiug of the freeze under certain conditions, and the reservation in specific communities of television channels for noncomlnereial educational lise. The proposed table provides for 1,965 assignments in 1,256 cities. Of these assignments,. 209 assignments would be reserved for noncommercial educational stat.ions. Approximately 700 ,vritt-en comments and 400 oppositions REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 115 to-comments were filed with the Commission in connection with these proposals. The Commission receiverl three petitions challenging the legality of its proposals to adopt an assignment plan under which television channels would be assigned to various communities in the United States in accordance with a principle of priorities and engineering standards of allocation. In a memorandum opinion and order, re leased June 15, 1951, the Commission designated these petitions for oral argument insofar as issues relating to the authority of the Com mission to issue a table of assignnlcnts and to reserve channels for noncommercial educational stations \yere raised. This argument was held June 28, 1951.. Upon consideration of the comments and oppositions filed in con nection with the Thirrl Notice of Further Proposed Rule-Making, and in view of its action in designating for oral argument the petitions which challenged its authority to adopt a table of assignments and to reserve channels for a noncommercial educational service, the Com mission, in a third report, released June 21, 1951, concluded that it was not appropriate, at that time, to partially lift the television "freeze". EXPERIMENTAL TV SERVICE At the end of the fiscal year there were 18 licenses, 4 construction permits, and 5 special temporary authorizations for experimental television stations to carryon l'esearch and experimentation for ad vancement of the television broadcasting art. Some of these experimental stations were used by equipment manu facturers for the development of different types of transmitting ap paratus. A considerable amount of research \vas conducted in the UHF (470-890 megacycles) for the purpose of determining the prop agation characteristics and other properties to be expected on these frequencies. Studies were also made of the propagation character istics of the different frequencies over various types of terrain, the design and development of transmitters, receivers and converters, and the feasibility of satellite operations. In the field of color television, experimental broadcasting was con ducted on both the VHF and UHF bands. Much of the experiment ing was directed toward the field testing of color equipment developed in the laboratory. Limited public participation was solicited for the purposes of conducting subjective tests relative to the characteristics of the different systems. Two authorizations were issued by thE( Commission for testing pro posed systems of subscription television. The first system, described by its proponents as "Phonevision", was the subject of a technical and economic test between January 1, 1951, and March 31, 1951. In brief, 116 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION '''Phonevision'' may be described as the transmission of a jittered tele vision picture which may be received in scrambled form by any tele vision receiver. ",Vhen the owner of a television set wishes the jittered picture unscrambled and his set is equipped for "Phollevision", he asks the telephone operator to allow the key signal to reach his set. As soon as the reqnest is received at the telephone exchange, the key signal is sent along the telephone wire through a filter and into the set. 'fhe picture then becomes clear anel may be viewed on the receIver. Prior to these "Phonevision" tests, :l00 television sct owners in the Lakeside area of Chicago had their sets adjusted so they could receive scheduled programs at a cost of $1 pCI' program by calling the tele phone ope.rator as described. The. results of these tests had not been submitted to the Commission at the closc of fiscal 1D;"j 1. In addition to the "Phoncvision" tests, the Conunission granted tlUthority to a New York television station to test the technical opera tionsof a system of subscription television described by it.s proponents as the "Skiatron Snbscriber-VisionSystem'~.This systcm also in volves the transmission oyer the air of a scrambled television picture which may be received in scrambled form by any television receiver. An unscrambling device or tlecoder which may be built into the set automatically clears up the incoming picture when a special key or card is inserted into the receiver. TELEVISION BROADCAST AUXILIARY SERVICES During the year, rules were adopted establishing on a regular basis three classes of television allxiliary stations: Television Pickup Sta tions, Television STL (Studio-Transnlitter Link) Stations, and Tele vision Inter-City Relay Stations. Thcse stations operate in the micrownye region of the radio spectrllm and are used i'n connection with thc regular facilities of a television hroadcast station. Television pickup statiolls are operated by TV broadcast station licensees or permittees and are used for the purpose of relaying tele vision program material such as sporting contests, parades, and other special eYents from their points of origination to the broadcast stations. Television broadcasters rely heavily on this service as a readily available means w"hich permits considerable flexibility in the programming of special events. As their llame implies, television STL stations are employed to provide a radio circuit bebveen the studio and transmitter of TV broadcast stations. Ordinary wire lines are usually incapable of carrying TV signals, and special coaxial circuits are expensive to install and to operate. Television intercity relay stations are licensed to television broad- REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 117 casters to provide privately owned television relay circuits between cities where adequate common carrier facilities are not available. OTHER TELEVISION DEVELOPMENTS Television network facilities, operated principally by communica tions common carriers, both coaxial cable (wire) and microwave relay (radio), were greatly expanded. At the cnd of the year, a total of 47 cities and Inetropolitan areas, representing 80 stations, were inter connected while 16 cities with 27 TV stations were noninterconnected. It was anticipated that within the calendar year the east and west coasts would be connected. (See also reference to coaxial cable and microwave relay in the chapter on comnl0n carriers.) 3. STANDARD (AM) BROADCAST SERVICE CLEAR CHANNELS No action was taken during the year on the so-called Clear Channel Hearing (docket 6741) and Daytime Skywave Hearing (docket 8333), because of the pendency of the new North American Regional Broad casting Agreement (NARBA), which is discussed later. These hearings, the records on which have been closed for several years, are directed primarily to the question of how to make best use of the clear channels of the standard broadcast band assigned by an international agl'eement for use by the United States. The clear channels are necessary for standard broadcast servic,e to rural areas since channels which are primarily allocated for service to popula tion centers (the so-called regional and local channels) must be shared . by a mnltiplicity of stations and are, therefore, cluttered with inter ference-particnlarly at night when propagation conditions make interference problems more acute-to sneh an extent that each station provides satisfactory service only over relatively short distances where its signals are strong enough to override the interference. Rural areas beyond these distances thus receive no service from sneh stations and must rely on the 10- to 50-kilowatt clear channel stations. On the other hand, the number of regional and local channels is insufficient to satisfy the present demand for stations to provide local service to cities and towns. . At present, Commission rules limit the pO,wer used on clear chan nels to 50 kilowatts. On 25 Qf the clear channels which are assigned for use by class I-A stations the night-time operation of a second station is prohibited. \Vhether the over-all utilization of the clear. ehannels would be improved by permitting higher power, byper~ mitting more stations on each channel, or by some combination of these is the basic issue in the clear channel proceeding. 973~37--52----9 118 REPORT OF THE FEDERALCO~VIMUNICATrONSCOMl\nSSION It should be noted that under the current NARBA agreement the United States acquires new priority for cIa&':> I stations on clear channels as follows: Frf'-Quency (kilocycles) 10:;0 "_ 1540 _ 151':>0 _ 1560 . _ ·------1-.l':_~=-I-~~f1SSifiCatiOn Station classiftClltion~~t>~~~ WHZ-Boston, Mass_ -----.-..-..-..-.-.-.---------: I-ljR I' jj:A RKXEL-Watl'rloo,Iowa__ _ - *1'l\-fC-Rivl'TSide,C~liL___==:===:=:==:::==: ::=1 II It~ WQXR-Nf'w York, N. Y" _ NORTH AMERICAN REGIONAL BROADCASTING AGREEMENT The difficult process of arriving at an international agreement re garding assignments in the standard broadcast band and rules for the sharing of channels moved a long step closer to realization during the year with the signing on November 15, 1950, of the Third North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement in "'-ashington. It was signed by all the countries of the North American region except ing Mexico and Haiti. The signed document was submitted by the President to the Senate in February, and was referred to the Com mittee on Foreign Relations for the necessary action looking toward ratification. Following the expiration of the preceeding regional agreement on March 29, 1949, most of the countries of the North American region eontinued their operations as if it were still in foree, recognizing that uneoordinated assignments would lead to serious interferenee prob lems and would eventually create a complex situation very difficult, if not impossible, to untangle. Cuba, however, believing that certain provisions of the old agreement had been unduly restrictive and con trary to her interests, had made a number of assignments during 1949 which were not consistent with the expired agreement, some of which caused extensive interference to certain United States stations. It was chiefly the difficult problem of adjusting the increased number of Cuban stations into the regular broadcast station assignment pattern that led to the breaking off of negotiations for a new agreement in December of 1919 at Montreal as well as the bilateral discussions with the Cubans in March of 1950 at Havana. In breaking off, it had been agreed to resume the conference in the summer of 1950, and the Third North American Regional Broadcasting Conference, accordingly, re sumed its sessions on September 6, 1950, with delegations from all North American eountries, exeept Haiti, participating. These coun tries are Bahamas, Canada, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, and the United States. The final document of the Montreal session, which outlined the REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 119 form of the treaty and contained substantial agreement on adminis trative procedures, was used as a basis for composing the new agree ment. Modifications amI refinements in this document were made in some instances to accommodate the ideas of the Mexican delegation which had not participated in the Montrea'! session, and general agree ment on this part was obtained without undue difficulty. The problem of stD.tion assignments, particularly for the higher powered stations in Cuba and Mexico, was still the most difficult and time-consuming aspect of the negotiations, and led to the withdrawal of the Mexican delegation from the conference on October 18, 1950. In withdrawing, the Mexican delegates made the announcement that they had not been able to receive satisfaction on a sufficient number of their requirements to continue in the negotiations, but that they would expect to reach bilateral agreements with other governments "founded on an equitable and just basis'". Tlwy Teeommf'nded t.hat the rema.in ing conferees give serious consideration to reducing the channel sepa ration from 10 to 9 kilocycles, thus creating some 11 new channels in the broadcast baud, since this seemed to offer the best and perhaps the only solution to the Mexican requirements. The Commission is gratified to note that since that time Mexico has continued to ghTe de facto recognition to the expired agreelnent, which is taken as evidence of her continuing intention of keeping the way open for an "equitable and just" agreement on broadcasting. The difficulties with Cuban assignments were finally resolved on a basis which involved considerable changes by both Cuba and the United States. The message from the President transmitting the text of the agree ment to the Senate enclosed a report by the Secretary of State on its effects. This report points out, among other things, that an agree ment is necessary as a basis for reasonable assurance that, in the reception of mdio program service, the public will not be plagued unduly with interference from foreign stations and that the orderly and more efficient development of domestic broadcast service will be favored by a fair measure of international stability on the broad cast band. To quote from the report: Ttlking into account the diverse interests of the countries concerned, the new NARDA is considered to be,. despite certain drawbacks, the most satisfactory agreement that could be negotiated at tbis time. There are some features of the agreement which, from the viewpoint of the United States, are not wholly desirable and in some respef'ts the agrf>f>ment is not as fnvorahle to the United States as was the original J\'ARBA agreement of 1937. Nevertheless, it must be realized that, for reasons indieated. hereinbefore and in the endosed memo randum, there is no practical possibility of restoring the situation as it existed under the provisions of the previousa~reement.Under the new NARBA the position of broadcasting ill the ruited States would, in the view of the Depart- 120 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION ment of State, the Federal Communications Commission, and a Dumber of non Government broadcasting interests, be far more favorable than would be the case in the absence of suell an agreement. Within the framework of the new NARBA the people of the United States can continue to receive, in general, the sRIDe lerel of broadcasting senke received by them heretofore and there is considerable room Within that framework for improvement of broadcasting service within the United States by domestic action. On the basis of past experience and a practical view of international political factors involved, it is dear that the primary question with respect to the new NARBA is whether the 'public interest of the United States in the field of broadcasting would be served -:better by the ratification and entry into force of the agreement than by no agreement at all, since there is no real prospect for negotiation of a more favor able agreement. Notwithstanding the opposition of some elements of the broad4 casting industry, it is considered that the best interests of the United States, would be served by ratification and entry into force of the agreement. The more important provisions of the agreement as signed are dis cussed in the following paragraphs: Station notifications and cla8sifications and general standards of protecticm from interjerence.-The new NARBA provides in general for continued recogni tion of past notifications of United States stations and for internationalacce~ tance by the parties thereto of the station and channel claSSifications, engi'neer. ing standards of station protection, and other related engineering factors. This is basic from the viewpoint of the United States if many of its approximately 2,200 standard (AM) broadcasting stations are to continue to operate within the band of 107 channels available for such broadcasting and continue to receive the international protection necessary for a stabilized broadcasting s;ystemcapa~ ble of genuinely serving the people of this country. For example, under the new NARBA the channels available for standard broadcasting: are classified as "clear","re~ional",and "local" channels as under past agreement; stations are classified in classes I, II, III, and IV; and power and other specific engineering requirements are set out to goyern the use of the several types of channels and the operation of the different classes of stations. The importance of provisions such as these should be fUlly appredated for our whole broadcasting system is predicated upon the use of such classifications andstand~rdsinternationally as well as domestically. And, as indicated earlier, such station and channel classi fications, and engineering standards, as well as the continued acceptance and protection of our existing station assignments, are effective from an interna tional viewpoint only to the extent that tbey are provided for by agreement. One of the technical standards contained in past agreement and in the new agreement, but with respcct to which Cuba has taken rcservation in the new agreement, is the so-called G50-mile rule. Xi is referred to subsequently in COn nection with proYisions of the agreement concerning clear channels. Duration ofagreement~·investigation and elimination of objectionable inter teren.c6; arb-itration, etc.-The new NARBA contains a number of provisions of a general legal and administrative nature which are most important from the viewpoint of thc United States. For example, provision is made that the ne\v NARBA will remain in effect even be.vond its normal term of 5 years in the event that a subsequent NARBA is not available to replace it. Thus, in the .1lbsence of denunciation of the agreement, the type of uncertainty and dislocation which has existed during the past ;year or two because of the absence of an agreement will be circumvented for the future. The new NARBA also contains agreement by the parties to cooperate in the investigation and elimination of objectionable interference. Moreover, it contains clear-cut provisions for com· REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 121 pulsory arbitration of disputes in the event that such disputes are not settled otherwise. and for the holding of administrative conferences permitting frequent consideration of engineering matters during the period between plenipotentiary conferences. Class I-A stations.-Under the original~ARBAthe United States secured priority in the use of 25 clear channels for class I-A stations. As a result of (lomestic assignments this number was reduced to 24 during the period of past agreement. Class I-A stations are intended to serve wide areas at considerable distances from the transmitter location. The protection to which these stations were entitled uuder the originalN~~RBAwas basically (a) a requirement that the signal a.t tlw border of the United States from any foreign station on the channel not exceed a specified maximum strength and (b) that no foreign station operate on the channel at night within 650 miles of the United States border. As previously indicated, Cnoada and Mexico each received six such assignments and Cuba received one, which it subsequently relinquished upon acquiring a number of other important privileges in the interim agreement. Under the interim agreement of 1946 Cuba was authorized to establish stations on 4 of the 24 clear channels upon which the United States had class I-A priority. No requirement was specified for the protection of these Cuban stations from inter ference caused by stlltions in the United States. Since the expiration of the original NARBA and the interim agreement, Cuba. asserting a right as a sovereign country to use of all channels in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, has assigned one or more stations to each of approximately 14 of these channels. And, in the absence of any NARBA, Cuba has considered itself to be without specIal obligation to protect the Unitea States stations on these channels. Under the new NARBA, the number of clear channel class I-A priorities recognized for the United States has been restored to 25, and the number of sueh priorities recognized for Canada has been increased from 6 to 7. One such priority is als,) recognized for the Bahamas. CUba will utilize only 6 of the 25 channels soaSl!!i~nedto the United States, withdraWing stations from approximately 8 of them. :\Ioreover, Cuba has agreed to accord a high degree of protection to the United States stations on those channels. Jamaica would use 2 of the 25 channels, but would fully protect the border of the United States. On these eight channels, i. e., the six to be used by Cuba and the two to be used by .Jamaica, the United States would provide a limited protection to the Cuban and Jamaican stations specified in the agreement but would otherwise retain full freedom in the use of those channels. Accordingly, under the new NARBA the United States would retain its class I-A priority on 25 clear channels. This is the same number as under past agree ment. On 19 of these channels all other countries signatory to the agreement would protect the United States stations to the border of the United States. FOr example, in the case of Cuba this would mean protecting the United States to the tip of Florida even though we may not at present have a useful signal at that point. The border protection specified in such cases is exactly the same as that which was provided in past agreement. From our recent experience without an agreement it is quite clear that in the absence of the new NARBA continued rec Qgnition by all parties to the agreement of the priorities and protection just indicated cannot be expected. On six of these channels the United States sta tion would receive a degree of protection which, though somewhat less than full I-A protection, is greater than that accorded any other type of station and would still permit them to render service over extensive areas hundreds of miles from the station. On these channels, also, a considerably lesser degree of protection could be expected in the absence of the new NARBA. In view of the provision of the NARBA requiring full "border" protection to United States stations on 19 122 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CmlMl'>< clear channels, and in view of the fact that under the agreement the enited States would have no obligation whatever to protectnn~'station thatmi~htin the future beassi~nedon any of its I-A channels, failure of Cuba to a(:cept the so~called650-mile rUle does not inr~alityappear to present a particularly serious difficulty, although it would have been preferable to haye Cuban acceptance of that rule and every effort was made by the United States delegation to secure such acceptance. It is to be noted that in no case is a class I-A station in the enited States re quired to cbange its operation. One of the important factors in evaluating the effect of the Dew :\TARBA is the effeet that the provisions with respect to class I-A priorities would have upon serviee to rural areas in the United States. As a result of the reduction in the actual use by Cuba of cleal' ('hannels UIJon whi('h the Vnited States has class I-A priority, there WOUld, as a practical matter, be a significant improvement ill serv ice to rural areas from class I-A stations. Moreover-and this of utmost im portance---in the absence of the new NARBA interference to such rural service from stations in other countries would in aU probability. become even ,vorse than at present. The improvement in rural service that would result from the new NARDA is of utmost importance because of the great dependence in rural areHS upon I-A channel!:! for broadcasting service. The new NARBA also contains most important provisions concerning class I-A channels which are favorable to the Uuited~tatesand which were not found in earlier agreement. For example, flexibilit;r in the use of class I-A. Channels. that is, freedom to add additional stations to those ('hannels, change existing assignments, increase power, etc., ,yitbout in an;y wa;}' jeopardizing inter nationally the class I-A status and protection of its~5channels, and without the obligation to protect any foreign stations on the channels with the exception of the (,i Cuban and~Jamaican stations which have been referred to at an earlier point and which would be entitled to protection as class II stations. The clear recognition of this right ot .flexibility was not contained in past agreement and is a matter of greatest importance in order to make possible the most effective domestic improvement in broadcasting service. Cla88 I-B, station-s.-This class of station, like class I-A stations, is intended to serve wide areas through skywave service. Although a station of this class does not receive protection from foreign interference at the border of the coun try, it does receive a high degree of protection in areas in which its senice is useful. Under the new NARBA, Cuba would be permitted to cause some deroga tion of the usual protection standards for United Statf's cInsR I-B 8tations by 14 stations on 11 channels. Under past agreement this was permitted by sixsta~ tions on five channels. However, in none ofthp~einstances recognized in the new NARBA does it aDI1Car that as a practical matter the United States sta· tion would suffer 8uUieicntl:" to pre\"ent .satl.sfadol'yal:(;olllr)li~hlllentof its operation. Moreo....er, unue!" the new XARBA three ai.lditioual class I-B priorl tiCR ure recog-ui7.f'd for the L'nitf'd Statfls, and in noca~ewould it he 1l('('Pssal"'y for the United States .station to clulllge its OFL'ration. C/.asiY /1 iYtftfiOllH.-A duss II sbltiOll also operate:-i on It clt'ar Challtlf'l but its operation is subordinate to the ('Wss I operation Oil the chanuel. Under past agreement class II stations were not entillf'd to any protection from<'ia~sI stations. Under the new agreement tho:-;e dass 11statil)Jl~whit'll lln\V exist would rl'('l'in' a ([p,'!"I"t'f' of lll'otl'(·tio!l frfJlllf·ltan.~;t',;in t',:istt!lg da.'Ss 1 a.'sign lllellts and fl"{HIl fl1turf' <-'lass 1 USSiglllllClltS. It is Huder this new Vrovision that the Cuban and .Tamakan ('lass IIst:\tion~onf'i~htdear ('hannels upon whi(~hthe l;nited States has eluJ"1'; I-A priority would l'f'{'f'ivf' 80llle protection. However, it is iJlll)Ortant h) note that under this pl'ovh;ioll at least 23 <'lass II REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CmlMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 123 stations in the United States would also be entitled to protection from class I stations for the first time. In addition, to accommodate certain frequency changes in Cuba which are part of a general reallocation in that country, three United States class II stations would be required under the new NARBA to change frequency. with consequent changes being required in their antennas and equipment. Class III stations.-There are approximately 900 class III stations in the United States. In general, they are intended to serve not only the cities in which they are located but also a substantial area surrounding their locations. With few exceptions, the standards governing class III stations and protection remain the same under the new NARBA as under past agreements. In 10 cases Cuban stations on regional channels would be permitted to operate with powers in excess of that normally permitted on such channels. In three of these cases the Cuban stations are classified as class III stations. In Seven of these cases the Cuban stations are classified 'as class I-C or I-D stations which are dis cussed in the immediately following paragraph. However, in aU 10 of these cases the class III protection is accorded the United States stations on the channels involved. In one of these cases a United States station would he required to modify its antenna system to reduce radiation toward Cuba. How ever, Cuba would also be required to modify its use of the same frequency in order to reduce radiation toward stations in the United States to an equal degree. Specia,Z protecUon of certain Ouban stations.-On 11 channels Cuba would be entitled to a relatively high degree of protection from future assignments in other countries. These Cuban stations ,,,ould be classified asclasse.~1-e and I-D stations. It is to be noted in this connection that nnder the new agreement Cuba does not receive any class I-A assignments and would receive only one class I-B assignment. It is also to be noted, as indicated above, that the speeial protection to which Cuban I-C and I-V stations would be entitled in no way affects existing stations. It only has reference to future assignments. 4. FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM) BROADCAST SERVICE Seventeen applications for new stations were filed during the year, an increase of one over the number received the previous year. Thir teen of these applications were from operators of AM stations, seven of which operate daytime-only AM stations. Seven of the applica tions were for stations to be located in cities with populations under 5,000. A few of the applications for modification of FM facilities were for higher powered installations; the majority were for lower powered installations. Many of the latter were submitted when it was found that the FM operations were not profitable, while others found that interim operation with less than the authorized facilities provided satisfactory cowrage and the expense of the additional installation was not warranted. Some of those who have been withholding auth orized construction while awaiting decisions (,n pending applications in the TV or AM broadcast services or an improvement in the FM situation were granted licenses for their present interim FM installa tions if they were found to meet requirements of the rules and standards. 124 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION At the present time only three FM stations using 50-kilowatt trans mitters are in operation. Of approximately 70 grants made by the Commission for use of 50-kilowatt transmittcl'sl only 12 remain out standing-the others have been deleted or modified to specify smaller installations. Three stations which had 50-kilowatt installations ceased operation after it was found that FJIiI was not proYing to be as successful as expected. The equipment operated by one of these sta tions was purchased by the University of Illinois, and is IH?W being installed at that institution for use in the noncommercial educational FM broadcast band. A number of FM broadcast station licensees have complained that F~:Ireceivers are in short supply in their areas and, consequently, a build-up of their FM audiences cannot be achieved. It has been claimed that the set makers will not supply a pent-up demand for FM receivers. Groups representing the broadcasters and the manufactur ers met in June 1951 in an attempt to cooperatively solve their prob lems. Figures presented by the two groups apparently were at variance, with the broadcasters showing shortages whereas the manu facturers countered with a survey showing large distributor and factory inventories. Both groups agreed that the problem should be attacl!:ed on a market-by-market basis as shortages develop. The broadcasters are to report shortages of FM set stocks in their areas to manufacturers. A joint committee will explore the feasibility of cooperative effort in publicizing and promoting the advantages of FM listening. The failure of FM to expand and develop in accordance with orig inal expectations has presented numerous problems to the Commis sion and to industry. Licensees of FM stations, in an attempt to supplement broadcast revenues, have resorted to functional music operations, including storecasting, transitcasting, and specialized serv ices to factories and restaurants. In the spring of 1951 the CGmmission determined that functional music operations were in violation of the Communications Act and the Commission's rules and regulations. There was pending before the Commission a petition filed on behalf of 13 FM stations engaged in functional music requesting the Com mission to reconsider that decision. 5. NONCOMMERCIAL EDUCATIONAL FM BROADCAST SERVICE This service is continually cxpandiug, although in a rather slow fashion. Applications for 18 new stations were received during the year. At the year's close there were 95 authorized stations, 82 of which held regular licenses. Thirty-nine stations in this service use transmitters with power ratings of 10 watts or less. The majority of new applications are REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 125 for these ]ower power stations. A number of stations starting with this power have modified their installations to use more powerful equipment. The rules for noncommercial educational FM broadcast stations were amended to allow the operation of stations in this service having transmitters with power outpnt ratings of 10 watts or less by holders of the new Radiotelephone Third Class Operator Permit or the Radio telegraph Third Class Operator Permit (formerly Restricted Radio telegraph Operator Pel'mit), As a further aid to stations nsing transmitters with output ratings of 10 watts or less, the Commission amended its rules to permit remote control operation of such stations. Of the 39 stations authorized to use low power transmitters, only 3 have so far availed themselves of remote control operation. The covering rules merely require control circuits between the operating position and the transmitter to pro vide positive on and off control (faults on line must remove trans mitter from the air), aural monitoring of the transmissions at the operating position, and equipment of the station to be on premises under control and supervision of the licensee and not accessible to others. The operator stationed at the remote control position must hold a license of the proper grade for operation of the transmitter. In contnlst to a considerable number of deletions of regular FM broadcast stations operating in the commercial portion of tbe FM band, no noncommercial educational FM broadcast station having once started programming on the air has ever been deleted. How ever, six authorizations for educational stations have been deleted before construction-several were allowed to expire without explan ation and were considered forfeited, while in the other cases it appenl'S that, dne to changes in plans on the part of the educational institution, constrnction would have had to be postponed indefinitely and the per mittees accordingly submitted their authorizations for deletion. 6. FACSIMILE BROADCAST SERVICE FM broadcast stations may engage in facsimile broadcasting. Little interest, however, seems to be shown by FM licensees in providing such a service. Facsimile may be transmitted on a simplex or mnltiplex basis. Simplex facsimile transmissions may only be broadcast at times when aural FM programs nre not being transmitted. Multiplex facsimile transmissions may be broadcast at the same time the anral programs are being transmitted. During the year the Commission amended its rules regarding multi plex facsimile transmissions to remoVe the limitation on the hours of such operation (formerly a maximum of 3 hours between 7 a. m. and midnight with no limit for the hours between midnight and '( a. m.) 126 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION and to require no reduction in quality of the simultaneously transmit ted aural programs below 15,000 cycles (formerly 10,000 cycles) as required by the standards concerning FM: broadcast stations. The standards were amended to permit either amplitude Or frequency modulation of the subeanier when multiplexing in place of amplitude modulation as formerly required. 7. INTERNATIONAL BROADCAST SERVICE There was no change during the year in the number of international broadcast stations. Forty snch stations, licensed by the Commission, continued to function under the auspices of the Department of State in beaming the "Voice of America" programs in many languages to various parts of the world. 8. AUXILIARY BROADCAST SERVICES As in the case of experimental and auxiliary stations associated with television, the Commission authorizes three classes of supple mental aural broadcast stations-remote pick-up, studio-transmitter link, and developmental. A hrief description of these adjuncts follows: REMOTE PICK·UP BROADCAST SERVICE Remote pick-up broadcast stations, operated by broadcast station licensees, permit "on-the-spot" coverage of happenings outside of the studio. Use of portable or mobile radio transmitters of low power provide temporary aural progl'aru circuits from scenes of sport meel.;;, parades, conventions or other public gatherings, religions services and other special events. Many of the pick-Up transmitters are self powered and highly mobile and can provide emergency communica tion facilities during the disrnption of normal circuits resulbng from floods, storms Or other disasters. There are more than 1,000 such stations. This service has grown steadily during the past year and broad casters are llsing it more and more to provide a variety of programs which could not be made availnble through the use of less flexible wire line circuits. BROADCAST STL SERVICE Broadcast STL (Studio-Transmitter Link) stations, operated by broadcast station licensees, are utilized to provide a program circuit between the studio and transmitter. Employment of radio for this purpose permit.s locating broadcast transmitters at favorable locations which may be inaceessible to ordinary wire lines. These stations op erate in the 925 to 952-megaeye1e portion of the spectrum and are required to employ directional antennas for spectrum economy. During the past year, the rules were amended to extend this service REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 127 to AM broadcast stations and to permit both AM and FJ\I broadcast stations to use STL facilities from secondary studios as well asth~ main studios. Thus, broadcast stations are enabled to establish studios in small adjacent communities which are nnable to support a broadcast station of their own and where existing telephone circuits are not suitable for and are usually unavailable for broadcast use. DEVELOPMENTAL BROADCAST SERVICE Developmental broadcast stations are licensed experimentally to conduct research and development looking toward the advancement of the broadcast art. They are used extensively by manufacturers for the development and testing of radio transmitters and antennas desi b '1.1ed for use in the broadcast or auxiliary broadcast services. Stations in this service are also operated for the purpose of making propagation studies or to obtain data on other engineering problems u~lntedto broadcasting. Among the more interesting projects conducted during the past year was the operation of a very low powered transmitter installed in the studio of a television broadcast station for the purpose of de veloping and testing an extremely compact, light-weight, incon ::;picuous "hearing aid" type earphone receiver, ,,,hich can be worn by performers and production personnel participating in TV pro grams and used to l'eceive cues and orders or prompting. Another project saw the development of a highly portable television pickup camera in which the cumbersome and heavy cables normally employed with such devices were completely eliminated through the use of low l)owered radio transmitters. 9. STATISTICS BROADCAST AUTHORIZATIONS There were 4,592 broadcast authorizations outstanding as of .Tune 30, 1951. These were broken down by broadcast services as follows: Class or broadrest station June 30 June 30Increas~or IfJ.50 1951 (decrease) 7 13 4. 13 82 (73) 2,303 2,386 732 659 109 109 206 213 82 95 40 40 _ l,~1,O:~ 6 6 ···I~OI~--82 Tot.ll _ Standard (AML___________________ _ _ FrequeTJCY modulation (FM)l _ Television (TV) . _ Television exnerimental and auxiliary______ _ . _ Noncommercial educational (FM) . _ InternationaL _~._ _ _ Remote pickup _ Studio transmitter .. _ Developmental __ I Commercial fae"iT!liJe bfO:J.(lcasting is now authorized over }<'M facilities. 128 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION GROWTH OF BROADCASTING • The growth of AM, FM, and TV broadcast services since 1943 is shown in the following table of authorized and licensed stations at the close of each fiscal year. AM FM TV Total A~thor-IL'ce sed Author- Licensed Author- IAcensrd Author- Licensed lzed I n fzed ized ized -----~------------- 1943. ______ ._ ------- 912 91[ 48 " 6 6 9liO 984 194·L. _______ 924 9[2 " " 9 6 985 963 194.~_ -------. 955 G3t 83 46 2,S 6 1,033 983 19016 __ -----._-._---- 1,21.5 !l61 456 ~I '0 6 1,101 1,015 1947. '" J,7M 1.298 918 66 6 2,779 1,352 1948 ---------- 2,034- 1,693 1,020 142 1 109 7 3,163 1,842 194!l._ ---------0 .., 2,179 1,963 ~~I 377 ll7 13 3,WI 2,353 1950. , .. --------- 2,303 2, 118 493 109 47 3,144 2,65S IS51 -------- - .. - 2,385 2,248 659 1 534 [09 81 3,103 2,863 BROADCAST APPLICATIONS Pending June 30, Received Disposed 1950 Pending June 30, 1951 New stations.. _. _ Ch8JI.~einfacilities. . Renewals __ . _ License_ Transfers _ MisoellanOOllS Total AM FM' New stations________ _ ._ Ch~infacilities _ Renew~ls__ _ License_ TraJ1Slers____ __ _ _ Miscellaneous _ Total FJ\.L _ TV "New stations__ , _ 'Change in facillU('s _ Renewals_ License Tnl.nsfers . _ Miscellaneous_._ Total TV All other New stations _ Change in facilities _ Renewals License Transfers__ _ _ Miscellanf''Ous _ Total all other Grmd totaL _ 1 Includes noncommercial educationaL "I , .. 27, 216 223 270 255 223 243 235 238 9" £[" 268 73 333 392 74 " on 251 77 74 726 724 78 984 2,892 2,876 1,000 20 35 43 l2 34 133 129 38 36 317 283 70 41 139 142 38 10 75 73 12 20 3M 359 16 161 1,054 1,029 186 351 72 8 415 17 31 18 36 91 44 46 4 [[ 41 3i 15 3 17 13 7 6 69 72 3 397 274 197 474 57 344 368 "8 1'" 127 10 2-15 460 606 99 86 318 331 47 31 121 113 39 l' 86 90 2 433 1,482 J,68.') 230 1,975 5,702 5,187 1,890 REPORT OF 'i'HE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 129 BROADCAST STATION DELETIONS TV Total.1<'1:1AMMonth Total. . __ ! ~~iuiL.J9iOl--~,g-I-~--,;-,;i-~i---~ ~~~YJ::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::::-::::::::::::::::::::::::]1~i 8i~~ December --------"" - 9 51 u i 14: 1961 1 15 0 i Hi' January ----------------_.-... - I Fehruary__ ---------------------------- (), 81 c I 14 rf~1h.:..:!:l i 'll~~. ________------J, 7_o.!.I9I_I:~_-_-u!-~ RECEIVING SETS The Commission does not license or otherwise regulate broadcast receIvers. At the close of the fiscal year industry estimated that there were more than 102,000,000 such sets in use, as compared with 163,000,000 reported by the United Nations for 128 countries. In June the United States CensusBUl'~auestimated that out of 42,520,000 occupied dwellings in the lJnited States, 40,09a,OOO had receiving sets. BROADCAST INDUSTRY FINANCIAL DATA GENERAL In the calendar year 1950, the grand total revenues of the broad casting industry (A;\I, FM, and TV)pass~dthe half·billion mark for the first time. Total revenues, which comprise revenues derived frolll the sale of time, talent, and program material to advertisers, were re ported at $,,50.4 million. The 1950 AM and FM revenues amounting to $444.5 million were the highest on record. Aggregate TV revenues in 1950, of $105.9 million,w~remore than triple the $34.4 million for 1949. Broadcasting industry profits of $59.0 million in 1950 were more than double those of the previous year. Industry profits realized from AM-FM broadcasting operations were $68.2 million, or approxi mat~ly30 percent above 1949 while the industry's over-all loss from TV broadcastingop~rationswasr~ducedfrom $25.3 million in 1949 to $9.2 million in 1950. A 11 profit figures are before payment of Federal incOilie tax. 130 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION The following tables show the comparative calendar year 1949-1950 financial clata for the AM, FM, and TV broaclca,t inclustries: ALL NETWORKS AND STATIONS 116.1 2\).7 27,300,000 52,600,000 1(2.'), 300, 000) ""----=-II;i(~~'" --~--------~--I:::l~ $449, .l(}(),~$5,';l):."'!!!.o,~__ 22. ., ._. 415,200,000444'~OO'O()OI" ___ I 3rial or :;ervicc. . 7,22:3,049 3,062,1)65 7, 2Z;l, 049 Olher incidental rIWe1ltH'S_ 2, 42'J, 1i03 1,717, 2'l,'j 7,:"~J0,493 Total hroade;\$t re\'cnues_ 5,1, 47f;, C45 50 1:18 923 to,), \114, OOS Total hroadC':\st ('xperlsPs .. _ 65. f>(l(j, ,57& 49: 622:~&\115,12~,%1 Total \)rondcast irw(lmr (II' loss_ (10,0:'10,5:\0) 81li,537 (9, '113, 993) Investment in tangible broadeast propel'ty: OriginaleosL __,.. _. 25,504,16S 447.'>6'2'131 70, 2HO, 4lS De~'l'eeiul.i(}nto date_ 7,547, ';24 12, 4SI, 185 20 002 009 Depreciated cosL 17,9.56,:::11 32,::;02,00& 5U:2,iS:1UH FM BROADCAST REVENUES, INCOME AND INVESTMENT 1949 1950 (2,600,000) (') I "I I (:~,!iOO, 000) (') 104 Item Number !Number of sta- Amount i of sta- Amount _________________+_'_in_n_'_I ·__II~~_ FAI Hroudcu8t Rfl!enUe8 FM stations operated by: AM lieenSf'es: I RC'porting no FM revcnues 1_ 452 420 _ N 'onRAe~.?l'I',:icnegno~~.•.,.,.,.'enues__ Ill7 $1,200,000 , 163 $1,400,000 v ,,"oc., 104 1.400'0001 8_6 __1_,400,000 Total FM stations___ 723 2, 6{IO, 000 669 2,800, UOO "1~~~:i1"'i;,;~~~~:d:".".I'.P'",,'........- 104~-~~:.J--:~4~.~ IndustrytotaL"_______________ (1):- (1) TotalF~"lBroadcast Income (Hefore Federal II/tome Tax) F1\I st(l,tions ope-rated by: Non-A~Ilicensees Industry total ( ) DenotC's loss, I In view of the difficulty in a joint A~1-1"i\-1 operation in allocating F1\! oprration ('xprnse srpamtl'ly from AM station oreration eXlwnse, lic('nsees of such stations were not requirt'(\ to rrlJOrt ](r\[ StlltiOll expense separately. As a ri'suu., ';I,..[ industry tot,nls for expl'use and incomi' arC' not a\'ailable. A::\[ - F.'\[ licrIlst'cs, however, w('re requested to report separately Ow ren'nues, if any, altribut(l,blr to F?vl station oprmtion ifsuch data were rC'atiily availu\)k, In only a frw itlstanees didA~f-F1flicrll&f'es state they wen' ullflble to segregate the FM revenurs. CHAPTER V-MISCELLANEOUS RADIO SERVICES I. GENERAL 2. INDUSTRIAL. SCIENTIFIC, AND MEDICAL SERVICE 3. EXPERIMENTAL RADIO SERVICES 4. RESTRICTED RADIATION DEVICES 5. NEW ANTENNA RULES I. GENERAL Not grouped with the Safety and Special Radio Services or with the Radio Broadcast Services, but having an important bearing on theover~allelectrical communications picture, is the use of radio for pxperimentation and development, the operation of noncommunica tions equipment for industrial, scientific, and medical purposes; the growing utilization of low power devices which radiate frequency cnergy, and general rules applicable to antennas for all types of radio stations. This chaptcr deals with those specific subjects. 2. INDUSTRIAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND MEDICAL SERVICE A seriolls limiting factor in the use of radio transmitting and re ceiving equipment is the prevalence of electrical interference tending to prevent the satisfactory reception of transmitted signals. This interfcrence may be in the form of atmospheric background noise, or it may appear as a result of spurious and harmonic emissions from various types of electrical and radio frcquency operated equipment. The Commission has long recognized that certain equipment using radio frequency, but not designed for communication purposes, con tributes a substantial portion of the interference to authorized radio serviccs, and the operation of equipment of this type has often re sulted in the disruption of the service of communication systems. Such interruptions to radio reception are not confined to the broad cast services, but also seriously hamper services concerned with the safety of life and property. To minimize the actual or potential interference from particular kinds of noncommullication equipment using radio-frequency energy, the Commission adopted, effective June 30, 1947, part 18 of its rules 913537-52--10 133 134 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION which relates to the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical Service. Part 18 is designed to govern the operation of medical diathermy, indus trial heating, and miscellaneous equipment. Medical diathermy eq,uipment includes any apparatus (other than low power intermittent surgical diathermy equipment) which gener ates radio frequency energy for therapeutic purposes. Industrial heating equipment includes apparatus using radio frequency energy for the purpose of heating operations in manufacturing or prodnction processes. Miscellaneous equipment includes apparatus, other than diathermy or industrial heating equipment, in which the action of the energy emitted is directly npon the workload and does not involve the use of associated radio receiving apparatus. Part 18 specifies the frequency bands which have been allocated for the operation of such equipment and also defines the extent to which harmonic and spurious radiations on frequencies outside the allocated bands must be suppressed. Subseq,uent to the adoption of part 18 of the rules, five additional frequency bands above 40 mega cycles have been made available for this service, but have not as yet been inclnded in part 18. The Commission has dealt with interference problems arising from the operation of equipment included in part 18, first, on a request for-cooperation basis, and later, in those cases where cooperation was not satisfactorily accomplished, by the use of enforcement provi sions available to the Commission. In the administration of part 18, the Commission has been guided by a desire to provide interference free communications and yet permit the necessary use of medical diathermy, industrial heating-, and miscellaneous equipment. Advice and sUI!p;estions regardinp; the possibility of modifying older types of equipment to effect compliance with the rules has been given by the Commission. The Commission's efforts to bring about amieahle solutious of interference problems created by the use of eqnipment included in part 18, have, in general, been well received. The expanding use of television facilities, and the further conges tion of the frequency spectrum by other services, has resulted in an increase in the number of interference cases reported. ThtB far, the procedure set up for processing complaints of interference to radio reception has been satisfactory. However, the rapid growth of the broadcasting, communication and ::mfety services can lean to an in crease in the Humber of difficult situations ,..,.hich TIllY br resolved only by the use of stronger measures available under the aet. In addition to "its l'egtllatory ·(luties. the COHlmissiOll has held rOIl fet'cuces with representatives .of industries engaged in tllP lll"llllfac ture and sale of equipment l'egliJated by p:H't 1R.Th~~'-ieconferences have been helpful to both industry and the Commission ill tllP~Ol11- REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 135 tion of problems relative to equipment included in that part of the rules. Type approval certificates have been issued covering 70 dia thermy machines and 8 types of miscellaneous equipment tested in accordance with the procedure set forth in the rules, and found to be in compliance. Through rule-making procedure, the Commission has issued orders suceessively postponing the effective date of the rules concerning welding devices employing radio frequency energy pending further study. An industry committee has been cooperating with the Com mission to eliminate interference caused by the operation of such welders. Further study of this problem, both by industry and the Commission, is continuing in an effort to arrive at suitable technical standards whereby the welding industry can be brought under the rules and, at the same time, minimize interference caused to other serVIces. 3. EXPERIMENTAL RADIO SERVICES In compliance with the Communications Act reqnirement that the Commission "study new uses for radio, provide for the experimental use of frequencies, and generally encourage the larger and more effec tive use of radio in the public interest", the Comulis.'3ion has provided for experimental radio stations. Part 5, Rules and Regulations Gov erning Experimental Radio Services, became effective October 1, 1939, .and has been modified from time to time as the demands of the ex perimental service have required. These rules were designed to pro mote all types of experimentation in and relating to the radio art. The present rules provide for three categories of experimental 'stations, namely, class 1, class 2, and cluss 3. ClUBS 1 stations are for the use of persons engaged in fundnmental or general research, experi mentation and development of the rndio art; or for the development, testing and calibration of radio equipment. Class 2 stations are au thorized for the development of a lleW radio service or the expansion of an established service. Class 3 authorizations are available to individuals interested in conducting experimental programs on their own behalf for a limited period of time. The Commission's rules provide for two subclasses of class 1 experi mental stations in addition to the above general categories. These subclasses are contraet developmental and export developmental sta tions. The fornler classification indudes experimental stations li censed for the purpose of developing equipment or teehniques to be used by stations operated by the United States Government. The latter classification is for a similar purpose where the equipment is to be used by stations under the jurisdiction of a foreign government. The majority of class 1 stations are operated by equipment manu- 136 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION facturers and research and· development organizations. These sta tions are engaged in experimentations directed toward the improvement of existing radio equipment as well as the development of new equipment, new techniques in the electronic art, and funda mental studies involving radio propagation. Several licensees are engaged in developing narrow band equipment suitable for adjacent channel operation which would effect a more efficient use of the radio spectrum. Other development work includes new and improved radio aids to navigation, radiolocation equipment, and microwave communication equipment. Continued experimental work is being done in ionospheric investigations and propagation studies of the various frequency bands throughout the spectrum, particularly in the upper range of the spectrum where the presently available in formation is meager. The frequency allocation rules (part 2) provide for the experimental use of various bands of frequencies above 25 megacycles subject to the condition that interference is not caused to the service or stations to which these frequencies are regularly assigned. Specific frequen cies below 25 megacycles, which are listed in part 5 of the rules, are allocated for use by class 1 experimental stations. Numerous class 1 authorizations have been issued to manufacturers and sales engineers for field intensity or coverage surveys in areas where it is proposed to establish radio communication systems. The results of these surveys provide useful information for choosing the operating frequencies, power, emission, and antenna location for opti mum performance. Applications for class 2 experimental stations usually involve pro posals for the establishment of new services which are not provided for in the rules or are direded toward the development of some phase of an established service. Since the establishment of the new Land Transportation and Industrial Services on a regular basis the number of class 2 stations has decreased. Because of the limited scope of experimentation permitted by class 3 authorizations, the Commission receives few requests for such au thorizations. Most types of experimentation permitted under a class 3 authorization may also be conducted under a class 1 authorization or, for qualified persons, under the Rules Governing the Amateur Radio Service. Part 5 of the rules is being completely revised, and it is expected that the necessary rule-making procedure looking to final adoption will be completed in the near future. Statistics for the experimental radio services follow: REPORT OF THE FEDERALCOMMUNICA~'IONSCOMMISSION 137 NUMBER OF EXPERIMENTAL RADIO STATIONS Increase or (decrca.~e) June 30. 1951 June 30, I 195<) Class of statton 6l:~k~~===========:::::::::::::::4~g1-·--3j-!-I-~-(-6!-) TotaL . .<••I---::4{j::-611---::4a;:-,-I---(-;;:62;~) EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMITTERS Classification Nonmohile Mobile Total Class L. _ Class L _ Total 203 17 22a 1,154 151 1,305 1,357 168 1,525 EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATIONS Class of station TotaL..__ . _. . __ " •__ . _ Received Received Increase or 195<) 1951 (decrease) 799 839 40 loa 51 (49) 899 SIlO (9) 4. RESTRICTED RADIATION DEVICES The necessity for establishing a minimum field strength figure, below which it would not require the use of radio-frequency emissions to be licensed, has been recognized by the Commission and, as a result of studies undertaken in 1938, rules relating to certain low power devices were adopted. These l'ules, presently codified as part 15, Rules Governing Restricted Radiation Devices, do not place a limitation upon the permissible power, but do place a limitation on the distance at which such equipment can be used, the distance being an inverse function of the frequency employed, and specify a maximum permis sible field intensity at that distance. Considerable use has been made of equipment designed to operate within the provisions of part 15, particularly in the frequency band allocated for use by the Standard Broadcast Service. Typical of these uses are "college campus" broadcast stations, which employ carrier current techniques for the distribution of programs essentially broadcast in nature; industrial signalling and cOilllTIunications sys tems using carrier current techniques; space radiating devices such as phono-oscillators, garage-door openers,remote~contl'oldevices for model airplanes or other objects; etc. Since the operation of radio transmitting devices under part 15 does not involve licensing for either equipment or operators, this mode of operation has been adopted by many persons. As a result, the Com mission has received considerable correspondence regarding restricted radiation devices purportedly operating in compliance with part 15. 138 REPORl' OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION It has been found, however, that much of the equipment intended to operate under these rules has proved incapable of compliance with the Inaximum permissible field strength limitation. Campus broad casting, and other carrier current' systems, have grown to speh pro portions that a study of the problems created is being made. A notic" of proposed rule making has been published and comments invited regarding the various types of restricted radiation devices and systems now in use. However, further study will be necessary before a satis factory solution to the problem of restricted radiation devices can be found. 5. NEW ANTENNA RULES On May 23, 1950, the Commission proposed rules concerning the' construction, marking, and lighting of antenna towers and theirsup~ porting stroctures. The rules, as pa,rt 17, ,vere made final onDecen1~ ber 13, 1050, effective February 15, 1051. Their purpose is to prescribe certain procedum9 and standards with respect to the Commission's- consideration of proposed antenna structures which will Serve as a guide to persons intending to apply for radio station authorizations. Part 17 is a result of a need for (lefinite procedures governing- a study of each antenna proposal and consultation with all aviation interests concerned for the purpose of determining the extent. of aeronautical hazard created by a proposed antenna structure. To this end the criteria contained in part 17 were developed in conjunction with the Air Coordinating Committee (ACC), the Civil Aeronautics Adminis tration (CAA), the Department of Defense, other Government agen cieH, and the radio industry. The new rules "'ere promulgated pursuant t.o section 303 (q) of tim Communications Act which grants the Commission authority to re quire the painting and/or illumination of radio towers if and when in its judgme.nt such tOWel'S constitute, or there is a reasonable pos..'1ibility that they may constitute, a menace to air navigation. Prjor to the' adoption of part 17, the question of the degree of hazard created by a proposed antenna tower was referred to the Civil Aeronautics Ad ministration for that agency's recommendations in accordance with section 1.377 of the Commission's yules. All applica.t.ions proposing the construction of antennas over 150 feet, or located within 3 miles of an airport, were being so referred at the rate of about 175 per month. The CAA's recommendations were predicated on its Tech nical Standard Order NIB, Criteria for Determiniug Ohstructions to Air Na:vig-ation, and its predecessor standards. 'Vith the adoption of part 17, the function of making recommenda tions concerning the possible aeronautical hazards of antennas passed from the CAA to the Airspace Subcommittee (ASP) of the Air Co ordinating Committee (ACC). The ACC was created in 1046 by REPORT OF THE FEDERAL Cm1MUNICATIONS COMMISSION 139 Executive Order Ko. 9781 to provide for the development and co ordination of aviation policies. The Airspace Subcommittee (ASP) of the ACC coordinates proposals by Government agencies, private in dividuals, and industry which may involve conflict in the navigable airspace; the ASP assumes the responsibility previously delegated to the CAA for determining whether a proposed tower will be a menace to air navigation. Part 17 is composed of three subdivisions. Subpart A contains general information, including statements of basis and purpose, defini tions of the technical terms involved, a specification of how and when an application should be made, and a description of the Commission's procedure in the consideration of an application. Subpart B con tains the criteria set forth for determining whether or not a proposed radio tower will require special aeronautical study by the Airspace Subcommittee. If a proposed radio tower meets the specifications of the-£e criteria., it is deemed not to involve a hazard to aviation. Sub part C specifies tower painting and lighting requirements. In view of the technical phases of part 17, and the fact that antenna proposals involve various types of radio services, the Commission decided that the antenna surveys be coordinated in a single branch in the Office of Chief Engineer. Statistics of antenna applications processed by the Antenna Survey Branch (ASB) for the fiscal year subsequent to February 15, 1!.l51, the effective date of part 17, follow: Antenna applications 823 , ., 1 o 4 804 53 3 3 o 5~I 119 I 2,280 3,222 I Services I I !x nt cleared b .... II I Rece'· d IClparNl by i, ASD-referredJP.~~,di3'0". PiP ASB; to ASP for LLU I I &tudy 1951 ------------~----1------'-----,---'---- ,---- DroadcastinK; 'I A:\1 ... __ 234 172 :FM__ _ . : 26 18 TV _ _ ..__ 22 18 Co:~~~r~~~~:~~~I~-------------.-.... ------1 8g8~ Speeialsen'iees__::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i-.-2,846 1.986 [ Page 140 in the original document is intentionally blank J CHAPTER VI-RADIO OPERATORS 1. COMMERCIAL RADIO OPERATORS 2. sTATIS'rICS I. COMMERCIAL RADIO OPERATORS The Commission is concerned not only with radio station licensing but also with the licensing of the stations' operators. Over 600,000 commercial radio operators (as distinguished from amateur radio operators, treated elsewhere in this report) now hold licenses. There are nine basic classes of commercial operator licenses graduated to meet the operating requirements of the various classes of radio sta tions. Included among the commercial operators licensed are those whose use of radio is complementary to their occupation as well as those who operate radio stations as a vocation. Basically, all radio stations licensed by the Commission are required by law to have licensed radio operators and the Commission has the duty in accordance with the Communications Act to issue operator licenses. In this connection, the Commission prescribes the kinds and classes of radio operators and the qualifications they must possess as u basis for licensing. Examinations for the various operator licenses are given regularly at the Commission's field offices and at regular intervals at examination points located throughout the United States. Commercial radio operator licenses normally have 5-year terms and an operator wishing to maintain his licensed status must take steps at the end of the term to obtain either a renewal or a new operator li cense. Renewal licenses normally are given without examination if the operator has been working under his license for a reasonable portion of the liceuse term. The accelerated drafting of operators into the Armed Forces which occurred during the past year and the temporary employment of operators in rearmament work prevented many operators from obtaining the requisite service for renewal and the Commission in the public interest temporarily waived the normal renewal service requirements. The present national emergency and rearmament program have created a special demand for electronic technicians. This demand has 141 142 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION been supplied partly from the licensed operator personnel of radio stations and this in turn has created a shortage of radio operators holding licenses of the higher classes. Furthermore, the amount of ocean-going shipping was increased to meet the requirements of the emergency and an increased number of experienced radiotelegraph operators were needed to man the ships. As an emergency measure to add to the supply of experienced marine operators, a special class of radio operator license was created in April 1951 which is valid only for ship radio stations. The license is issued to certain former operators upon their passing an appropriate Morse Code test. The shortage of operators holding radiotelephone first-class opera tor licenses has had a serious impact upon broadcast stations locltted in the small market areas. To afford temporary relief, the Commis sion established a policy of granting temporary permission for periods up to 30 days to utilize lower class operators for the normal operation of stations under the supervision of one or more fully qualified full time operators. This relaxation is granted only where it is shown that the station concerned has made reasonable efforts to employ first class operators and has been unable to do so. The Commission by amending its rules delegated authority to administer this policy with respect to AM and FM broadcast stations to its 23 district field engi neering offices. Licensees applying for temporary relief from the nor mal operator requirements accordingly should apply to these offices rather than to the Commission's Washington offices. At the end of the fiscal year, authorizations to employ lower grade operators were being granted at the rate of approximately 28 per week. The Commission has authority under the law to issue radio operator licenses only to United States citizens. This limitation, coupled with the basic statutory requirement that radio stations in the United States have operators licensed by the Commission, generally prevents foreigners from operating radio stations of this country. This situa tion is most evident in the ease of mobile stations snch as those on board aircraft travelling bctween Cauada aud the Unitcd States. From the difficulties arising in this connection, it appeared desirable to effect some arrangement whereby citizens of these two countries could operate each other's stations, aud this led to negotiations with Canada in which the Commission participated. As a result, repre sentatives of the two Governmeuts on February 8, 1951, at Ottawa, signed a cOllyention which would provide a solution to Some of the operator problems presented. At the end of the year, the convention had not been ratified by either Canada or the United States and was not yet in effect. That there is considerable interest in the provisions of the convention is indicated by the numerous inquiries received from .aircraft pilots. The Commission on January 29, 1951, in line with the International REPORT OF THE FEDEHAL CO:.HMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 143 Radio Regulations, issued a proposal to amend section 13.61 of its rules so as to further define the operating authority of holders of the Restricted Radiotelephone Operaror Permit and the Aircraft Radio telephone Operator Authorization. Under the proposed amendment, operators obtaining these authorizations would not be eligible to operate ship or aircraft radiotelephone stations having a pmver capa bility greater than 50 watts. The matter had not been finally decided at the end of the year.• During the paRt year, work was completed on material for a sup plementary examination for licensed radio operators who wish to per form or supervise tests aud adjustments of ship radar installations during the installation, servicing, or maintenance of such equipment. The examination consists of 50 questions on specialized theory and pr~cticeapplicable to the proper installation, servicing, and mainte nance of ship radar in general use for marine navigational purposes. Upon passing the examination, known as element 8, the eligible appli cant is entitled to have a radar endorsement placed upon his radio operator license. The Commission publishes a booklet to show the scope of the ex aminations for the various classes of comlnercial radio operator licenses and endorsements. This publication, entitled "Study Guide and Reference Material for Commercial Radio Operator Examina tions", is printed and made available to interested persons by the Government Printing Office. Because of substantial changes made during the preceding year in the examinations, the Commission made extensive revisions of the publication. 2. STATISTICS AUTHORIZATIONS Commercial operator licenses of all classes reached a total of ap proximately 612,000 at the close of the year, which was a net increase of more than 74,000 over the previous year. Comparative figmes follow: ----- --------. 141 141 4,132 (36.1) 7, fH;7(r,~3) 1,155 (7) June 30, Increasr nf 1951 (decre:lse) 3R. 049 39,000 951 17,535 18,400 865 4,100 4.4{1O 340.990 398,9HO 51,970 120,550 , 1:37,988 17,4:lfl 537,131 I 612, 143 1 74,712 -~--~~- Class of license - -----~~------~--~~~~~~~~~~;-~- lUll('- ::1O, I 1950 4, 7951 H,350 1,162 Hadi'1tt'i{'~aph: Firstr1a..~s_.__ ..... . " . __ Pccandclass _ Third c1MS 1 __ " •••• _. 'l'eml)ol'ary limited: R:vli'ltel('l!m.plL.. ..._._ .. __ ._. . _ feeoud class __ .. . _ Radiotelephone: First eiltsi'; __ ..._ Peeolld c1ass ..... Thirrl c1ass _._. _ Hestrieted radiotelephone rermit ._._ ...__ . Aircraft radiotelephone autllOrizaUon_ .. , __ Total.. _ I Includ".'; restrkted radlotr]e!-'raph orerator permits. 144 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION APPLICATIONS During the year more than 150,000 applications for commercial operator licenses were received. This represents an increase of ap proximately 50,000 overthe figure for last year. CHAPTER VII-FIELD ENGINEERING AND MONITORING 1. GENERAL 2. FIELD OFFICES 3. MONITORING STATIONS 4. INSPECTIONS 5. OPERATOR EXAMINATIONS 6. INVESTIGATIONS 7. MONITORING FUNCTIONS 8. TEClINICAL OPERATIONS 1. GENERAL The Field Engineering and Monitoring Division constitutes the Commission's primary inspection, examination, enforcenlent, and en gineering fact-finding unit. Its field staff inspects radio stations of all types and serves notices for discovered discrepancies, conducts radio-operator examinations and issues operator licenses to those found qualified, monitors the radio spectrum to assure that stations operate on their assigned frequencies with prescribed power, locates and closes unauthorized transmitters, investigates compL1ints of interference to various radio services, obtains and correlates technical data for Com mission use, furnishes fixes and directional information to aircraft which are lost and provides bearings and fixes on ships in distress. 2. FIELD OFFICES The Commission's 9 regional engineering offices supervise 23 district offices, 6 suboffices, 3 ship offices, and 18 monitoring stations, which are listed in the appendix. The engineering work performed by these field offices and monitoring stations is coordinated and directed by the Washington office. . 3. MONITORING STATIONS The Commission operates 18 monitoring stations of which 11 are primary stations and 7 are secondary stations. Sixteen are located in the United States, one in Hawaii, and one in Alaska. The secondary station at North Scituate, R. T., was closed in January 1951 for budg etary economy reasons. A request has been made to Congress that four new monitoring stations be added during the next fiscal year, with corresponding increase in the present monitoring station staffs. 145 146 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION This unique monitoring and direction-finding network is the only one of its kind in the United States. It renders services to the public and Government in numerous ,vays and to the Commission in special categories. FUlletioning as it does on a round-tIle-clock basis and beinglinked together and with tVashington headquarters by radio and teletypewriter circuits, it constitutes a prompt and accurate identify ing, localizing, and frequency-measuring adjunct to the Commission's law enforcement and emergency aid programs. 4. INSPECTIONS BROADCAST STATION INSPECTIONS The Commission's engineers regularly inspect the equipment of all stations in the AM, FM, and TV broadcast services. These inspec tions are to determine whether the stations abide by the rules and regu lations under which their operation has been authorized and whether they render an adequate technical broadcast service to the listening and viewing public. All of the stations' technical operations are care fully reviewed, including .their maintenance of directional radiation patterns, their authorized power, the frequency and stability of emis sions, the program modulation including quality of music or voice, the proper lighting of the antenna towers for the enhancement of safety to airborne passengers and the maintenance of logs and records show ing that other requirements of the Communications Act are being observed. Following is a tabulation of the number of broadcast stations of the three classes inspected in 1950 and 1951. Broadcast stations inspect.cd AM • _ FM _ TV _ TotaL _ "50 1,476 306 104 1,886 1951 l,~· " 1,490' Discrepancies noted in broadcast station operation during 1950 totaled 1,108 as compared with 885 during 1951. Percentage-wise, 59· percent of the station inspections made in 1950 resulted in citations while 59.4 percent resulted in this action in 1951. SHIP STATION INSPECTIONS Since 1910, the United States has continued in the forefront in the· enactment of safety legislation and in the enforcement of international laws for the safety of lives and property at sea. The Commission's engineers, as did those of its predecessor agencies, assist ship owners and operators in maintaining ship radio apparatus in a condition of REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COxIMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 147 instant readiness for emergency demands. Ship inspection figures for 1950 and 1951 follow: ~umberof ship inspeetions 1950 i 1951 United States ships . . . . • , _ Foreign ships TotaL • _ 6,982 3,032 10,014 7,897 2,939 10,836 During iuspections of ship radio stations, the formal action to obtain correction of defects and irregularities ish~reshown: :Number of deficiency notices scrved\~l~ ~!~r~~g~~hi~~S-~hiPS-.-~:::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:~~I :;~~r Tota'-~• • .•~I~ The ever-present danger of complacency in the maintenance of radio equipment by owners and licensees points out the need of con tinued and regular inspections of ship radio stations to maintain their readiness and efficiency when disaster strikes in the age-old battle of men against the sea. The number of discrepancies which were corrected immediately by the licensee or his representative during the inspection, and therefore did not necessitate tM serving of formal deficiency notices, is indicated below: Violation'l clearEXl during inspections 1950 1951 United States ships__ . ,~~_2,783 3,356 Foreign ships...~•~__ •__._~___1513 MO TotIl.L~_. __ ••.~• • •••__ 3,296 3, g9/i INSPECTION OF OTHER RADIO STATIONS Inspections made of stations in services other than broadcast and ship totaled 13,507 in 1951 and 12,755 in 1950. Discrepancies of a tpdlllic,,1 nature totaling 3,742 were revealed in 1951, while 3,699 were discovered in 1050. The use of radio in more and more services to the public, in the dispatching of vehicles of various types in the safety services, in providing communication to isolated communities, in watching by radio the rise and fall of river levels to prepare the popu lace for floods, and in underground prospecting and in other appar ently unlimited and widely divergent fields continnes to present added field responsibilities and obligations. Records are maintained in each Commission district office of the new stations, and as they are authol'ized these stations are scheduled for inspection upon the next 148 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION trip to that vicinity. Due to the number of new stations added an nually, it has been impossible lately to accomplish yearly inspections of all stations with the available inspectional force and, as a result, inspections are made of stations at least once during their license period. In order to facilitate compliance with the Commission's rules and regulations, the inspecting engineer ealls technical discrepancies to the attention of the station at the time the discrepancy is discovered and clears those which are corrected while the inspection is in progress. These discrepancies, consequently, are not recorded as formally cited and the incident isr~cordedas a minor discrepancy which was "cleared during inspection". In continuing its efforts to hasten the correction of operational dis crepancies, and particularly in those cases where the station'sopera~ tion does not directly involve safety of life and property, "sample inspections" are made of groups of stations. Inspections also occur during Nation-wide drives synchronized with the release of appro priate public notices, as was recently accomplished in connection with private aircraft. This method has proven quite effective in bringing to the attention of groups of radio-station operators the need for their obtainment of required operator and station licenses in cases where these documents had not been secured previously, also, to bring to their realization the need for standard operating procedures and "circuit discipline" of a "party line" nature.~This tends to free the itinerant aiTcraft frequencies of unnecessary conversation which can disrupt the channels with consequent loss of their usefulness in an emergency. The Commission's field engineers are responsible for the inspection of the hundreds of thousands of stations in the various categories. These include mobile stations as well as the fixed stations which service them. Mobile stations are in the majority. They encompass radio equipment on police, fire department, ambulances, tow trucks, taxi cabs, and other vehicles which serve the public. Inspection is made of these stations as frequently as limited inspectional personnel can be spared from other duties. 5. OPERATOR EXAMINATIONS Commercial operator licenses totaling 139,732 were issued in the field during 1951 as compared to 101,226 issued during 1950. This is an increase of 38 percent. The licensing of stations in new or expand ing radio services calls for an ever-increasing number oT licensed opera tors for their operation. Some stations-such as TV and radiotele graph stations on ocean going ships-require operators holding the highest grades of radiotelephone ann radiotelegraph licenses which are obtained only after the applicant has passed a thorough technical REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 149 examination given by an examining engineer. Lie-enses valid for the operation of ot.her types of radio stations require examinations which are designed to determine the applicant's knowledge of and famiii arity with the service in w"hich he seeks authority to operate. Examinations are given regularly at field engineering offices of the Commission, at the 'V"ashington examination office and at various points in the United States, its Territories and possessions. In addi tion, examinations given at points outside the district offices are held annually, semiannually, or quarterly as the needs of the locality indi cate. The places and times of these examinations are made known by publication, semiannually, of an oflicial examination schedule which may be obtained by writing to any of the district engineering offices listed in the appendix hereto. 6. INVESTIGATIONS Investigative aetivity increased somewhat in 1951 over that in 1950. This was brought about by a number of factors, among which are the steady increase in the number of new adaptations of radio and to the mounting purehases of television receivers. During 1951 a total of 9,6,,2 investigative complaints of all types were handled by Com mission investigative engineers as compared with 8,613 in 1950. Investigations may be divided into two general groups: (a) Those pertaining to licensed stations and (b) those made in connection with un]ieensed, unidentified, or unknown stations or sources of radio interference. Although the number of cases involving unlicensed stations is a relatively small proportion of the total number of investi gations conducted, such investigations constitute an extremely im portant activity due to the fact that unlicensed operation must be suppressed as quickly as possible, particularly if serious interference is involved. Cases of deliberate violations of the Communications Act must be prepared for prosecution of the persons responsible. In this category are investigations to apprehend persons who commit other violations sueh as the use of profane and indecent language, or who use radio surreptitiously for illegal purposes such as that oc casionally attempted at race tracks to "beat the bookies". The Commission's investigative engineers recently uncovered sev eral unauthorized TV broadcasting stations which were installed for the purpose of providing "bootleg" television programs to comnluni ties which, due to their geographical location, were unable to receive programs from authorized stations. The Commission's ability to speedily discover these and other illegal operators who attempt to break the laws acts as a deterrent to more widespread illegal radio operation. During the year, 11 cases of illegal operation were referred to the 973537--52----11 150 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Department of Justice for prosecution. Convictions were obtained in four cases, while the others had not yet reaehed court. Prosecution and conviction of all operators of illegal stations found are not sought by the Commission in cases where the violation was manifestly not premeditated, particularly when committed by minors. During 1951, a total of 101 unauthorized stations were discovered and closed as compared to 149 in 1950. A total of 5,625 investigative cases relating to licensed stations were handled during 1951, an increase of 417 over 1950. These investiga tions were made in connection with complaints relating to authorized stations of all classes. Interference to TV reception accounted for the largest number but interference to AM and FM broadcasting and, of lesser magnitude, interference to and by the various stations or services, likewise received appreciable effort. Less numerous, but of considerable importance to safety of life and property, were cases involving interference to aviation and other communications services caused by equipment frequently located more than a thousand miles from the place at which the interference was experienced. The equipment responsible for such interference was frequently found to be radio frequency "industrial heaters" used in certain manufacturing processes. Such interference sources are first localized by the Commission's long-range direction-finding network, then tracked down by means of mobile direction-finding units. Many interesting phenomena are discovered due, to some extent, to the large number of stations which are being installed, particularly in the urban communities. Rectification of radio signals, due to imperfect metallic contacts in homes and mixing of radio signals in a radio receiver from two or more radio stations in the complainant's vicinity, is a frequent cause of interference. Other sOurCeS are various domestic electric appliances, passing airplanes, trains, streetcars and buses, electric-welding equipment, diathermy, and, in some cases, radio receivers which radiate radio signals into the neighborhood while they are receiving. The latter has been found to be particularly true of some TV receivers now in usc. 7. MONITORING FUNCTIONS Commission monitoring- is analogous to the work of traffic police men in maintaining order on the Nation's highways. Most countries of the wm,ld havefollnd it necessary to maintain monitoring stations. In fact, it is an obligation under international treaties and radio conventions to do so. Tbe United States has been a pioneer in this regard and strives to maintain its leadership of operating, in the REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 151 Federal Communications Commission, the best monitoring system of this type in the world. INTERFERENCE COMPLAINTS When a signal -which cannot be identified by the complainant is causing interference to other radio operations, quick corrective action is essential. Vital messages can be jammed by accident or negligence as well as by design. It is natural that the Commission, through its monitoring service charged with keeping order in the air lanes, is looked to both for identifying the station causing interference and for eliminating the trouble. A typical example of this type of interference elimination occurred when an engineer in Washington, D. C., noted a particularly strong unidentified signal estimated to be a potential, if not actual, source of interference to an aircraft frequency. Consequently, an "alert" was placed via the Federal Communications Commission's teletype in order that coordinated long-range bearings could be obtained. Later during the same evening an Air Force base in Texas filed a formal complaint through the nearest monitoring station on the same interfering signal already under observation. In addition to the complaint from Texas, another was received from an Air Force base in Montana. In a short time bearings were obtained, plotted, and a "fix" evaluated indicating the offending signal to come from the vicinity of an Air Force base in California. The responsible authori ties were notified and shortly thereafter the interfering signal left the air. All of this was accomplished in the relatively short time of 37 minutes from the time the initial complaint was received until the time that the interfering signal was removed. Another instance involved interference to a channel used by the Transcontinental and Western Airways at New York. Bearings were' obtained, a fix determined, and the source located, all in 15 minutes. But sometimes neither the identification nor the removal of the trouble is so simple. In more complicated cases, a final step must be taken by calling mobile units into operation to trace the source of the offending transmission. One case in point during the year was when the Coast Guard advised the Commission's monitoring service that an unidentified signal was at times blocking out trans missions on an aircraft channel. After long-range bearings were taken, a mobile unit was dispatched from the New York area to run down the offender. It was found to be an excessively radiating in dustrial heater used for gluing wood panels. This operation took approximately 3 days. Since the owner of the machine did not offer cooperation leading to\vard eliminating the interference, it was neces sary for the Commmission to secure an injunction to remedy the situation. 152 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION In some cases, long-range bearings for identification are not re quired, but extensive monitoring observations, including frequency and band-width measurements, observations of lllodulation percent age, etc., must be made of a station to determine the facts. The Com mission's llwnitoring personnel is called upon to make observations and recommendations. The latter are then brought to the attention of other bureaus of the Commission, or other agencies or governments if necessary, to effect a solution to the interference problem. A total of 2,479 major monitoring cases were handled during the fiscal year, which was 596 more than in 1950. 111is reflects the in crease or interference cOlnplaints proportionate to the number of operating stations. The trend is expected to continue as nlore and more stations are authorized in the various services. EMERGENCY SERVICE The Commission's monitoring stations continued to be called upon to furnish emergency long-range direction finder fixes on lost or other wise disabled air and sea craft. During the past year 168 requests were received in this category as compared with 116 in 1950. More can be anticipated next year, due to the increased amount of military training flights. Several cases of emergency monitoring assistance given during fiscal 1951 were of interest. Among these were instances of aid fur nished lost B-29's en route from Honolulu to the mainland; aid fur nished the giant Navy aircmft Mars which lost the use of two engines over the Pacific; aid given a military transport, en route to Halifax with failing engines, which radioed at the end of the journey, "Have landing in sight tlumk God"; aid furnished a giant £-50 lost in the Middle West; aid furnished a P AA clipper ship flying the Pacific; aid furnished a lost yacht named the Francis C which, after receiving its position, transmitted "Continuing voyage express ap preciation for assistance rendered"; and assistance given planes seek ing to fix the position of many of the hurricanes last fall in the Caribbean. MONITORING SURVEYS During the year many monitoring surveys were made, both for the Commission's use and at the request of other agencies. These surveys for the most part are exacting and time consuming but are necessary for the efficient use of the radio spectrum. Data from such surveys are also used at international conferences. MONITORING ENFORCEMENT In policing the spectrum, thousands of improper operations have been detected and brought to the attention of the offenders. During REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 153 fiscal 1951, as a result of monitoring activities, 8,846 violation notices were served on radio stations and operators both domestic and foreign. This is slightly lower than the 9,817 served during the previous fiscal year and undoubtedly represents an improvement in the maintenance of frequency stability and in operating practices due to close surveillance. 8. TECHNICAL OPERATIONS ~\.sa result of rapid expansion of radio communication into higher frequencies and Hew fields of radio activity, there continues to be cor responding need for new and improved equipment for use in exercising technical surveillance over the operations of radio stations, locating unlicensed stations and sources of interference to authorized services, and for obtaining propagation data and other information for use in connection with allocation of frequencies, especially in frequency ranges above 50 megacycles. To meet these equipment needs a number of items of equipment were purchased and modifications were made in existing equipment to provide improved and more diversified operation. DurinA' the fiscal year 68 new engineering projects were assigned to the field offices and monitoring stations as a result of requests from the various offices in the Commission and from other Government ag-en cies or originated by the·Field Engineering and Monitoring Division. In addition, 93 projects were carried over from the previous year. The total of 161 active engineering projects which involved engineer ing studies, measurements and investigations was about 25 percent greater than for the previous year and 33 percent greater than for 1949. The field engineers spent more than 8,000 man-days during fiscal 1951 on these subjects, about the same total time as for the two prevlOUS years. Examples of engineering project assignments were: The, directional patterns of 236 different AM broadcast stations were checked to determine whether the stations were operating their an tenna systems in accordance with the specifications set forth in their licenses. Field intensity measurements and surve,ys were made of the emissions of eightA~Ibroadcast stations in connection with interfer ence to other services from these stations involving harmonic radiation, cross modulation, and other spurious radiations. The long range AM broadcast field intensity recording program was continued at six stations and a new program of VI-IF and UHF field intem;ity l'eeon!ing ill cooperation with the Cpntral Radio Propa gation Laboratory was initiated at Bine monitoring stations and one ,listriet office. At the close of the year, 20 AM broadcast and 22 VHF nnd UIIF television andF~Ibroadcast recorders were in continuous operation. Information obtained from these 42 recorders is used in 1'54 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION connection with allocation studies and in determination of range of coverage to be expected from the various classes of stations. Special mobile field intensity recordings were also made at five offices, using test cars to obtain information and data which could not be obtained at fixed locations. Considerable progress was made during the year in replacing the old mobile investigative units with new investigative cars. 'When the year ended, 15 of the new cars had been completely modified and equipped and work was progressing On 7 additional cars. The Field Engineering and Monitoring Division operates a total of 39 fully equipped investigative cars. Installations of low frequency direction finders (250 to 1500 kilo cycles) were made at seven of the monitoring stations to extend the coverage with fixed direction finders below that previously available. In addition, considerable progress was made in development of new long range direction finders which may be remotely controlled and operated from the 'monitoring building. Two different methods of performing this feat have been devised and operational tests are now in progress to determine the relative accuracy and usability of the two arrangements. Such direction finders ,will greatly increase the effi ciency of the Commission's direction finding network, leadiug to faster fixes and more economical utilization ofmanpower. .Other field activities involved construction of special equipment for monitoring and engineering measurements and for other purposes which cannot be fulfilled by commercially available equipment. Also, a number of tesh were made to determine the suitability of various items of equipment for nse at the field offices and stations. CHAPTER VIII-TECHNICAL AND LABORATORY ACTIVITIES I. GENERAL 2. TECHNICAL RESEARCH DIVISION 3. LABORATORY DIVISION 1. GENERAL Rel'earch and technical studies are basic to Commission allocation of frequencies and the establishment of rules governing the operation of all types of radio senices. Such highly involved and complicated matters can be handled only by specialized cngineers. Those engaged in this phase of the Commission's work are grouped into two divi sioll&-Technical Research and Laboratory. Both divisions fUllction l:lldcl' tIle Of!i'::e or the Chief Ellgineer. Particular projects require the cooperation of the Commission:::; field engineers and monitoring system. 2. TECHNICAL RESEARCH DIVISION The Technical Research Division serves as an operational research group for the purpose of resolving problems relating to wave propa gation, technical standards, and various allied subjects. In this con nection it organizes research projcets for the collection of technical data by the Field Engineering nnd l\tIonitoring Division, the Labora tory Division, and other organizations including certain groups in the radio industry. It also participates in the teehnical studies inci dent to international conferences and treaties, and represents the Commission in the coordination of radio research, standardization, and instrumentation with GoVel'nlnent and industrial organizations. During fiscal 1951, the Technical Research Division continued its current long-term projects at about the same level as during the pre violls year while it increased activities in the VHF and UHF part of the spectrum. More emphasis was also exerted on those projects deal ing with tcchnical standards. The duties of the Ad Hoc Committee on tclevision continued through most of the year and resulted in the rele"e of the widely accepted Ad Hoc reports. The division con tinued to carryon special studies and to collect and analyze basic data concerning radio wave propflgation as ,,"ell as other cOllllnunica- Liti 156 EEPOET OF THE FEDEEAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION tion problems, and to make the resnlting scientific information avail able to the Commission for guidance in the promulgation of new rules and the determination of technical limitations and practical engineering standards. Allocation of radio frequencies to the various radio services is pre mised upon a knowledge of many highly technical and complicated things. These include ionosphere and troposphere propagation, ter rain effects, useful intensities of signal as related to various sources of interference, geographical and frequency separations necessary to alleviate interference in accordance with various requirements, equip ment capabilities and limitations, new developments and their possi bilities, and other fundamental considerations. The Commission must have a detailed knowledge of the propaga tion characteristics of radio signals throughout the spectrum in order to make the most economic and practical allocation of facilities. The propagation characteristics of the band of frequencies allocated to a particular service has to be consistent with the operating require ments. The further allocation of stations within a service--i. e., the determination of eochannel and adjacent channel distance separa tions r service ranges, and power limitations-can only be founded on a knowledge of propagation. This knowledge is best obtained from deductions arrived at by experienced engineers through the study and analysis of long-term field intensity rneasnrements involving the use of carefully calibrated recording equipment. It is the primary func tion of the Technical Research Division to obtain and evaluate such data. VHF AND UHF PROPAGATION STUDIES Televi8ion and Filf-Ad Hoc Oom"nittee.-Several members of the division participated actively in the Ad Hoc Committee for the evaluation of the radio propagation factors concerning the TV and FM broadcast services in the frequency range between 50 and 250 megaeycles. This committee was formed in October 1948 and func t.ioned through~Tuly1951 in connection with the Commission's hear ings on TV and FM allocations. The committee was headed by the Chief of the Technical Research Division and consisted of propa gation experts from industry and Government. A considerable amollnt of time was spent by several of the nlembers of this division on the snbcommittee responsible for preparing volume II of the Ad Hoc Committee Report, which was introdueed into the record of the television allocation hearing of October 1950. TV standards.-The division participated actively in the drafting of engiJ1Cering standards for TV broadcast stations, as proposed by theCommi~sionOil September 21, 19::;0, and ]tfarch 22, 1951. AIeasltremenf8.-During the early part of the year plans were drawn REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICA"IONS COMMISSION 157 for the recording of field intensities of new TV and FM stations by the Commission's monitoring stations. During the last quarter of the fiscal year the plans were finalized and the work of installing record ers and collecting field data got under way. In collecting information on radio propagation and atmospheric noise, the division has maintained close liaison with the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards, ex changing data and eollaborating in the preparation of propagation curves and charts. Recently the CRPL has endeavored to expand its recording program and, because of its inability to increase these activities to the extent desired, expressed its desire to assist in the expansion of the Commission's recording program in order to pro vide the military services with much-needed technical information at the earliest possible date. In order to supply the required propa gation data, plans were worked out for the inauguration of a project of VHF and UHF propagation measurements in which the Com mission will obtain information useful in the allocation problems associated with TV, FM, and other radio services utilizing these frequencies, and, at the same time, vital information will be obtained concerning the application of these frequencies to defense problems. The division continued to analyze data accumulated at various monitoring stations and prepared numerous technical reports on the subject. These included information concerning UHF propagation as applied to broadcasting purposes resulting from measurements made on frequencies between 529 and 535 megacycles, as transmitted by the National Broadcasting Company from station KC2XAK in Bridgeport, Conn. This was the first station in the United States to transmit TV programs regularly on UHF. A paper on VHF propagation was prepared in cooperation with industry engineers and presented before the joint meetings of the Institute of Radio Engineers and International Radio Scientific Union, held in Washington in April 1951. Other studies.-In preparation for the television allocation hear ing, numerous studies were made of the effect upon TV broadcast service areas of the different parameters, such as transmitting antenna height, acceptance ratio (ratio of desired to undesired signals re quired to give satisfactory service), multiple interference, etc. These studies were made for both the VHF and UHF ranges of frequencies under propagation conditions typical of different parts of the country. Elltensive studies were made of available data to evaluate the variation of field intensity for the UHF band. These studies in cluded both long-distance tropospheric propagation and line-of-sight propagation over irregular terrain. These studies enabled intelligent estimates to be made of the service available in the UHF band. 158 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 152-162-Megacycle study.-During the year the Common Carrier Bureau was confronted with applications for facilities in the Public Land Mobile Service in excess of those which could be accommodated by the available frequency pairs. For example, a large number of applications came from the New York area. This involved an alloca tion problem which ranged from New Brunswick, N. J., to Hemp stead on Long Island and north to West Chester, Conn. Since the applicable rules did not contain definitive engineering standards for the allocation of frequencies, it was nece8sary to investigate the propagation characteristies of the 152-1G2-me,gacycle band and the performance of the equipmentw~edby this ::;crvice in Ol'Jer to arrive at engineering standards dealing \vith service and cochannel inter ference. Much use was made of thc matcrial developed by the TV Ad Hoe Committee, which was interpolated to give the expected transmission conditions i1'1 this frequency range. A technical report was prepared summarizing all of the pertinent factors and making recommendations. Technical assistance was rendered to the engineers of the Common Carrier Bureau in the preparation of the teehnical exhibits for the application hearings. Assistance was rendered in hearings on similar problems in Chicago, Los Angeles, and Dallas. Color television.-Since the Technical Heseareh Division had been actively involved in the color television hearings, considerable time and effort were also expended in analyzing the voluminous hearing record and exhibits. The salient technical points involved were brought out in theCommission~sc.olor television report. TECHNICAL STUDIES AND STANDARpS General.-Each year produces its crop of new radio developments and with each comes a fresh series of technieal problems. When a new service or a new phase of an old service is inaugurated there is immediate need for new rules including definitions of terms, teclulical requirements, and operational limitations. 'With the rapid expansion which is taking place in the many existing radio services and, due to the development of new serviees, the need for technical studies grows steadily. By the same token the Commission's problems of interference prevention are continually becoming more extensive and more acute. This is not hard to understand when it is realized that approximately 18 million new broadcast receivers were manufaetured in this country during the past year. lieRtncted radiation devices.-The study of restrieted radiation devices undertaken during the previolls year was carried forward during fiscal 1951. The most acute problem was that of interference from power line carrier current systems to navigational aids. The Government-indnstry committees eontinued work on this problem. Field-intensity measurements, ineluding measurements on the ground Rl'PORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 159 and in the air, were completed. Reports snbmitted by the different task forces were distributed to the interested parties. A summary of the carrier current measurements in the fOrIn of a mass plot was prepared by the division. This chart represented the first attempt to show graphically, a.nd in a general way, how the radiation from carrier current systems varies with distance from the generating source or distribution lines. 17Widental radiation devices.-Incidental radiations from devices such as receivers, electric razors, heating pads, fluorescent lights, automobile ignition systems, etc., cause untold interference to radio reception. A considerable amount of time was spent in the study of such radiation with a view to determining the most ti'oublesome sources and to finding effective remedies. Recei-ver Tadiation.-Probably the most prolific offcnders in the incidental radiation field are FM and TV receivers. Radiation from these receivers causes interference not only to FM and TV reception but to certain safety devices·such as aviation navigational aids. Rep resentatives of the division met with the industry committees dealing withthi~problem. As a result, two ontstanding jobs were completed during the year.Fil'~t,a :-:tanclal'cl method of making "open field" measnrements of receiver radiation was evolved; second, definite limits of radiation for Fl\I and TV receivers were agreed upon andrecom~ mended by the Radio-Television Manufaetnrers Association to its member companies. The Commission ,vill continue to encourage bet ter circllitde~ig'lland more effective suppression methods among all receiver manufacturers. The problem of measuring receiver radia tion and means of reducing the degree of radiation in the UHF bands is now under study. Spuriou8 and ha:rmonic radiation.-Work in this field was carried 011 during the year as a continuing problem. Numerous interstaft' meetings were held. A considerable amount of work is still to be per formed before this tronblesome problem can be presented to the Com mission for action. Radiolocation.-This problem, carried over froul previous years, commanded division attention at various times during 1051. A.prom~ ising proposal for the solution of the frequency problem involved the sharing of the 1750-1800-kiloeycle band with the Disaster Communi cations Service. A general plan was drafted for presentation to the Commission. Ooordination of technicall'Ule8.-Thc dcsirability of maintaining nniformity of the technical phases of the rulcs throughout all parts and all services has long been sought, but the processes for this accom plishment have not bcen easy to inaugurate. However, the work under this project will be accelerated during the coming year. 160 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CO"IMUNICATIONS COMMISSION GOVERNMENT-INDUSTRY COMMITTEES The Commission is represented by it.s Technical Rese,arch Division on a number of important standing committees of Government and industry. Among these are executive groups or the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory, the URSI (International Radio Scientific Union), and CCIR (International Radio Consultative Committee), committees of the Institute of Radio Engineers and the Radio-Tele vision~,fanu£acturel'sAssociation, and panels of the Committee on Electronics of the Research and Development Board. The chief of the division continued to sprve as chairman of the central committee which coordinated technical ,york related to restricted radiation de vices and also served as ehail'man of the Ad Hoc Committee on tele vision. fIe also attended the CCIR meetings in Geneva. TECHNICAL CONSULTING SERVICE Besides furnishing technicllllldvice to the Commission, the division is called upon to answer technical questions of other Government agencies, industry, and private engineers. Unabated demands of this nature added to the backlogs of routine work. MEDIUM FREQUENCY PROJECTS Sunspot cycle1>ecording8.~Solllractivity has a profound effect upon radio-wave propag-ation. Dttring daytime hours, standard broad cast stations are heard only over relatively short distances. At night, sky-wave signals may be heard from distant States as well as from Mexico and Canada. The sunspot cycle covers a period of about 11 years. The Commission's sunspot cycle project was inaugurated in 1938 and is still active. Continuous recordings of broadcast signals are being made at Baltimore, Md.; Grand Island, Nebr.; Portland, Oreg.; Powder Springs, Ga. j Fort Lauderdale, Fla.; Kingsville, Tex., and from time to time at other points. These data are needed to sup plement that taken in previous years. In the cases of several stations under study, additional recordings are required to cover the full cycle. This information is being coordinat.ed with similar recordings in Canada. An extensive analysis of the accumulated data is underway to determine the nature and magnitude of the medium frequency sky wave propagation effects corresponding to variations in solar activity during the last sunspot cycle. AtnwlIpl18ric noiae.-Continuous field intensity recordings of atmos pheric noise between 200 and 1600 kilocycles were continued. This information is analyzed and correlated with thunderstorm data and the results are used in the preparation of a series of noise maps to show characteristic variations with the time of day and a percentage of time for each frequency band and for various latitudes. These maps are used in estimating the signal level required to provide an accept- REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CO}1}1UXICATIONS COMMISSION 161 able radio service in the presence of atmospheric noise; hence, the possible service ranges when interference from other stations is ab sent. Because of the pressure of other duties,allal:y~esof atmospheric noise charts and the preparation of noise maps could not be under taken during fiscal year 1951. North American Regional J]1'oadcasf'in.g Oonferencc.-Considerable time "'as devoted to preparation of technical standards for and at tendance at the NARBA conference in 'Vashington. A staff Inember of the division served as secretary of committee No. 1. This com mittee handled all matters related to technical standards in connection with the preparatory session. 3.J~ABORATORYDIVISION GENERAL FUNCTIONS The Commission maintains a I ..aboratory Division near Laurel,~1:d. This division makes technical measurements and engineering investi gations to aid the Commission in allocating freqnency bands, estab lishing and revising engineering standards and regulations for new as well as existing services, and drafting regulations covering noncom h1unications type of equipment employing radio-frequency energy which may interfere with the radio communication services. The Laboratory Division's activities include: 1. Investigation of various methods of transmission and reception to determine which method permits the most efficient utilization of the spectrum and to ascertain the interference factors which limit the various methods. 2. Tests of transmitters to determine whether interference signals are emitted on frequencies other than the assigned channel. 3. Tests of receivers to determine how close together the COmmis sion might place stations without the listeners receiving several sta tions at the same time. 4. Tests of receivers to determine what interference they may pro duce in other nearby receivers either in the same service or in other services,. 5. Tests for reliability of operation of equipment such as apparatus involving safety at sea. This type of equipment is required by the Commission's rules and regulations or by treaty. 6. Tests of the accuracy and reliability of monitoring equipment required to be used by stations. 7. Investigation of interference produced by noncommunication nses of radio-frequency energy. 8. Development of special monitoring equipment for use of Com mission engineers in the field, and maintenance of the accuracy of .measuring installations and equipments. 162 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION The work of the laboratory generally is directed toward the testing of a type of equipment rather than the testing of individual units. Attempt is made to anticipate interference problems and to have remedial measures taken prior to the manufacture and distribution of a large Dumber of units instead of waiting until the interference occurs in the field and requires numerous individual investigations. In some instances type tests are required by the rules and regula tions, and formal approval is given. In other cases the laboratory makes type tests not specifically required, in order that the Commis sion may be aware of the existing service and interference problems encountered in practical operation, so that either the allocation struc ture may be designed to fit the units available or the Commission may fake other action leading to improved e(:!.uipments which ,,,ill permit more efficient use of the available radio frequencies. Type testing also is required of certain noncommunications equip ment, such as diathermy machines which employ radio frequencies and may cause serious interference unless the frequencies are properly ·maintained and the harmonic and spurious emissions sufficiently' restricted. Following is a summary of particular laboratory activities engaged in during the year. BROADCASTING Most of the Laboratory Division work in the broadcast field con cerned tests as to receiver oscillator radiation and the various spurious responses of receivers, with especial emphasis as to impact of these problems on the implementation of the UHF television band. Studies were made of a number of proposed UHF tuners submitted by manu faeturers. A number of exhibits were prepared and introduced in the TV allocation hearing. With regard to receiver oscillator radia tion, the Laboratory Division participated in a number of confer ences with manufacturers' representatives and observed the operation of receiver oseillator measurement ranges. A permanent new field intensity range is being installed at the laboratory to replace a tenta tive one used during the establishment of proposed measurement methods. In order to obtain propagation data for the UHF television band, the laboratory provided a field intensity recording installation at the University of Connecticut for a portion of the year, and an addi tional reeording installation continued in operation at the Laurel laboratory. Certain observations were made at the laboratory to determine what interference the Luxembourg effect of high-power stations might cause on other channels. The .Laboratory Division participated in the color-TV hearing REPORT OF 'l'RE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 163 leading to the establishment of the present Commission color stand ards, providing both oral testimony and a number of exhibits cover ing laboratory measurements. Observations have been made by the laboratory on the regular commercial color television program initi ated near the close of the fiscal year. Changes are being made in the laboratory's television signal generator equipment to facilitate opera tions on both color and monochrome. Permanent facilities are being jnsta]]ed to permit examination of interference between several color television signals on the adopted standards, and to permit the exami nation of new systems or methods for television transmission. SERVICES OTHER THAN BROADCASTING Measurements were made of the selectivity, intermodulation, and other spurious responses of receivers used in other than broadcast serv ices. Tests also were made of the oscillator radiation of nonbroadcast receivers. Examination was made of the perforIpance of deviation limiting devices now required in many transmitters to reduce interfer ence on channels near the one in use. The foregoing tests have indi cated that the state of the art has progressed to the point where, with good equipment, consideration can be given to the implementation of closer used channel spacings to provide more communication facilities. At the present time automatic equipment which responds to distress signals is required only on certain ships which are radiotelegraph equipped. Through international conferences it now has been agreed to extend this general type of protection to radiotelephone-equipped vessels. A number of units operating on the United States proposed type of signal have been designed and constructed at the laboratory, and some of these have been furnished to foreign administrations for testing. In addition, tests have been conducted by the laboratory on these alarms and on proposed models submitted by the British and French Governments at four places in the United States to determine their reliability under the varying interference conditions. From these tests it appears that much added protection can be obtained at a modest cost. CALIBRATION OF INSTALLATIONS AND APPARATUS In its enforcement and investigation activities the Field Engineer ing and Monitoring Division uses a large amount of testing equipment. During the year calibrations of the recording equipment were checked at five of the field intensity recording installations operated by that division. Three field intensity meters and 21 signal generators were calibrated for the division during the year. Ten standard broadcast station monitors used by the division were adjusted and calibrated. 164 REPORT OF THE FJlJDERAL COlHMUNICATIONS C01..lMISSION NONCOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT Industrial heating, medical diathermy, and other miscellaneous uses of radio-frequency energy for purposes other than communication have expanded to such an extent that the power used by this group exceeds the total transmitter power required for radio communication. Since such noncommunications equipment employs frequencies of the same order as used by the communications industry, severe interfer ence may be expected unless theseunit~are designed and operated properly. Some of these units use power far in excess of the 50-kilo watt maximum permitted AM broadcast stations. Devices in this category are covered by part 18 of the rules and regulatiolls of the Commission. Medical diathermy apparatus which falls within this classification is type-approved by the laboratory to insure that the frequency is maiutained within one of the specified bands and that the harmonic and spurious radiations aTe within the limits of the Commission's rules and regulations. During the year 21 submissions of diathermy ma chines were received for test. In addition, the Laboratory Division made tests on welding and other devices employing radio-frequency energy and capable of caus ing interference. The Laboratory Division has been represented on the following com mittees whic11 are '''''orking toward reduction of interference from industrial radio-frequency heating equipment, power lines, etc.: I. R. E. Industrial Electronics Committee, A. 1. E. E. Subcommittee on In duction and Dielectric Heating, A. I. E. E. Subcommittee On Radia tion Measurements above 300 Megacycles, and A. S. A. Technical Subcommittee No.1 of Committee C63. CHAPTER IX-FREQUENCY ALLOCATION AND TREATY ACTIVITIES I. GENERAL 2. INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY ALLOCATION 3. NATIONAL FREQUENCY ALLOCATION 4. FREQUENCY REGISTRATION AND NOTIFICATION 5. INTERNATIONAL TREATY ACnVITIES 6. INTERDEPARTMENT RADIO ADVISORY COMMITTEE 1. GENERAL In the last 30 years, radio has grown to gigantic proportions and is a virile and llyuumic industry. In many ways the growth of radio communication has been like the growth of transportation and has created lllall} similarpl'oblelll~.Like the highways of commerce, radio channels cun only handle a certain amount of traffic before new ones need to be added, the old ones made larger or the speed of traffic increased. Broadly speaking, frequency allocation may be defined as the ,study of the spectrum so that radio channels may be reserved, widened, and modified to keep pace "'ith the developments in the art and to provide the maximum of usefulness to all of the users consistent with the public need. Not all radio frequencies act alike and, although they encompass the spectrum from 10,000 cycles per second to about 30 billion cycles per second, the frequencies in the various portions of the spectrum exhibit different qualities. For example, 1000 kilocycles (1,000,000 cycles or 1 megacycle) is excellent for broadcasting aural programs but would be practically useless for television broadcasting. Simi larly, 415 kilocycles is excellent for ship navigation by direction fincl ing but would be useless for ship navigation by means of radar. Because of the differing characteristics of the variousol'del'~of frequencies, certain bands of frequencies throughout the spectrum haye been reserved (allocated) to speeific kinds of uses (services). These bands have in many instances been further subdivided so as to reser"e portions of them even more specifically. For example, fre quencies in the range of 30 to 40 megacycles have been allocated in the lTnited States to the mobile service (use between stations on vehicles 165 166 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION or between stations on vehicles and stationary stations). This band has been further subdivided, however, so as to reserve certain portions for specific categories of mobile use such as police mobile, industrial mobile, etc. Inasmuch as the energy transmitted by a radio station cannot neces f3arily be confined to the borders of the transmitting country, the use of the spectrum must be coordinated by all of the cmmtries of the world so as to prevent interference. The growth of the art has thus led to the adoption of international treaties governing the allocation and conditions of USe of radio frequencies throughout the spectrum. Although frequency allocation (reservation) is not the same as fre quency assignment (authority (0 use) oue caunot be accomplished without refercuce to the other. Because of this, an integral part of frequency allocation work is the Inaintenance of frequency assign ment records of the United States and of the world. 2. INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY ALLOCATION The project in which the United States has been engaged since 1947, relating to the preparatory work for bringing into force the Inter national Table of Frequency Allocations, continued during the past year. The various related conferences and meetings in which the Commission participated during the year are listed in section 5 of this chapter. The work on the 2000-3500-kilocycle United States frequency list for region 2 was continued. This included a survey which involved the interception, recording, classification, tabulation, and prepai'ation ofa graphical display of more than 35,000 monitoring intercepts made in that band. A proposed list was released in August 1950 in the form of a complete frequency list (list A) of all the United States Government and non-Government stations proposed for this band as well as an abbreviated list of proposed non-Government entries. As the result of the consideration of public comments rcceived and other factors, a revised list A was compiled in final form and 'vas recom mended to thc Department of State for coordination with other region 2 countries. A public notice containing a discussion of the comments received and resulting changes, and a revised non-Government fre quency list wcre issued at the same time. Lists of 2000-3500-kilocycle requirements have been received from most other American countries and, in all instances, coordination is continuing without difficulty. 'Vhile the lists of most countries did not reveal scrious conflicts with the United :'Itates list, the Canadian list resulted in many con flicts. A week-long conference was held beginning l\farch 9, 1951, for the purpose of rcsol ving t.hese differences. At the end of this confer- REPORT OF "HE FEDERAL COMMUNICA"IONS COMMISSION 167! ence, some 80 problems remained to be solved. Therefore, another conference was held beginning May 28, 1951, and ending June 8,1951. This meeting resulted in resolving the interference conflicts between proposed United States and Canadian frequency assignments, and work is continuing in an effort to complete all region 2 coordination before the Extraordinary Administrative Radio Conference is con vened in Geneva during August 1951. With respect to the region 2 frequency lists below 2000 kilocycles, the few conflicts which appeared have been resolved. At the present time, bilateral agreements are being negotiated with the other Ameri can countries, and it is expected that the Atlantic City allocations below 2000 kilocyeles can be implemented at an early date. Repre sentatives of the Commission \vere present and assisted the Depart ment of State at a i-week meeting in Canada during July 1950, when solutions to certain conflicts in the fH5-535-kilocycle band were found. 3. NATIONAL FREQUENCY ALLOCATION During the year, 14 amendments to part 2 were adopted by the Commission. A complete new printing of part :2 was 111ude by the Government Printing Office, including all revisions prior to Decem ber 20, 1950. "\. list of the 1950 amendments follows: 2-11 Appendix A, list of treaties amended. 2-12 A new footnote, US25. was added to the hands 172-174me~acyclesand 406-420 megacycles wherein Government frequencies were madeayail~ able to non-Government stations for hydrological and meteorological telemetering' purposes. Footnote US7 ,vas deleted since the freqnency 140.58 megacycles was no longer required for civil aviation. 2-13 Appendix A, list of treaties amcntled. 2-14 The temporary allocation of 1,fiO-1800 kilccycles to the radiolocation -service was extended another 6 months to January 17, lOG!. 2-16I'~ootnoteNG13 was· deleted from the hand 8UO--940 megacycles because of the use of a specific frequencya~signmentplan in the band for broadcast STLs. 2-16 Appendix A, list of treaties amended. 2--17 The name "Interim Television relay station" was changed to "'.felevision intf'rcit.f rela.\·". 2-18 Footnote US3, permitting temporary use of 72.2 megacycles for radiosonde, \YUS deleted. 2-ll) A(ltlcd section :!.104 (c) which IX'rmits use of Government freqllendes by non-GoVel'lllUent stations where intercommunication is desirable. 2-20 Section 2.302 was Hmended to add \VWVU as a call sign for standard freqllency transmissions. 2-21 A new class of statiOll, "Aeronautical Advisory", was added and defined and the freqnene.\' 122.8 megaf'yeles was allo('utpd for this use. 2- 22 Station SymlJols for 'l'eledi'lion Intercity Heiny, TeleYision Pickup and Television HeIny, which \vere omitted from 2--17 \vere added. 168 REPORT OF THE FEm:RAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Amendments to the December 20, 1950, revision ,vhieh were adopted are: 2-1F~otnoteUS19 to the band16~174megacycles was amended to )Jermit use of a pair of the forclStry frequeneies by non-Federal cOnservation agencies. 2-2 Appendix A, list of treaties amended. The problem of regulation of various radiating low power radio frequency "devices has been the subject of further study with a great deal of effort concentrated on the nonbroadcast carrier current com munication systems. Arc welders using radio frCf!UCllCY starting and arc stabilizing devices have been investigated as a result of a request for relief from the ISM rules (part 18) and a request for an allocation at medium and at low frequencie.". Many of these devices radiate at levels considerably in excess of the rules limits. Preparation of the Disaster Communications Service rules oc casioned considerable study on the subjects of the listing of discrete frequencies in the rules and the determination of practical frequency separations. Final rules for this service were adopted during the year. An amendment of parts 2 and 11 to provide rules for the Radioloea tion Service was announced as proposed rule making on Apl'il4, 1951. This proposal would make the han(I1750-1800 kilocycles permanently available for radiolocation Oil a shared basis with the, Disaster Com munications Service where now available for radiolocation on a tem porary basis. The remainder of the freqnency bands listed are alread.y allocated on a permanent hasis in part 2 for the service" The proposed rule-rnaking: was the subject of a 2-day hearing, starting Jnne 4, 1951. Decision was pending at the close of the fiscal year. On .Jnne 8, 19M, the Mntual Telephone Co. of Hawaii snbmitted a petition requesting that the allocation of the banels 72-88 megacycles and 98-108 megacycles be ehanged from TV andl,i"~Ibroadcasting to the Common Carrier Domestic Public Fixed Service in the Territory of Hawaii. The company estimated that this much VHF space will be required to take eare of demands for service for the next 10 years. This allocation problem is J'Pcpiving current attention by the Commission. The Commission received a petition from Federal Tclecornmnnica tions Laboratories, Inc., t.o reallocate the band 2110-2200 megacycles to the Common Canier Fixed Service. ..After a thorough study of t he situation the Commission announced a de.cision on October 31, HH")O. that it would only consider this problem in conjunction with other problems existinp; above 1000 megacycles such fiS the theater television request and the possible need for additional television pieknp frequencies. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CO'1MUNICATIONS COMMISSION 169 Two 11lotion-picture companies continued their experiments in the microwave relaying of events of interest to t.heater tludiences. A number of petitions were received from various interested parties in the motion-pictnre industry requesting the Commission to recognize this as a 11e".,. radio sCl'yice and to allocatefrequellcies for theater tele vision purposes. A fact-finding hearing 011 the issues raised by these petitions was scheduled. In order that amateur participation in civil defense might be on a sound basis it is necessary to assure, that such amateur activity con tinue during times of national emergency although, in past wars, all amateur actiyity was shut down. By negotiating with the military agencies a.nd the FCDA, arrangements were nlade whereby certain portjons of some of the amateur bands will be available for use by amateurs properly identified with orga.nized civil defense plans for civil defense purposes only. A public notice to this effect was released January 17, 1951. On June 1,19fjl~an informal conference 'with representatives of the power radio sen'ice industry and Conunissioll staff members was held, The conference concerned all industry petitioll for the use of 72-76 megacycles for the purpose of tying in certain electric-power companies so as to provide for coordinated circuit switching and the transmission of instructions during times of emergency. A decision on the matter has not yet been made by the Commission. 4. FREQUENCY REGISTRATION AND NOTIFICATION The past year required a continHHtion of extensive changes in the Commission's frequency reeol'ds. Clulllges weI'£' lllade ill the master frequency card l'e<':ol'ds (consisting of an estimated (;2,000 cards) to conform to the Atlantie City Radio Regulations. This was accom plished as modified licenses wereis.'~tledand the Intel'mttional Tele communieation Union (ITU) notified accordingly. The master frequency record eOlllprises a card record of each new authorization issued by the Commission with the exception of air craft, amateur, citizens, and ship stations; also information regarding the modification, renewal, and deletion is incorporated into the orig inal card record. From these records and from lists furnished by the f.;everal Government ageneie:.;, notifications of frequencies assigned to stations in the variau:.; Herviees arem~Hleto the lTD to safeguard the priorit;y offreqtlell(~Ylise by the r nited States. Notifications to the lTV~U'epl'epared~on a weekly basis, to keep the lists published by the latter l'Ul'l'ent insofar as the United States is concerned. III addition to the JlJaster frequency eanlrecol'ds~a supplemental record is maintained of all Commission authorizations, with excep- 170 REPOR1' OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION tions as noted above, on IBM cards. From these cards current lists are made available to the VUl'iOUR units of the Commission and certain Government agencies. The reproduction of the master frequency record by mechullicalmeulls, whereby the lists may he reproduced in a number of different waY8 such as by frequency, by location, by serv ice, etc., relieves the Commission and other Government agencies of considerable reseurehcone~rningthe assignment of frequencies to radio stations, location of towers, etc. The task of converting all of the present master frequency record cards to the format and column-numbering system prescribed by the Atlantic City Radio Regulations remains to be accomplished. 5. INTERNATIONAL TREATY ACTIVITIES Ooordinatwn withOanada.~Therapid increase in radio station occupancy of the VHF non-Government fixed and mobile bands has continued. Consequently, the activity relating to coordination be tween the Commission and the Canadian Department of Transport of proposed VHF frequency assignments has been an important one. The informal procedure for such coordination was announced~Iay3, 1950, by both Governments, and during the first year approximately 450 proposed assignments were exchanged for comment. Up to the present time this procedure appears to have been quite effective, in that no new cases of harmful interference caused by groundwave signals in this region of the spectrum have developed. Prior to the adoption of the procedure, several cases of harmful intereference existed between the two countries and they have not all been satis factorily settled up to the present time. International interference ca."8.-During the year, the Commis sion received complaints concerning approximately 350 llew inter national radio interference cases. These, plus some 75 cases which already existed at the start of the year, were handled by the Fre quency Allocation and Treaty Division, in some cases with the as sistance of the Department of State. Because of the long-term nature of negotiations connected with some of these interference cases, about 80 such cases remained unresolved at the end of the year. A revised procedure was adopted for keeping records rclated to interference cases which resulted in considerably shortening the time required for this activity. Report8 of treaty infracti01I8.-Infractions by foreign stations of the International Telecommunication Convention and R.adio R.egula tions and of the radio provisions of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea detected by the Commission's monitor ing stations and inspection offices continued to be forwarded to the a.ppropriate foreign administrations in accordance with those rcgula tions. Prior to being sent abroad, these reports were processed to REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 171 insure that citations were based npon the appropriate treaty provisions. Spemal studies.-Special studies were condncted concerning United. States proposals for revision of the general technical provisions of the Radio Regulations (Atlantic City, 1947) in the light of recent ex perience. One of the most important of these studies relates to provisions of the regulations concerning the proceuure for the inter lIational notification and registration of radio-frequency assignments for the pnrpose of obtaining international recognition of the use of frequencies. Studies were conducted in connection with participation in De partment of State preparatory committees for the Extraordinary Administrative Radio Conference scheduled to be held in Geneva in August 1951. One of the priucipal studies in this connection reo lates to the iuternational problems of VHF assigmnents, resulting from the increasing occupancy of the VHF spectrum and of the consequently increasing seriousness of interference cases arising from the long distance propagation conditions which frequently occur. F(Yl'eign reqWJ8ts for technical mformation.-During the last 2 months of the fiscal year some 10 instances of requests for technical information were forwarded to the Department of State for disposition. International confereMes.-During the fiscal year the Commission assisted in the United States preparation for and participated in 20 International conferences and other meetings. These conferences were world-wide, regional or bilateral in nature and most of the major ones were convened under the auspices of either the Interna tional Telecommunication Union or the International Civil Aviation Organization. The international organization now known as the International Telecommunication Uuion first came into begin following the signing of a telegraph treaty in Paris in 1865. In 1906 the International Telegraph Convention at Berlin entrusted the Bureau of the Union with uuties relating to radiotelegraphy and, at an International Con ference in Madrid in 1932, the ITU was created. At a later con ference in Atlantic City in 1947, the ITU became one of thc specialized agencies of the United Nations. The scat of the nnion is at Geneva. More than 80 nations of the world participate in the union's activities. The International Civil Aviation Organization was established under the Convention on International Civil Aviation at Chicago in 1944. The ICAO, which has its seat at Montreal, c"me into being April 4, 1947, after 2 ye"rs of activity by "n interim or ganization, the Provisional International OiviI Aviation Organization. The ICAO was established to develop the principles "nd techniques of international air navigation and to foster the planning and develop- 172 REPORT OF THEF~;DERALCOMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION ment of international civil aviation so as to insure its safe and orderly growth by promoting uniformity in regulations, standards, and pro cedures throughout the world. Fifty-seven countries participate in the ICAO's activities. The need and gcueral desirability of convening regional conferences, concludipg regional agreements and forming regional organizations, is recognized by the Atlantic City Convention of 1947 for the purpose of settling telecommunication questions which are purely regional in character and therefore more susceptible of being treated on a regional rather than on a, world-wide basis, provided agreements so reached are not in conflict with the world convention. The Ameri can countries have observed this principle over a period of years, as is reflected by inter-American agreements reached at Havana in 1937, Santiago in 1940, Rio de Janeiro in 1945, and Washington in 1949. Meetings which may be termcd subregional have been held to solve problems pecnliar to Central, South, or Xorth America. Typical of these are the North American Regional Broadcasting Conferences, convened in Havana in W37, 'Washington in 1941, and Montreal in 1949, out of which have come the North American Regional Ero.d casting Agreements (NARBA) discussed in the chapter on bro.d casting. In the fiscal year 1951, the Commission furnished two chairmen, six delegates or representatives, 14 advisers. and a small number of staff assistants for United States delegations to the following conferences: 1. May i-Aug. 19, 1950 _ 2. Scpt. 6-Nov. 11, 1950 __ 3. Oct. 17-Kov. 7, 1950 _ 4. 1950 to 1951. _ 5. Mar. 5-22, 195L _ 6. Apr. 5-June 2, 1951 _ 7. June 5-July 6, 195L _ Florence and Rapano. \Vashington IstanbuL _ Ottawa _ Geneva _ :\IontreaL _ Geneva _ Second International High Fre· quency Broadcasting Con ference. Third "Korth American Region al Broadcasting Conference, second session. 1CAO Second~IiddleEast Regional Air Xavigation :\'1ecting. Di~CURsionsbetween the Vnitcd Statcs and Canada on treaty covcring ship radio require ments for the Great Lakes. Meeting ofstud~'groups of International Telegraph Con sultat.ive Committce, ITl'". IeAO Communications Divi sion, fourth session. Intemational Radio Consulta tive Committee, TTl', sixth assembly. In addition to the foregoing multilateral conferences, there were numerous bilateral meetings with Mexico, Cuba, and Canada concern ing such problems as broadcasting, aeronautical communications and REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CmlMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 173 interference, as well as the coordination of freqnency Jists for presen tation to the forthcoming Extraordinary Administrative Radio Con ference at Geneva. At the end of the fiscal year there are projected the following con ferences and meetings for which the Commission's staff is currently engaged in preparatory work: 1. Aug. 16, 1951.__ Gene\"a_________ 2. Sept. 4, lYElL __ MontreaL _______ 3. Oct. 30, 19;''>1 ___ Site undetermined_ 4. October ]95L__ Rome___________ D. Jan. 22,1952___ Lisbou__________ 6. Feb. 19, 1952___ MontreaL_______ 7. First half 1952___ Site UlHlctermincd_ 8. Fir::;t half 1952__ Site undetermined_ 9. Last half 1952__ Site llndetcrmined_ 10. Last half 1952__ Site undetermincd_ 11. October 1952___ Buenos Aires_____ 12. 1952___________ Montevideo______ 13. First half 1953__ Site unctetermillcd_ 14. First half 1953__ Site undctermined_ IS. Last half 1953__ Site undetermined_ 16. Last half 1953__ Site undetermined_ 17. Last half 1953__ Site undeterrnined_ 18. Last half 1953__ Site undetermined_ 19. 1953___________ lTolland_________ 20. 1954___________ Buenos Aires_____ Extraordinary Administratiye Radio Conference,ITU. rCAD Search and Rescue Division, third session. ICAD South American-South Atlantic Regional Air Navigation meeting. International Telephone Consultative Committee, sixteenth assembly. leAD Third European~'!editerranean Regional Air Navigation meeting. ICAO Personnel and Licensing Divi sion meeting. ICAD Combined North Pacific-South Pacific Regional Air Navigation meeting:. rCAD Third Korth Atlantic Regional Air N adgation meeting. rCAD Second Southeast Asia Regional Air Navigation meeting. IOAO special meeting. PlenipolcnUary Conference, Adrninis· trative Telegraph and Telephone Conference, TTU. Fifth Inter-AHwrican RadioConfer~ enc(~. leAO Second African-Indian Ocean Regional Air N'avigation meeting. ICAD special meeting. ICAO FOllrth European-Mediterra neall Regional Air N avigatiolJ meet ing. ICAD Third Caribbean Regional Air Navigation meeting. lOAD Communication Division, fifth session, rCAD, 2 special meetings. International Telegraph Consultative Committee, ITU. International Telephone and Tele graph Conference, ITU. 6. INTERDEPARTMENT RADIO ADVISORY COMM1TTEE The Commission does not license United States Government radio stations or assign their frequencies. Such frequency assignnlents are made by the President upon recommendation of the Interdepartment 174 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Radio Advisory Committee (IRAC), composed of 11 Federal agencies. The Commission providesthe secretariat of the IRAC. During the fiscal year the IRAC approved 6,264 new and deleted 1,967 regular assignments. In addition, it approved 3,095 changes in assignments, 2,283 temporary assignments and 500 deletions of tem porary assignments. APPENDIX 1. FIELD OFFICES 2. PUBLICATIONS 3. TREATIES AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS I. FIELD OFFICES The Commission maintains 64 field installations geographically dis tributed throughout the United States and its possessious. Fifty-nine of these are engaged in engineering work, comprising 9 regional offices, 23 district offices, 6 suboffices, 3 ship offices, and 18 monitoring stations. There are also four Common Carrier Bureau field offices, and one Office of General Counsel field office. The complete list follows: FIELD ENGINEERING AND MONITORING DIVISION Regional offices Headquarters North Atlantic- 506 Federal Bldg., New York 14, N. Y. South Atlantic 411 Federal Annex, Atlanta 3, Ga. Gulf States 332 U. S. Appraisers Bldg., Houston 11, Tex. South Pacific_ _____ 323--A Customhouse, San Francisco 26, Calif. NorthPacific~801 Federal Office Bldg., Seattle 4, Wash. Central States_ ____ 1300 U. S. Courthouse Bldg" Chicago 4, Ill. Great Lakes 1029 New Federal Bldg., Detroit 26, Mich. Hawaiian P. O. Box 1142, Lanikai, Oahu, T. H. Alaskan 52 Post Office and Courthouse, Anchorage, Alaska. Di3trict office! 1 _ 2 _ 3 _ 4 _ 5 _ 6 _ 7 _ 8 _ 9 _ Atldru8 1600 Customhouse, Boston 9, Mass. 748 Federal Bldg., New York 14, N. Y. 1005 U. S. Customhouse, Philadelphia 6, Pa. 508 Old Town Bank Bldg., Baltimore 2, Md. 402 New Post Office Bldg., Norfolk 10, Va.; (ship office) 106 Post Office Bldg., Newport News, Va. 411 Federal Annex, Atlanta 3, Ga.; (suboffice) 214 Post Office Bldg., Savannah, Ga. 312 Federal Bldg., Miami I, Fla.; (suboffice) 409-410 Post Office Bldg., Tampa 2, Fla. 400 Audubon Bldg., New Orleans 16, La.; (suboffice) 419 U. S. Courthouse and Customhouse, Mobile 10, Ala. 324 U. S. Appraisers Bldg., Houston 11, Tex.; (suboffice) 329 Post Office Bldg., Beaumont, Tex.; (ship office) 406 Post Office Bldg., Galveston, Tex. 175 176 REPORT OF 'fHE FEDERAL CONIMUNICATIONS COMl\USSION Dilltrict offices 10 _ 11 _ 12 _ 13 _ 14 _ 15 _ 16 _ 17 _ 18 _ 19 _ 20 _ 21 _ 22 _ 23 _ AddreS8 500 U. 8. Terminal Annex Bldg., Dalias 2, Tex. 539 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Bldg., Los Angeles 12, Calif.; (suboffiee) 15 U. S. Customhouse, San Diego 1, Calif.; (ship office) 326 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse, San Pedro, Calif. 323-A Customhouse, San Francisco 26, Calif. 307 Fitzpatrick Bldg., Portland 5, Oreg. 801 Federal Office Bldg., Seattle 4, Wash. 521 Customhouse, Denver 2, Colo. 208 Uptown l'ost Office and Federal Courts Bldg., St. l J aul 2, Minn. 3200 Fidelity Bldg., Kansas City 6E, ?vlo. 1300 U. S. Courthouse, Chicago 4, Ill. 1029 Xc\\' Federal Bldg., Detroit 26, l\.lich. 328 Federal Bldg., Buffalo 3, X. Y. 609 Stangenwald Bldg., Honolulu 1, T. II. 322-323 Federal Bldg., San .Juan 13, P. R. 7-8 Shattuck Bldg., ,Juneau, Alaska; (suboffice) 53 U. S. Post Office and Courthollse Bldg., Anchorage, Alaska. Primary-monitoring statiOllS Allegan, Mich. Grand Island, Nebr. Kingsville, Tex. Millis, Mass. Santa Ana, Calif. Laurel, Md. Liyermore, Calif. Portland, Oreg. Powder Springs, Ga. Lanikai, Oahu, T. II. Anchorage, Alaska. Secondary monitoring statious Searsport, Maine. Spokane, Wash. Twin Falls, Idaho. Fort Lauderdale, Fla. Lexington, Ky. Muskogee, Okla. Bay St. Louis, Miss. COMMON CARRIER BUREAU FIELD OFFICES Atlanta, Ga., 733 Hurt Building. New York, N. Y., 604, 90 Church Street. St. Louis, Mo., 334-, 815 Olive Street. San Franciseo, Calif., 180 New :Monlgomery Street. OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL FIELD OFFICE Los Angeles, Calif., 1031 South Broadway. 2. PUBLICATIONS In general, the Federal Communications Commission's printed publications are sold by the Superintendent of Documents, Govern ment Printing Office, lVashington 25, D. C_, and are not distributed by the Commission. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 177 Following is a list of such publications which are available from that source, at the prices noted, unless otherwise indicated: Title Price Communications Act of 1934, with amendments and index, revised to Sept. 'I, 1948 $0,30 Federal Communications COlllll1ission reports (bound volumes of decisions and orders exclusive of annual reports) : Volume 3, July 1936 to February 1937 2.00 Volume 4, March 1937 to Nov. 15, 1937____________________________ 1.50 Volume 5. Nov. 16, 1937 to June 30, 1938___________________________ 1.50 Volume 6, July 1, 1938 to ,Feb. 28, 1939____________________________ 1.50 Volume 7, Mar. I, 1939 to Feb. 29, 1940___________________________ 1.50 Volume 8, :Mar. 1, 1940 to Aug. 1,1941-___________________________ 1.50 Volume 10, Apr. 2, 1943 to June 30, 1945__________________________ 2.00 Volume 11, July I, 1945 to June 3D, 1947__________________________ 3.75 Volume 12, JUlY 1,1947 to June 3D, 1948___________________________ 3.50 Annual reports of the Commission: First Annual Report-fiscal year 1935_____________________________ . 15 Twelfth Annual Report-fiscal year 1946__________________________ .20 Thirteenth Annual Report-fiscal year 1947________________________ .25 Fourteenth Annual Report-fiscal year 1948_______________________ .30 Fifteenth Annual Report-fiscal year 1949_________________________ .35 Sixteenth Annual Report-fiscal year 1950_________________________ .40 Seventeenth Annnal Report-fiscal year I95L_____________________ (') Statistics of the Communications Industry: For the year 1939_______________________________________________ .25 For the year 1940________________________________________________ .20 For the year 1942_______________________________________________ .35 For the year 1943~.30 For the year 1944~_.40 For the year 1945________________________________________________ .50 For the year 1946_______________________________________________ .55 For the year 1947 : Sees. A and B~_____________.75 Sec. B (Broadcast only)~__.25 For the year 1948 : Sees. A and B_______________________________________________ 1.00 Sec. B (Broadcast only) .35 For the year 1949 : Sees. A and B_______________________________________________ 1. 00 Sec. B (Broadcast only) .25 Report on Public Service Responsibility of Broadcast Licensees [Blue Book], 1946________________________________________________________ .25 The Safety and Special Radio Services-a Public Primer, 1950__________ .15 Telephone and Telegraph-a Public Primer, 1949______________________ .10 An Economic Study of Standard Broadcasting, 1947____________________ .40 Study Guide and Reference Material for Commercial Radio Operator Examinations, revised to Feb. 1,195L~______________________________.35 1 In the process of printing-available at Government Printing Office at a later date-. 178 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Price (') .20 .20 .20 .25 .05 .25 .15 .05 .10 .05 ('J (') .10 .15 .10 .10 .05 .15 .10 .10 $1. 25 .10 .10 .~5 Titw Standards of Good Engineering Practice: Concerning Standard Broadcast Stations, l'eviRed to Oct. 30, 1947 _ Sec. 26, Sunrise and Sunset Table _ Concerning FM Broadcast Stations, revised to Jan. 18, 1950 _ Concerning Television Broadcast Stations, revised to Dec. 19, 1945 _ Rules and Regulations: Part 0, Organization, Delegation of Authority, etc _ Part 1, Practice and Procedure, revised to Dec. 29, 1949 _ Part 2, Frequency Allocations and Radio Treaty )[attel's; General Rules and Regulations, revised to Dec. 20, 1£150 _ Part 3, Radio Broadcast Services, revised to Dec. 13, 1950 _ Part 4, Experimental and Auxiliary Broadcast Services, revised to Oct. 30, 19;:;0 _ Part 5, Experimental Radio Services, revised to Jan. 16, 1948 _ Part 6, Public Radiocommunication Services, revised to Apr. 27, 1949_ PHrt 7, Stations on Land in the Maritime Services, effective July 23, 1n51~_________________________________________.20 Part 8, Stations on ShipboHrd in the :Maritime Services, effective July 23, 1951 _ Part 9, Aeronautical Services, revised to .July 1, 1947- _ Part 10, Public Safety Radio Services, revised to Apr. 27, 1949~_ Part It, Industrial Radio Services, revised to Apr. 27, 1949 _ Part 12, Amateur Radio Service, revised to June 6, 19;;L _ Pnrtl:~,Commercial Radio Operators, revised to June 27, 1950 _ Part 14, Radio Stations in Alaska (other than Amateur and Broad- cast), revised to Apr. 28, 1948 _ Part 15, Restricted Radiation Devices, recodified ,July 21, 1948 _ Part 16,I~and'l'ransportation Raelio Services, revised to Apr. 27, 1949_ Part 17, Construction. :Marking and Lighting of AntennaStructun~s, effective Feb. 15, 195L_________________________________________ .05 Part 18, Industrial, Scientific and :Medical Service, revised to Jan. 25, ID50~_ Part 19, Citizens Uadio Service, effective June 1, 1949 _ Part 20, Disaster Communications Service, effective Mar. 21, 195L _ Part 31, Uniform System of Accounts for Class A and Class B Tele- phone Companies, revised to May 12, 1948_______________________ .3ts Part3~,Uniform System of Accounts for Class C Telephone Com- panies, revised to May 12, 1948__________________________________ .25 Part 34, Uniform System of Accounts for Radiotelegraph Carriers, re- vised to Oct. 14, 1949___________________________________________ .20 Part~5,Uniform System of Accounts for Wire-telegraph and Ocean- cable Carriers, revised to Oct. 14, 1949 _ Part 41, Telegraph and Telephone Franks, revised to Dec. 4, 1947- _ Part 43, Reports of Communication Common Carriers and Their Affili- ates, revised to July 21, 1948____________________________________ .10 Part 45, Preservation of Records of Telephone Carriers, effective Octo- ber 1, 19,>0____________________________________________________ .10 Part 46, Preservation of Records of Wire-telegraph, Ocean-cable, and Radiotelegraph Carriers, effective October I, 19;:;0________________ .10 Part 51, Occupational Classification & Compensation of Employees of Class A andCla~sR Telephone Companies, effective Oct. 10, 195L__ .05 II Obtainable temporarily from the Federal CommunIcations Commission. Washington 25, D. C., without charge. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL CpMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 179 'l'itl(J Price Rules and Regulations-Continued Part 52, Classification of Wire-telegraph Employees, effective .July 11, I94i $0.05 Part 61. Tariffs, Rules Governing the Construction, Filing, and Posting of Schedules of Charges for Interstate and Foreign Communications Service, revised to August 1, 1946______________________________ .10 Part 62, Applications under sec. 212 of the Act to Hold Interlocking Directorates, revised to May 23, 1944____________________________ .05 Part 63, Extpnsion of Lines and Discontinuance ofS(~ryiceby Carriers, revised to December 30, 1946 c_________________________ (') Part 64, Miscellaneous Rules Relating to Common Carriers, revised to July IG, 1n48__________________________________________________ .10 2 Obtainable temporarily from the Federal Communications CommIssion, Washington 25, D. C., without clmrge. Purchasers of the Commission's Rules and Regulations are fur Dished a form by the Superintendent of Documents which, when filled out and forwarded to the Commission, entitles the purchaser to receive any future amendments to the part or parts purchased until a com plete revision thereof is reprinted. In the event any exception is made in this procedure, rule purchasers will be advised by letter where the amendments may be obtaine(l. All Standards of Good Engineer ing Practice and most of the rule parts are printed on 8- bylO~;"-inch pages ,md punched to fit standard three-ring binders. The Commission is not able to supply lists of radio stations but, on request, will furnish a fact sheet about commercial sources of such lists, also one on commercial radio publications and Hervices. 3. TREATIES AND OTHERINTERNATIO~ALAGREEMENTS International treaties, agreements, and arrangements relating to radio and telecommunications which were in force and to which the United States was a party as of June 30, 1951, are-listed below. Unless otherwise indicated, copies of these documents may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, 'Wash ington 25, D. C. (TS relates to Treaty Series, EAS to Executive Agreement Series, and TIAS to Treaties and Other International Act Series.) __D_,_t,_+__S_"_,i_"__1 Subject 1910.. _.___ _ Ship Act of 1910 as amendl'd in 1912 (radiocommllDication on the Great Lakes). 1921L _ TS 724-A Arrangement with Oreat Britain, Canada, and Newfoundland to prevent broadcast iJJt.C1ferencc by sbips. 1~28--29___'fS-767-A__ Arral1j.wItLcnt with Canada concerning llrivate experimental rudio com· munieation. 1929 TS 777-A .. Arrangcment with Canada, Cuba, and Kewfoundlllnd relating to high. frequencyassiKDllJeDtS. 1929 __ TS 910 __ Sarety of Likat Sea Convention (umdon)_ 193{!.. TS 921. Amendment lo Regulation XIX of Annex 1 of Safety of Life at Sea Con· vention. 1934_ _ :BAS 62... Arrangement with Canada concf'rning amateur and private experimental communication. 1934.. EAS 66 .•_. __ J Arrangement with Peru concerning amateur communication. 180 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Date Series 1934 _________ EAS 72_ 1937 ______ ._ EAS 109 {93T TS 002___ 1937 TS 938 _____ 1938 'fS 948 ________ 1938 EAS 142_ 1938. ________ TS 949 .. ___ 193!L ____ RAS 13(1-_ 1939___ • __ EAS 143_ 1940__ • ______ EAS 231_ 1940______ RAS 196 1941 EAS 227 __ 11l44. EAS 400._ 194.'>_ 1946. 1'IAS 1M3 1946. TrAS 1527 __ 1947 TrAs I72ti- 1947 _ TIM;; 167IL ___ 1947 'nAB 190L._ 1947 _ TIAB 1fJ52_ J947 _ 1'IA8 J676. 1948_ TIAB 1802 __ 1949_ 1949_ • TrAS 2175_ 195(L 1951 TIAS 22'23. Subject Same, with Chile. Agreement with Canada concerning issuance of radio liCenses Oargely suspended by TS 777-A, TS 962, EAS 227 and TIAS 1553). North Amcric.:m Her:;ional BmadCllsting Agreement (Havana) (supple mented by F.AS 211 and 'rIAB 1563). Inter-American Radio Communications Convention (First Inter-American Conference, Havana) (amended by TIAS 1802). General Radio Regulations (Cairo Revision 1938); annexed to Telecom munications Convention (Madrid, 1932). (See TrAS 1901.) Agref'ment with Canadacon~ntingradio communications between Alaska and British Columbia. Regional Radio Convention(Ouatemala~inbehalf of the Canal Zone). Arrangement with Canada concellling hroadcasting. Arrangement with Canada concerning Clvil a.eronautica.l services. Inter-American Radio Communications Agreement (Second Inter-Ameri- can Confercnce, Santiago, Chlle). Agreement with Mexico concerning broadcasting. Supplemenl:lry Korth ;\meric'l.n Regional Broadcasting Agreement C\Vasll ington). (S('c TS 9il2mu} TJAS 1553.) 'YartiIn(' agrcI'lllent with Canada rc broa'lcasting stations in Northwestern Canada. Inter-Amerkflll Tplccomnlllllications CQtlVention (Third Inter-Amerir'1ll Confcren('(', Hio de Jrllleiro), (Not yet ratified br United States.) (Kot available from Gowrnment Printing Ofllce.l ~orthAmeri!;'l.ll Regional Bro:\dcfl,st.ing Illterim Agreement ("!\fodus Vivendi), Washingl,Oll. (Arnelvled by TIAS 1802.) Agrpelllrnt with U. 8. 8, R. COIl('prnifl!l" commercial radio t,'ktYlle com- ItlUniCi\(.ion ('h.\I111P1S. Agreement with Cana-h concerning Fl\-I hro'ldcastln!(' in 88-]08 mc, Interim arrnll!ielllent wi!,h Canada concerning mobile transmit,ters. TPlecommunieltiOll f'on'Vention, Fin'l! Protocol, and Radio Regulations, Athllltic City, 194i. (Since thu Unil,pd States Is not fl mrty to t.llr Addi tional Radio Regulations, thev are not Included in TIAS 1901 an!l are a\'ai.hble only throu\!,"h the lntenl'ltional TelecomInullieatioll Union, G!~IH'V:l,Switzerland.) Agreelllent with On'at Bl'iUlin concerning stand-udization of distance measuring rfIuipment. Agrt'em\'nt with the lJnited Nations concerning its headquarwrs' use of radio. Arrallgl'ml'nt with Canada on en!,inrering standards applicablP to alloC3 tion o[ standard brOlldcast st.atiolls. Agn'('lw'lll nelwet'n Unj!t'd S/ll!,'s and cert.llin Rrltish CommOllwealth government~(London). (To be published by Ooverllimut Printing Offlet'.) Telp!!,'rneva, ::iwitzerland,) [CAD Comnllmicatlolls DivislOn, FOllrth t{t'ssion,~[ontrelil.l I Not available fromGovl~rnmcntPrinting Office; available from Secretary General of leAD, Oominion ,square Bldg., Montreal, Canada, o