FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 23rd Annual Report For Fiscal Year 1957 With introductory summary and'niltllthllls" \1 of later important developments UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE· WASHINGTON For .ar. by the Superlntenden' of Documents, U. s. Govem.,.n' PrInting0fR~ Wadlington 25, D. C. • Prlce.so centI COMMISSIONERS Members of 'he Federal Communications Commission (As of June 30, 1957) GEORGE C. MCCONNAUGHEY. Chairman 1 (Term expires June SO, 1957) ROSEL H. HYDE (Term expires June SO, 1959) ROBERT T. BARTLEY (Term expires June 30, J958) JOHN C. DOERFER (Term expires June 30, 1961) ROBERT E. LEE (Tenn eJ:pirea JUD.. 30, 1960) RICHARD A. MACK (Tetm ezpir.. June SOl 1962) T. A. M. CRAVEN (Term expIres June 30, 1963) A list of present and past Commissioners appears in the appendix to this report. 1 Suceceded .. Chairman by 'ld OperatintDivision Tele8rapll. Division Aviation Divisionnen~waland TraJ:l.sfer En~n~rin~1v1slon 'Tel\'Rhone Division lndustrialDivislon Dlvlsloia DspecUon and Domeste Radio Fllcillties IJ1Uid Transportation Di\"lsion Economlclil Divhdon Examination Division Division Marine DivIsIon Rules and Standard,s Monitoring Division Office of AccountIng SYf:lteUls Public Safety and DIvision LlcenlJA Branch Amateur DIvisIon License DIVIsion Office of Field CoordInator Law, Enforcement and Procedures Office Commission COMMISSIONERS The Federal Communications Commission consists of seven Com, missioners. They are appointed by the President with the advice and consent oftheSenate. The President designates one of their number to serve as Chairman, without Senate confirmation, during the Chief Executive's pleasure. As its chief executive officer, the Chairman is responsible for the general administration of the Commission's internal affairs. The normal term of a Commissioner is 7 years, except in filling an unexpired term. The terms are staggered so that only one terminates in a year. Not more than four members of the Commission may be members of the same political party. Effective July 1, 1956, the annual salary of a Commissioner was increased from $15,000 to $20,000, with $500 additional for the Chairman. All policy determinations are made by the Commission as It whole. The Commissioners function as a body, directly supervising all Com mission activities, with delegations of responsibilities to individuar Commissioners or committees of COlnmissioners, and to staff units. Committees of Commissioners include those on the radio and TV network broadcasting study, private TV intercity microwave relay systems study, and the Telephone and Telegraph Committees. Cer tain Commissioners are mem!reTl< of' antside groups such as the Tele communications Coordinating Committee, Telecommunications Ad visory Board, Telecommunications Planning Committee, Air Coordinating Committ..e, and the Radio Technical COmnllSllion for Marine Services Executive Board. The Commission also has a DefeRse Commissioner. The following changes occurred in the Commission membership since the last annual report: On July 2, 1956, Commissioner T. A. M. Craven succeeded Com missioner Edward M. Webster, whose term expired June 30 of that year. Commissioner Craven is the first Commissioner to serve two separate terms. . The t<'jl'm of Chairman George C. McConnaughey expired June 30, 19M, and on the following day President Eisenhower designated Commissioner John C. Doerfel' as Chairman. 19 20 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION On July 2, 1957, Frederick W. Ford was nominated by the President to be a Commissioner. He was confirmed by the Senate on August 5 and took office on August 29. A list of Commissioners as of June 30, 1957, appears on the back of the title page of this report. Past and present Commissioners, andtheir periods of service, are listed in the appendix. STAFF ORGANIZATION The Commission staff is organized into integrated bureaus and offices on the basis of its major workload operations and other functions. There are four operating bureaus-Common Carrier, Safety and Special Radio Services, Broadcast, and Field Engineering and Moni toring; and seven offices-Secretary, Administrative, Chief Engineer, General Counsel, Hearing Examiners, Opinions and Review, and Reports and Information. Certain bureaus and offices have delegated authority to take routine actions which are largely automatic under the rules and do not involve policy considerations. This has relieved the Commissioners of considerable paperwork. On May 15, 1957, four branches were established in the Office of the General Counsel-two for each of the existing divisions of that office, namely, a Legislation and Rules Branch and an International Treaties and Allocations Branch under the Legislation, Treaties and Rules Division, and an Appellate Branch and a Research and Compliance Branch underthe Litigation Division. An organization chart of the Commission as of June 30, 1957, appearsas a separate pageof thischapter. PERSONNEL Commission personnel at the close of the fiscal year totaled 1,197, or 81 more than the same time in 1956. Field engineering accounted for about one-third of this number. Distribution was as follows: Field Tetal 0 '" 0 24 0 .. 0 3 0 .. 0 54 0 ... '" 1M .. 121 0 132 0 167 31' 377 • 1• m 1,191 Commissioners' offices.. _____________________________________________46 8m:~:&~~:~~E~:n~rie~~~~:~=====================:=============~: Office 01 Reports and InCormaUon___________________________________ 3 ,Office ofAdmin1strntlon~:..~· .______________ 85 Office of Secretary • ._. •~___64 Office of General CounseL~~29 Office of Chief Engineer~._________ 63 Common Carrier Bureau~~___92 Safety and Special Radio Services Bureau .___________ 132 Broadcast Bureau ' . • .:: ._____ 167 FieldEngineer!~gand MonitoringBureau_~.__~• •__ •~_.59 Specfal Network Study GrouP • •·_~·~I_-__=1:'_41__-::'-1__=-= Total.~_~.~~.••_~~~_~._~_~_._.~••~_._.803 W6Slllng· ton REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSIllN 21 As required by " Comm1lllications Act "mendment of 19'52, biogr,, phies of employees added during the year, as well as the names of those leaving during that period, are being furnished Congress separately. APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES The Commission received ,an appropriation of $7,828,000 for fiscal 1957. About 90 percent of this was for personal services. Obligations were as follows: Personal servtces $6.919,449 Travel~__112,824 Transportation of things_________________________________________ 24,397 Communications servlces________________________________________ 186,378 Rents and utilities______________________________________________ 57,186 Printing and reproductioll_______________________________________ 40,488 Other contractual ser'·ices_______________________________________ 157,596 Supplies and materials .;,. 156, 546 ~uipInent__~-_________________________________________________146,565 Laud and structutes_____________________________________________ 18,253 Awards and indemnities_________________________________________ 1,125 Taxes and assessments__________________________________________ 4,438 Total obligations 7,825,245 Savings, unobligated balance_____________________________________ 2,755 Total 7,828,000 The source of these funds and the authority for expenditures there under was Public Law 623, 84th Congress. DOCKET STATISTICS Docket statistics for fiscal 1957 follow: Pending June 30, 19'" Designated Disposed for bearing of without hMring Disposed of follow Ing bearing Pending June 30, 19" 87 78 14.1 14 6.1 60 0 0 1 1 0 10 1'" 1"1' 215 23 , 20 17 24 34 14 , " 54 3. 10' 60 3 40 2,. 18> 360 issued covering 1M, broadcast cases; 24 , During the year, 107 initial decisions were applications, Fifty-seven of these covered 78 444149-57--3 AM broadcasL___________________________ 165 145 TV broadcasL____________________________ 99 39 FM broadcast..___________________________ 1 0 Otber broadcast. ---- • 1__-:,,'-1-_---::;:2,-1-__=-1-_---:=1__---::= Total broadcast.__ •.I=~~7!1~'+=~I~86~+~=~+~~~I=~~~ Safety Bud speciaL~_______20 28 Common carrier___________________________ 45 30 Joint and generaI___ ----------------I----c.lOc:-I---:22,-I---7.-I---::-I-_---::=: Total nonbroadcasL1=~~11~'+=~,;80,+~~~+~~~1~~~;;;; Petitions, rules, etc. •__I=~~'~3+=~~OO~+~~~+~~~I~~~~ Grand totaL••• 1 432 335 22 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION covered 47 TV cases; 3 covered 3 safety and special cases; 17 covered 20 common carrier cases; and 5 covered 5 joint and general cases. At the close of the year the number of hearing examiners had in creased to 12, or 2 more than for the previous year, but the same number as in 1955. RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE The Commission instituted rulemaking on October 10, 1956 (Docket 11846), looking toward a complete revision of its rules concerning practice and procedure (part 1) in order that they may be recodified in accordance with current concepts as determined by public interest, administrative expediency, recent legislation and court decisions. Among the proposals is a TImv section containlng specific rules to govern rulemaking procedures. Iu November 1956 the Commission participated in a conference of the Federal Communications Bar Association on the proposed changes. As a result of this session,~tndconsideration of informal comments by FCBA members, it felt that further study should be given to the desirability of makiug further changes in the proposed text. Consequently, the time for filing comments in the proceeding was on December 17, 1956, postponed indefinitely. OTHER GENERAL RULEMAKING On April 24, 1957, the Commission terminated rulemaking pro ceedings to require filing of initial and annual patent information by its licensees. It felt that such information could be obtained as re quired in individual cases. The Commission took no further action on proposed fees for licens ing and other administrative services. Such rulemaking was initi ated in 1954 pursuant to higher directive but action was postponed on resolution by the Senate Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee. Decision is still pending on a Commission 1954 proposal to deny licenses to any amateur or commercial radio 0pBrator who is a member of an organization which advocates the overthrow of the Government by violence. In 1955 it looked toward eliminating a related pl'Oposal for submission of fingerprints and operator applications. LITIGATION During fiscal 1957 the Commission was a party to 107 Federal court cases as compared to 93 the previous year. Of 64 new cases in 1957, 6 were instituted in the Supreme Court, 56 in the courts of appeals, and 2 in the district courts. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 23 A tabulation of these cases and the results of such litigation follow: Supreme Court of Court of Court appeals appeals (402b) (402a) Court of appeals (neither 4028. nor 402b) DistrIct oou,"" Total -------~----I------------ , 68 29 2 2 107 12 13 12 25 2 , IfI2 2 9 4 • _ 2 9 8 11 3 16 Cases affirmIng Commisslon___ _ _ Cases reversing Commission. .. _ CaSt's dlsmbsed on jurisdictional grounds. _ Cases dismissed by agreement of the parties or as being moot or without de-- cesion on merlts. _ Cast'S in which mandamlls to Commts- A~:f~:~e~~1:~-ooriiOj.arl-pc-t-liions-by- -- --- -_.,.- "_-_- -_ -_-__"-----1------------ parties other than Commiss!Qu __ Cases pcndlngJune ao, 1957.__ _ 1 30 I ,----'-----'-------'---- LEGISLATION Seven bills directly affecting the Commission became law within the past year. Six of these were enacted by the 84th Congress at the beginning of this fiscal year and were mentioned in the 22d annual report since they became law hefore that report went to press. Those six bills were: Public Law 688, approved July 11, 1956, amended section 1343 of title 18, United States Code, to prohihit fraud by wire or radio in foreign as well as interstate commerce. Public Law 854, approved July 31, 1956, in adjusting the rates of compensation of the heads of the executive departments and of certain Federal agencies, increased the salary of the FCC Chairman from $15,000 to $20,500 and of the other Commissioners from $15,000 to $20,000. Public Law 914 approved August 2, 1956, amended sections 212, 219 (a), 221 (a), and 410 (a) of the aet relating to the Commission's regulatory iLuthority over communications common carriers. The law provided for procedural flexihility in the former hearing requirements in the cases of interlocking direA:torates and consolidation of common carriers, and clarified the powers of Commission representatives on joint boards. Publie Law 947, as originally introduced and passed by the House, required the instnUation of an automatic radiotelegraph call selector on certain cargo vessels. As enacted August 3, 1956, it required this Commission, the Maritime Commission, and the Coast Guard to study the need for and feasibility of installing sueh devices and to report to COIlgo!-ess by March 1, 1957. This was done. Puhlic hlW 985, approved August 6, 1956, amended the act so as to require cert.ain vessels, carrying more than 6 passengers for hire, be fitted with a radiotelephone installation. 24 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Private Law 878, approved August 6, 1956, authorized the Com mission to license, as an operator, one Miroslav Slovak, an alien. Legislative proposals offered by the Federal Communications Com mission did not reach the hearing stage before any of the Congres sional committees. They inclnded: An amendment of the act to give the Commission authority to im pose a small monetary forfeiture for violations of rules and regula tions in described circumstances. A proposal to authorize the Commission to grant licenses for a period not to exceed 5 years for broadcast stations, instead of 3 years. A proposal to require the painting and/or illumination of aban doned radio towers when air safety will be increased in the judgment of the Commission. An additional Commission proposal relating to receiving towers which may become a hazard to air navigation was submitted to the Bureau of the Budget which is coordinating it with other Government agencies concerned. The Commission is drafting legislative proposals with respect to the separation of functions between the Commission and its engineering and legal staff in adjudicatory proceedings; also requests for other clarifying amendments in the act. A number of bills affecting the Commission were submitted to Con gress by others. The Commission has studied these proposals and has responded in 52 instances to requests from Congress for comments. A siguificant portion of the Commission's efforts during the year were devoted to attending Congressional hearings and furnishing in formation to Congressional committees investigating the FCC and its functions. The Senate Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee has held major hearings on subjects including television allocations, subscription television and networks and networks practices. A sub committee of the House Judiciary Committee (Subcommittee No. 5 Antitrust) had hearings, the record of which embraces over 3,000 printed pages. Reports from these committees have been I'eceived by the Commission and are now receiving its consideration. The Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce on March 15, 1957, concluded comprehensive hearings in its television in quiry which began .fanuary 26, 1956. Five volumes and a record of 3,464 pages resulted from the committee's investigation. Parts I and II of its report covered UHF-VHF allocations problems, part III re lated to subscription television, part IV dealt with network practices, and part V covered allocations with supplementary information on network practices. AUTHORIZATIONS The fiscal year closed with over 1.8 million radio authorizations on the Commission's books, or 200,000 more than for 1956. The largest HEPOR'l' OF 'l'llE FEDERAL COMMUNICA'l'IONS COMMISllIO;!f 25 group-over 1.4 million-represented various classes of radio opera tors. Safety and special radio service authorizations approximated 376,000; those of broadcast exceeded 8,000; common carrier radio ac counted for about 2,800, and there were nearly 800 experimental radio authorizations. These radio grants collectively represent the use of about 1.2 million fixed and mobile transmitters. APPLICATIONS AND OTHER FILINGS The number of applications of all kinds received by the Commis sion during fiscal 1957 exceeded 500,000, which was some 50,000 more than the year p,evious. Of these, 300,000 concerned commercial radio operators; 186,000 were in the safety and special radio services; 9,700 in broadcast; 6,200 in common carrier, and 2,400 experimental. The Commission also had to consider a multitude of petitions and other filings in hearing and rulemaking proceedings, as well as thou sands of tariffs and reports by common carriers, and reports by radio stations of various types. CORRESPONDENCE More than 1,343,000 pieces of mail were received or dispatched by the Commission's Washington office during the year. Of this nnm ber, over 928,000 were incoming and over 415,000 outgoing. These figures do not include mail handled by the Field Engineering and Monitoring Bureau. The Commission paid the Post Office Depart ment nearly $30,000 for the use of penalty mail. RELEASES AND PUBLICATIONS Commission actions are reported in public notices released at the Commission's Washington headquarters. No public mailing lists ·are maintained for this issue. Copies of orders, decisions, opinions, etc., are served on the parties involved and copies are available on individual request of others interested as long as the supply lasts. All hearing orders as well as proposed and final rulemaking are published in the Federal Register. Beginning January 1, 1957, the Government Printing Office started to print and sell the texts of the Commission's major decisions in weekly pamphlet form. On Feb ruary 7 thereafter the Commission initiated the reporting of instruc tions looking toward certain actions in important docket cases, but reserved the right to reacn a different result upon the subsequent adoption and issuance of the formal decisions. The Commission's printed publications (reports, rules, regula tions, etc.) are not distributed by the Commission but are sold by the Government Printing Office. A list is contained in the appen dix to this report. 26 Rl!lP.:pected to be in commercial production by 1960 or 1961. This new development is expected to have a considerable impact upon the useful lives of most, if not all, types of central office equipment currently in service, which represents an investment of over $5.3 billion in the case of the 23 Bell companies alone. This change has created for the Com mission a major problem, whereby its effect upon equipment, in volving an investment of such a magnitude, must be evaluated from time to time so that depreciation charges are reasonable for both the ratepayers and the companies. Separation procedures.-The Commission, in cooperation with the National Association of Railroad and Utilities Commissioners, has been engaged in a general revision of the Telephone Separations Manual which sets forth the procedures used by telephone companies t.:penses between interstate and intrastate operations. The purpose of the revision is to incorporate basic changes which have been made in the procedures REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 53 since the manual was first issued in 194'7 and to adapt the procedures to current operating conditions and regulatory requirements. Work on the revision was nearing completion at the close of the fiscal year. Western Electric earnings and prices.-The Commission, also in cooperation with NARUC, continued its review of the prices, earn-' ings, and costs of 'Western Electric Co. Data developed are reported quarterly and annually to the various telephone regulatory com missions to assist them in their consideration of Western's prices in sofar as they affect the revenue requirements of the Bell companies affiliated with 'Western. Pensions and relief.-Bell companies continued their pension sys tems without change, except that additional companies have changed the maximum permissible accident death benefit payment from $10,000 to $30,000 and the maximum death benefit payment for burial expenses from $250 to $500, and some companies have reduced the minimum service requirement for eligibility of sickness benefits. The cost of pensions and other benefits (including Federal taxes for social security benefits) of the Bell companies, including those engaged in manufacturing and research, amounted to $312 million in 1956 compared to $28'7 million in 1955. At December 31, 1956, the pension funds of these companies aggregated about $2,382 million, a net increase of $214 million during 1956. Retired employees re ceiving service pensions at the end of 1956 totaled 41,'745. Earnings of the Bell companies' pension funds continued at about 3 percent, as in 1954 and 1955. The interest rate assumed for actu arial purposes was changed from 23;4 percent to 3 percent. This has the effect of reducing current pension accruals. Group life insurance coverage has been extended to certain employ ees of the Bell companies as well as to employees of the General Telephone System companies. Uniform systems ofaccounts.-The Commission amended (Docket, 11'7(9) its system of accounts for large telephone companies with respect to the accounting prescribed for station apparatus (prin cipally telephone instruments) and station connections (the wiring connecting station apparatus to the general wire telephone trans mission system). Under the revised accounting, station apparatus will be charged to the telephone plaut accounts when purchased, and will remain there without interruption until finally junked or otherwise disposed of. This will eliminate the present relatively' frequent accounting entries for retirement and transfers to and from material and supplies account. Another change makes station con nections depreciable whereas they were previously charged to ex pense upon removal or abandonment. (See also "Depreciation.") 444149~57-5· 54 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION While the mandatory effective date of the revisions is January 1, 1958, the Commission included an option permitting any company to place the revised accounting into effect as of January 1, 1957. All Bell companies and most of the independent companies have taken advantage of this option in order to reduce record-keeping expenses. A petition by General Telephone Corp., filed on behalf of its operat ing telephone company subsidiaries, requested an amendment of the system of accounts for large telephone companies to provide that amounts recorded as income tnx expense should be unaffected by a taxpayer's decision to use one of the types of liberalized depreciation permitted by section 167 of the Internal Revenne Code of 1954 for tax purposes but not for accounting purposes. Proposed rule making (Docket 11913) requested comments as to appropriate amendments to all systems of accounts prescribed by the Commission. Numerous replies were received from State regulatory agencies, communication carriers, public accounting finns and a labor union, but no final action had been taken by the close of the year. Original cost accounting.-The accounting for several current ac quisitions of plant was considered and approved, including the dis position of amonnts in excess of original cost. The applicability of original cost accounting to acquisitions of plant frOIn certain n011 telephone public utility companies where the acquired plant is in tegrated into the telephone system of the vendee is still under consideration. Continuing property records.-Studies were made of various phases of the continuing property record plans and procedures of 6 Bell companies and 3 non-Bell companies. Particular attention con tinued to be given to the continuing property records maintained for central office equipment. Field studies and reviews.-Limited studies were made of certain of the accounts and records of 9 Bell companies and 3 non-Bell com panies. These studies were directed, among other matters, to the establishment and maintenance of continuing property records, ac counting for additions to and retirements of telephone plant and equipment, accounting for improvements to leased buildings, ac counting for station apparatus and station connections, and plans for quantity control of items in supply stock. This led to a number of accounting exceptions which resulted in adjustInents in the accounts and modifications in the accounting procedures of the companies. As a result of this work, new procedures have been adopted by the Bell companies providing for cross-indexing to the estimate and cost ledgers of records associated with plant installations requiring the lIJw.roval of the Commission under section 214 of the act. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 55 NARUC Committees on Accounts and Statistics and Deprecia tion.-The Commission cooperated with these committees in a number of joint projects of mutual concern to State and Federal regulatory commissions. One such project was the revised rules for station equipment accounts. (See "Depreciation.") DOMESTIC TELEGRAPH General The nation's domestic message telegraph service is carried on al most exclusively by The 'Western Union Telegraph Co. by means of a nationwide system of wire lines, radio facilities and terminal equip ment and through approximately 23,000 offices open to the telegraph using public. Western Union's land lines gross telegraph plant, rep resenting an investment of some $333 million, has been modernized extensively over the past 10 years and includes microwave radio beam equipment and electronic and push-button reperforator switching faeilities for speedy transmission of messages as well as teleprinter, ticker and facsimile equipment for terminal handling of record com munications. A separate division of 'Western Union handles a substantial amount of international ocean-cable traffic in competition with other international ocean-cable and radiotelegraph carriers. Western Union's private line telegraph services are now second only to its message services as a source of revenue, while both of these services together account for 83 percent of all its land lines business. Next in importance are its revenues from money order service, the land line revenue on cable and radio messages, and revenue from press and Government message service. Western Union's private line telegraph service revenues increased 19.7 percent in calendar 1956 over 1955 as compared with a 19.4 per cent increase in similar revenues of the Bell System. The Bell Sys tem's telegraph services revenues, including teletypewriter exchange service, increased 14 percent in the same period. Bell's share of total land line telegraph revenues increased slightly to 32.9 percent in 1956. Gross land line operating revenues of $238,362,000 reported by Western Union for 1956 are the highest in its history and exceeded 1955 revenues by nearly $10 million. Message volume declined some 1.5 percent, from 153,910,000 messages in 1955 to 151,600,000 in 1956. Land line expenses for 1956 increased some 6.5 percent over 1955 due principally to a new labor contract effective June 1, 1956, and to increased rents for operating offices and other facilities. As dis cussed under "Domestic Telegraph Rates," these cost increases were offset by increases in rates in interstate message, money order and miscellaneous service classifications. Systemwide net income, which includes the operations of Western Union's ocean-cable system, was the highest since 1929 and amounted, in 1956, to $14,208,000, after 56 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION providing $8 million for Federal income tax. In 1955 net income of the system was $11,686,000 with $10,476,000 going for Federal income tax. Western Union's gross land line operating revenues amounted to $123,966,000 for the last half of fiscal 1957, as compared with first half revenues of $122,038,000. Private line telegraph revenues comprised 12.9 percent of total land line revenues, and traffic volume was repre sented by 73,170,000 messages handled in the latter half of the fiscal year, as contrasted with a private line revenue proportion of 13.4 percent and 74,688,000 messages in the first half. Net income system wide, including operation of both the land lines and the cable systems, amounted to $6,671,000 for the last half of the fiscal year, after pro vision of $4,641,000 for Federal income tax. Earnings during this period reflect the full impact of rate revisions that went into effect shortly after the start of the fiscal year, and are affected by the general wage Increase. No major financing or refunding was undertaken by ·Western Union during the fiscal year. However, in view of a rather substantial budget goal of $40 million established for the calendar year 1957, representing capital requirements for future growth in the private wire, data processing, facsimile, microwave and other fields, the com pany, in April 1957, set up a finance committee to consider matters of capital financing and fiscal policy. In June 1957, Western Union increased the dividend rate on its capital stock from the 25-cent quar terly rate previously maintained to 30 cents per share, quarterly. Western Union, during fiscal 1957, continued its program of diversi fication of investment, acquiring substantial interests in companies whose activities are devoted to manufacturing, research, development, engineering and design associated with Western Union's own expand ing development and research activities. Toward the close of the year Western Union obtained an option to acquire an interest in a company that has developed a miniaturized page teleprinter, smaller and lighter than a portable typewriter. As the fiscal year ended there was pending before the Commission a rate proceeding involving Western Union's petition for increased divisions of charges for its domestic land line handling of inter national cable and radio messages. Services and Facilities Modernization expenditures.-During 1956 vVestern Union ex pended $6,266,770 on its modernization program which was designed to provide cheaper and more efficient methods of furnishing telegraph service. The total expenditures for this program through 1956 ltmounted to $69,271,809. The expenditures on the program througll ~955,in 1956 ltudp,:ojected are as follows: REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 57 Prlo-r to 19M During 1956 Subsequent to1~6 (estimated) Total Reperforator swltcbing~•~_$35,026.701 $1, 113, 619 $7,900,000 $44, 040, 320 Radio beam ._. ._. 2,851, 621 215,454 10,400,000 13,466,975 Carrier equipment. .________________ 19,589,326 4, 495, 733 8, 700, 000 32,785,059 Miscellaneous I. .____ _ 5,537,491 44],964 600,000 6, 579, 455 TotaL. .~_I-63=,-=00=5,-=oa::.cl--6"::26'6,=77::0-1-::,,-=,6=00::,ooo:;:o-I-:::ll6,::'::71::,...= I Largely wire removals. Western Union estimates that the modernization program has resulted in savings of $35 million a year. Reperforator switching.-The reperforator switching system was substantially unchanged during 1956. This high-speed automatic and semi-automatic system, substituting electronic for manual transmis sion of telegrams, has doubled message capacity and increased effi ciency and speed in handling messages. Improvements were sched Uled during 1951 to provide selective switching for the heavier tribu taries at the less modern reperforator centers at Philadelphia, Cincin nati, Atlanta, and Dallas. So-called "small office reperforation" now being operated at Passaic, N. J., is scheduled for Miami, New Haven, and Memphis, in the fall of 1951. Installation of equipment in the New York message center will provide reperforator handling for the Brooklyn branch offices and tieline message files. These types of oper ation will reduce the number of manual relays and thereby £peed up service. Carrier equipment.-During the year, the company added 286,000 telegraph channel miles bringing the total miles in operation to 4,126,000 as of June 30, 1951, of which 11 percent were voice frequency facilities leased from the Bell System at an annual rental of approx imately $4 million. Telegraph channels are derived principally from the use of Western Union carrier equipment on voice frequency chan nels. Western Union obtains up to 20 telegraph channels from one voice frequency channel by this means. Radio beam.-The extension of the Western Union microwave sys tem westward from Pittsburgh through Columbus and Cincinnati to Chicago was begun in 1956 and it now appears that these new facilities which will comprise 48 voice bands will be in service early in 1958. The New York-Philadelphia section of the present Western Union radio relay system is to be expanded to its full capacity of 32 voice bands and it is expected to be ready for service on this enlarged basis by the latter part of 1951. Properties were optioned in 1956 for the extension of microwave facilities to Kansas City via St. Louis and Chicago eastward to Detroit and Cleveland. The aerial photographic survey along these two further extended routes will be made in the 58 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION summer of 1957 to determine tower requirements. Under present schedules, service would be inaugurated via these projected sections about mid-year of 1959. Construction of radio facilities.-During fiscal year 19"57, Western Union was authorized to construct 23 new point-to-point microwave stations for extending its microwave system westward to Chicago. This extension, which is expected to cost $1,714,000, will provide about 2,240 additional channel miles with a total of 1,820 telegraph channels or 96 facsimile circuits, or various combinations thereof in each direc tion. Its use will enable Western Union to release a portion of the telegTaph circuits it presently leases from the Bell System. Private wire systems.-Facilities leased to subscribers for private wire telegraph service increased from 2,202,000 miles in 1956 to 2,375,000 miles in 1957, an increase of 8 percent. The telegTaph com pany's gTowth in private wire service and facsimile fields, revenues from which have increased fivefold since 1947, is continuing at a rate of nearly 20 percent annually. A new, fully automatic custom-built system has been developed to meet the maximum speed requirements of brokerage firms and two such systems have already been installed. Work is progressing on a commercial fully automatic switching sys tem which is expected to be in operation in 1958. The use of private wire telegraph systems to transmit data for processing by business machines and computers is fast becoming a heavy contributor to Western Union's private wire business. Facsimile and teleprinter tielines.-The telegTaph company in stalled 4,565 deskfax units for patron tielines during the year, bring ing the total to approximately 29,500. It is estimated that deskfax installations during the ensuing year will approximate 3,600. The investment for deskfax equipment on patron premises and associated equipment in Western Union offices as of December 31, 1956, amounted to $12.8 million. Indications are that additional installations in 1957 will add $1.5 million to the overall investment in deskfax tieline serv ice. The number of teleprinter patron tieline customers as of June 30, 1957, was 23,000. The 1957 program calls for the replacement of 255 tape printers on customers' premises with page printers. The con tinuing expansion in these direct connections improves service and materially reduces the need for messengers. The program of providing heavy volume teleprinter tieline cus tomers with direct connections into the reperforator system which began 3 years ago is continuing gradually. It is expected that such customers will number about 350 in 2 or 3 years. Construction of wire facilities.-The Commission gTanted nine Western Union requests for the supplementation of existing facilities REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 59 and extensions. They involved the leasing of 319,000 telegraph chan nel miles at an annual rental of $378,000 and the construction of 568,300 telegraph channel miles and associated equipment at a cost of about $2,393,000. Approximately 90 percent of these facilities are to meet the needs for private wire telegraph services, while the remainder are for extension of lines and improvement in message telegraph service. The development of additional and more diversified facilities by means of the radio relay system will enable the telegraph company to release a portion of the channels currently leased from the Bell System and will provide room for the rapidly expanding teleprinter and facsimile private wire service. Curtailment of service.-During the year, 931 applications for re duction in hours of service or closure of public telegraph offices were filed, as compared with 710 the previous year. All of these were by Western Union with the exception of one filed by the West Coast Telephone Co. In addition, 87 such applications were pending at the beginning of the year. Of the total, 929 applications were granted, 1 was granted in part, 1 was denied, 1 was dismissed, 8 were with drawn, and 78 were pending. Generally, where hours were reduced or offices closed, substitute service was made available. Western Union estimates that savings of more than $8 million a year are now being effected due to office closures and hour reductions, 1947 through 1956. Speed of service.-Pursuant to the Commission's rules, Western Union is required to conduct daily studies of the speed of service accorded messages at the 25 largest telegraph cities and to report monthly summaries to the Commission. The reports show the aver age office relay drag (time required for a message to pass through a large message center) and the average origin to destination speed (interval between the time a message is filed by sender and the time it is delivered to addressee, or first attempt). The following table compares the average speed of service in minutes reported for the past 7 fiscal years: Fiscal year 195L ._. __ . _ 1952 ._ 1953. • • _ 1954 •• 1955 __ • ._. __ 1956_. " • _ 1957 . . _ Message Origin to destination delivered by- center Telephone Tlel1ne M"""",,,, 8.7 41.2 37.9 45.4 8.5 41. 6 37.5 45.1 8.4 43.0 37.8 46.2 8.4 43.7 37.9 47.2 7.3 "'.6 3<4 43.0 7.5 "'. I 3U 43.0 7.6 "'.5 3<3 42.6 The summary shows that generally the improved service attained during fiscal 1955 was held during fiscal 1956 and 1957. This im provement was due in part to the company's expediting efforts in its 60 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION reperforator switching centers and its so-called quality control pro gram initiated in 1954 on a systemwide trial basis. Under this plan . the filing time of a message becomes the controlling factor in transit, in contrast to the control of service performed in individnal offices. Quality control is primarily intended to achieve the goal of handling 100 percent of full-rate messages within 60 minutes from filing time to the time of delivery (or first attempt at delivery) by telephone or tieline, or from filing time to time routed out at the destination office for messages requiring physical delivery. During the year, inspectious of the speed-of-service performance were made by the Common Carrier Bureau offices in New York and San Francisco at 107 telegraph offices located in or near those cities. Similar inspections of 12 other Western Union offices were made by the Commission's field engineers. Studies were also made of tele graph service conditions in 21 large cities following the closure of branch offices in those cities. The studies indicate that service con ditions improved substantially as a result of the Commission's on-the spot check following closure of branch offices. It is planned to make more field studies to determine the adequacy of services and facilities and to determine what measures should be taken to provide improved service where deficiencies exist. Rates and Tariffs Domestic telegraph rates.-As reported in 1956, Western Union filed revised tariff schedules on June 29, 1956, which provided for new and increased rates for interstate message, money order, and cer tain miscellaneous services designed to increase annual revenne by $9,657,000. The increased rates were primarily to offset higher wages resulting from labor contracts. The new schedules became effective on August 26, 1956, and on subsequent dates in 1956 and provided, among other things, for a liberalized discount plan for tieline cus tomers and discontinued collection of additional delivery charges for messages destined to published points beyond the telegraph company's lines, except where another telegraph carrier is involved. Deletion of the additional delivery charges was adopted pursuant to the Com mission's suggestions of long standing and is considered to be a major improvement in the domestic telegraph rate structure. On November 5, 1956, Western Union requested increased and re vised divisions of charges for its domestic land line handling of inter national telegraph message traffic. The proposed divisions of charges were designed by the company to recoup a total of $2,350,000 which had been allocated to this segment of Western Union's services in its prior general rate increases in 1951, 1952, 1954, and 1956. On March 13, 1956, the Commission instituted an investigation (Docket 11953), among other things, into the lawfulness of the charges for domestic REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 61 telegraph service and international traffic; of the classifications, prac tices, and regulations affecting such charges; and of the divisions of charges applicable to the land line handling of international traffic by Western Union within the continental United States. An issue in this proceeding is whether ·Western Union requires additional rev enue in the amount sought in order to satisfy its reasonable require ments for revenue from all its domestic telegraph operations in the continental United States. Hearings were in progress at the close of the year. Western Union, at the request of the Alaska Communication Sys tem, filed revised tariff schedules, effective July 1, 1957, generally increasing charges for the Seattle-Alaska haul of domestic telegraph messages between the United States and Alaska. The increased charges are those of the Alaska Communication System for message telegraph service which it provides over its own facilities between Seattle, Wash., and its stations in Alaska. Leased facilities services.-As reported last year, the Commission instituted an investigation (Docket 11646) into the lawfulness of the charges, classifications, regulations, and practices in connection with the leased facilities services of·Western Union, which was consolidated with investigations (Dockets 11518 and 11645) of all private line services of the Bell System (except broadcast transmission). This matter is still under consideration. (For details see "Domestic Telephone.") Tariff schedules.-During the year, telegraph carriers filed 914 pages of tariff material affecting charges and regulations applicable to domestic telegraph service. Other Regulatory Maller. Original cost of plant and continuing property records.-The Commission determined previously that Western Union's investment in plant and equipment was restated appropriately on basis of orig-. inal cost, as defined in the Communications Act, and that a system of continuing property records in detailed support of plant ledger bal ances was established. During fiscal 1957 the Commission gave ac counting and rule-making consideration in the light of original cost and continuing property record requirements to the problems created by installations of private wire facilities and equipment leased by Western Union's customers. A study was made of records main tained and accounting performed with respect to substantial improve'· ments to and replacements of leased premises for the purpose of obtaining compliance with original cost and continuing property rec ord rules. A petition for rule making with respect to treatment of completed but unclassified construction work as plant in service had not been acted upon at the close of the fiscal year. 62 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Pensions.-Further review was made of actuarial reports ou 'Vest ern Union's plan for partial funding of employees' pensions, which was established iu 1955. It was determined that increased pension charges to operating expense for the calendar year 1956 were due primarily to wage increases. For the ensuing year Western Union contemplates a payment of $3,939,000 to 4,759 pensioners of its land lines system, of which some $1,920,000 is payable from the pension trust fuud. Some 32,000 land lines employees are covered by the pension piau. Miscellaneous accounting matters.-Continuing inquiry was di rected to the telegraph carrier's acconnting practices and procedures and submission of required reports for the purpose of assuring com plianM with prescribed accounting rules and to develop information essential in carrying on the Commission's rate regulatory activities. A reappraisal was made of the field accounting investigative program consistent with these purposes. Particular attention was given to the carrier's use of clearing accounts and the development of overhead loadings to construction and expense. Studies are being made of statistical data indicative of cost of capital for the domestic tele graph carrier. INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE General Rapid and efficient international communication through 11 tele graph and telephone carriers was available to the United States public 24 $2,954,335,788 Number of carrjers~~•.~______________liB /Xi Book cost of plant (as of DM, 31). . . $Ifi, 2:14, 470.".~3$18, OBI. 317. 317 Deprl'c!atlon anrt amortization reserves $4,100,772,299 $4,a.~.2fl6.533 Net book oost or plant •. $12. 133. 698, 154 $13, 749, 050, 814 LOMI ser\'iC{' revenues.~_______________~,2M,781\ 256 $3, fiM, 189, 627 Toll service revenues__ .. _ __ _ $2,049,672. MfI $2. 27ft fiJ7.fi-~2 Total o'-'eratlng revenues_______ $5, 5M, 755, 029 $6, 122. 272. 522 OJ)('mtln,R expensp.8 ami operatln/t taxes $4,138, 99R 516 $4,547,931, 5l'i9 Provislon for Federallncorne t9oxes___ $861,2~8,575 $733,974,937 Net on('rating Income after all taxes___________ $764.497,338 $840,366.026 Net Income .________________ $694,527,436 $782,753,906 Dividends rlecl90rerI ___ $497, oo..'i, 286 $563,287,333 Company telephones: Buslness_______ _ .__ 14,720,802 Resirtence . ,____________ __ _ 34,524, 486 Number of calls QrlglnatIng dUrinF the year ~~Jf:_2~====== ===========================================7~:ft~:m:~~~ Numbrr of employees at end of October__________________ M9,190 Male . _ 241. 722 Tot~~~~en;Rtion-ioTtjiiy-ea~.-::==========:========= =====I$2, 694,i~:;~ -------il:38 5." 13.31 .2<> 11. 07 10.02 9.88 11.00 ..... 12.70 13.12 5.76 7.47 (') ~) 5.21 .. ., 2." 9. 65 I,Data shown relate to telephone carriers whosr annw Iorerattngrev('uue$exceed $250,000, Intercompany du"'lIcatioDs, except in minor instances, have been eliminated. , Partly estimated hy re'"lortlng carriers. I 'Tbe number of C'llls sho""ll are not compa.rable, as rrany calls were reclassified from "Toll" to "Local" during 1956, due to enlargement of numerous 10rsl calling areas, REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 71 Telephones by States There were approximately 60,200,000 telephones in use in the United States at the beginning of the calendar year 195-7 (excluding approximately 200,000 private line telephones). Of this number 49,440,000 were owned by American Telephone & Telegraph Co. and its principal telephone subsidiaries (Bell System), 1,560,000 by Bell ,associated companies in Connecticut and the Cincinnati, Ohio, area, and 9,200,000 by independent telephone companies. A tabulation follows: Distribution of telephones by- Bell Sys- All other t,m State Total num-I--------,-------- ber of Ownership Type of service telephones 1----,----1----,--- Business I Residence Alabama .~_____________ 632,300 5fi7, 3007,~,000 169,300 4f13,OOO Arlzona_ _ _ 291,800 282, 100 9,700 105,900 185,900 Arkansas________________________ 335,700 259,300 76,400 101,600 234,100 California. _• ._____________ _ 6, Oil, fiOO 4, 914, 700 1,096,800 1,877,200 4, 134, 300 Colorado___________________________ 614,900 596,300 18,600 196,700 418,200 ConnrctlcuL .__________ 1,088.000 22, 600 I, 06S, 400 302,400 i85,600 De1a"-arL 180,100 180.100 53,500 126,600 District of Colurnbla . • • 569,400 567,400 2,000 271, 100 298, 300 Florida. . .___ 1,314,500 892,500 422,000 46!>,OOO 849,500 Oeor~ia.____ 893,000 777,800 115,200 269,100 623,900 Idaho . _ _ 186, 600 147, 900 38, 700 51. 300 135, 300 IIIlnols__ _ _ 3,920,600 3,311.700 608, 900 I, 187, 600 2,733,000 Indlana_________________ 1,562,900 962,000 600,900 395,600 1,167,300 Iowa .____ 990, 100 626, 200 363, 900 209, nOO 780, fIOO Kanm.'L __ 762, 400 602, 600 159,800 185,200 577,200 K".ntucky . 649,200 439,200 210. 000 168. IlOO 480.300 Lonislana . 814,400 776,000 38,400 224,900 $9,500 Maine_____________ 271,000 244,300 26,700 73,000 198,000 Maryland_____________________ 1,039,000 1,016,800 22,200 280,100 758,900 Massachusett:l_________ 2, 010, 500 2,006,900 3, 600 575,600 1,434. 900 Mlchigan ._______ 2,818,800 2,556,300 262,500 733,600 2,085,200 Mlnne-sota . 1,157,200 903,400 253.800 289,000 868,200 Mis.~isslppL------.--.____________________ 329,900 317,400 l2,fOO 93,600 236,300 MissourL_____________________ 1,468.600 1,229,700 238.900 401,100 1,007,500 Montana_ __ __ __ __ _____ _ 209,700 181, 300 28, 400 59, 100 150, flOO Nebraska____ __ 492,800 254,100 238, 700 119,900 372,900 Nevada___________________________________ 84,300 42,000 42,300 35,000 49,300 New Hampshlre___________________________ 185,700 176, SOO 9,200 48,600 137,100 New Jersev__________________ 2,417,600 2,372,800 44,800 647,400 1,770,200 New MexlC(L 208, 400 173,100 35,300 81,300 127,100 New York____________________________ 7,577,900 7,029,300 548,600 2,460,500 5, 117,400 NorthCarollna______ __ 882,100 484,900 397,200 253,900 628.200 North Dakota___ 157,800 104,000 53,800 39,800 118,000 Ohlo 3,508,700 2,316,900 1,191,800 891,100 2,617,600 Oklahoma__ . . 742,100 648.200 93,900 220,500 521,600 Ore!':"on .__ 610,300 489,500 120,800 172,900 437,400 Penusylvanla ._____________ 4,306,700 3, 627, 700 679,000 1,000,000 3,216, ioo Rhoti.e [8]3n"l__________________________ 301,500 292,400 9,100 83.1100 217,600 South Carollna__________ 411,600 313,900 97,700 120,100 291,500 South Dakota_____________________________ 186,400 142,100 44,300 45,600 140,800 Tennessee . .____ 912, 000 700, 100 112,900 241,400 670,600 TexBS______________ 2, 754,000 2, 310, fOO 443, 500 858, 500 1, 895, 500 Utah .______ 286,100 270,300 H>,800 81,100 205,000 Vermont______________________ 112,BOO 98,800 14,000 30,100 82,700 Virginla_ ___ ___ 1,051, 100 849, 600 201,~OO30;', 1100 743,600 Washlngton .1,013,~00801\200 205,300 290,400 723,100 West Virglnla_________ 451\900 401\.<00 50,400 115,5oo 341,400 Wlsconsln__ 1,300,200 gil7, 400 342,800 348, 900 g5t, 300 W yorning- - -- - - - - - --- - - - --._- __ --.---- - - - _1__1_0-,7._HOO_ 1 __"'-,--3-,00+_-,--O,_,_00 -::--:::34,:c:c 300 ::-II--::-::::",-'':::OOc United States 60,190,400 49,437,000 10,752, 500 17,358, 200 42,832, 200 Land Line Telegraph The following table sets forth financial and operating data relating to the domestic land line operations of the Western Union Telegraph 72 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Company for the calendar year 1956 as compared to 1955. The data pertaining to its cable operations are included in a later table relating to ocean-cable carriers. The Western Union Telegraph 00. 1 Peret>ut or 1955 1956 Increase or (decrease). $310,967, B83 $.'tl2, 726, 471 7.00 $135,826.081 $141,489,718 4.17 $175, 141. 802 $191,236, 753 9.19 $188. 854, 951 $192, 473,810 1. '" $228, 816, 199 $238, 361, 660 '17 $206,024, 140 $219,231,319 6.41 $22,792,059 $19, 130, 281 (16.07) 1 $9, 613, 288 t $6, 665, 000 (30.67) $10, 33.0,g.~$12,(}5'J,004- 16.73 SIl, 686, 415 $14,207,510 21. 57 $6,695,383 $6,226,395 9.32 153,910, 15.'J 151,599,945 (1. SO) 37,785 37,754 (0.08) $143,289,324 $153,624,446 7.21 Item Book cost of plant (as or Dec. 31) ._. "_ .. _ Dep~clat1onBud amortization reserves. . ..• _ Net hook cost DC plant-~". "__ Message revenues_____ _ _ _ Total operating revenues _ Operating expenses, depreciation and other operating revenue deductions . _ Net operating revenues.~.. _ Provillion for Federal Income taxes . _ Net income _ Net income (land line and cable systems) _ Dividends (land line and cable systems) _ Number of revenue messages handled 3 . . _ Number of employees at. end 01 October _ Totalcomprnsat!o~lorthe year . < _ I Represents data for land lineoperations--.---;F~lgu='~..:-::-oo~v~'~"=..~ea~b~I~'~O~P~,,~.~t"'c:::'''':-::-'''~.~in="~U~d~ed;-';:in:-:cth~.:-:::ta~b~l. below relating to ocean-cable carriers. t Retlects estimated reductions In Federal incomc tax llab!Ilty of $274,000 and $1,241',000 in 1955 and 1956, respectively sri;:ing from the utilIzation, lor income tax purposes but not for accounting purposes, of a libcralized depreciation method recognized by section 167 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. AI;:o reflects t>sUmated reductions In Federal income tax liability of$477,000 in both 19M and 1956 arfliing- from the use of 5-year amortization authorized WIder sec. 168 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. 3 Includes domestic transmIssion 01 transoceanIc and marine messages (about 8,996,000 In 1955, and about 9,604.,000 tn IIlW). Radiotelegraph and Ocean-cable Carrier. There are shown in the accompanying tables financial and operat ing statistics selected from the annual reports fileu by the United States ,radio.telegraph and cable carriers furllishing international communications services. These tables compare the figures for the' calendar year 1956 to those for the previous year. Radiotelegraph carriers Itom 1955 1956 Percento! Increase or- (decrease) Number of carriers. . ,~_ Book cost of plant (as of Dec. 31) <__ _ _ Depreciation and amortization reserves Net book cost of plant~_ Message revenues: Domestic I " _ .. _ Transoceanlc___ _ _ ~Iarlne_.._. _ _ _ Total operating revenues ___ " _ Operati11g expenses, depreciation and othcr operating revenue deductlon..s . _ ~i:\!ifl~.;'\~~g;:d~~linoometaxes-~~~:~=======- - _==========::: ,Net Income' _ _ Dividends decltU'ed , .~__ .Number-ofrcvcnue:me~ageshandled: DomestIc 2 .• ' •~_______ •• _ 'l'ransoeeanlc~_ J\Iarlne__ . __.___ ____ _ _ _ Number of employecs at end of October _ Total compensation for the year _ 7 $41,952,I2"J $18, 459, 646 $23,492,483 $2,053,155 $23,780, 911 $1,554,269 $34,590,802 $29,207,5i7 $5,3~,225 $a, 473, 747 $a,~~:},mJ7 $6..~O,000 50,971 11,853,461 1,010,338 5,148 $23,451, 160 7 $45. 450, 062 $19,603,028 $25,847,034 $2,2&5,729 $26,525,400 $1, 7l9, 825 $39, 102, 062 $31,039,618 $8,002,444 $4,307,600 $4,1357, G8'2 $600,000 50,111 12,951,547 1,105,3,')6 5,241 $24,819,044 8. 3t 6.19 10.02 11.33 11. 54 10.65, 13.04 6.27 49.77 24.00 14: BZ (7.69) 0.611) 92tl 9.4J) I.8~ 0.83 1 Includes revenues from the domestic tnmsID1SSlOn of transoceanic and manYie messages o,ltslde of pomts Qf entry or deps.rture in the United States, and revenues from domestic-classification messages (primarilr 'Canadian and Jl,f('xican). . 2 Represents domestic-classification messageS (primarily Canadian and Mexican). llEPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 73 Ocean cable carriers (including Western Union cable operations) Item Number of carriers... •~~_ Book cost of plant (as of Dec. 31) _ Depreciation and amortization reserves. _ Net book cost of planL . _ Message revenues: Domestic 1_ ____ _ _ 'I'ranso(jeanic_ _ ___ _ __ _ . _ Total operating revenues.. .. _ Operating expenses,depre~iationand other operating revenue deductions " _ Net operating revenues_ _ _ Provision Cor Federal income taxes _ Net Income .. . . . __ Dividends declared 2_ _ _ Number oCrevenue messagcs handled: Domestic 2 __ • ._ _ _ Transoceanic . • Number of employees at end of October. . __ Total compensation for the year _ Percent of 19'" 1956 increase or (decrease) 3 3 1~2f$93, 226, 207 $94, 367, 968 $57,971,725 $58, 026, 629 .09 $35, 2M, 482 $36,341,339 3.08 $196,432 $201,871 2.77 $22, 908, 230 $23, 330, 466 1.84 $33,458,741 $34,370,387 2.72 $29,158, 127 $29, 822, 097 2.28 $4,300,614 $4,548, 290 5.76 $2,854,712 $1,475,000 (48.33) $1,486,516 $2,128,200 43.17 $883,670 $883,670 ----------- 105,081 104,154. (.88) 10,489,882 10,824,602 3.19 5,919~0652.47 $15, 924, 564 $16,469,250 3.42 1Includes revenues oC two carriers from the domestic transmission of transoceanic messages outside of -points of entry or departure in the United States, and revenues from domestic-classification messages (pri marily Canadian). 2 All dividends declared by Western Union Telegraph Co. have been reported in the table above relating 'to the domestic land line operations of that company and are excluded from this table• • Represents domcstic..classification messages (primarIly Canadian). International Telegraph TrafRc During calendar 1956 a total of 598,515,096 words were handled into and out of the United States by international cable and radio telegraph carriers. In the outbound direction 305,791,956 words were transmitted, while 292,723,140 words were inbound. The 6 radio telegraph carriers handled 332,114,010 words, or about 55.5 percent of the total, while the 4 cable carriers handled 266,401,086 words, or 44.5 percent. The word volume of international telegraph traffic ex changed between the United States and each of the principal coun tries of the world during calendar 1956 is set forth in the table on the following page. 74 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION United States-International telegraph (radio and cable) traffiC in words. 1956 (includes traffiC tran8iting the United States) Number of words Number of words Country Outbound from the United Stl~tes Inbound to the United States Country Outbound from the United States Inbound to the United States Europe, Africa and the Near EalJt Algeria~__~__172,640 137, 168 Arabia_____ 1,150,846 1,033,412 Austria._______________ _ 1,860, 769 1,624,569 At:ol<'-s ._._.________ 101,591 62,904 Belghn Congo.____________ 350,948 261,295 Belglum__ 5,327, 178 4,334,599 British EastAfrfca.________ 398,635 366,064 British West AlrlciL______ 337,999 341,496 Canary Islands____________ 111,809 40,230 Cyprus~_______78,776 166,730 Czechoslovakla__ 678,047 1, 168, 968 Denmark______ 1,960,558 1,255,684 Egypt_ _ 2, 597, 096 3,204,271 Ethlopia____ 231, 190 161,553 Finland_______ 635,038 626,820 Francll;L 15,993,332 Hi, 024, 383 French West Atrica________ lim, 013 160,943 Gp.rmany 16,339,006 13,441,802 Greece _ 1,974,055 1,439,918 Hungary__________________ 618,427 812,914 Iceland. ._____ 258, 596 280, 628 Iran_______________ 1 123 656 1, 09ll, 999 Iraq_ ' 790: 093 942, 663 Ireland____________________ 862,437 913,482 IsraeL 2,925,503 2,707,24-9 Itrsly 12,923,360 9,434,762 Lebanon .______ 1,099,4.56 1, 179, 68a Ltberia. • 685,848 741, 197 LibYlt • ••__ 183,819 101,873 Luxembourg______________ 124-,465 98,059 Madagascar___ 120,875 112, 905 Morocco-French___________ 509,919 500,127 Morocco.Tangier__ ___ _ 424,630 502,687 Netherlands_______________ 7,948,344 6, 460, 379 Norway 3,133,295 2,067,447 Persian Oul'--_____________ 478,474 534,774 Poland__ 1, 103,071 1,500,006 Portugal 1,213,091 948,939 Rhodesla______ 166,837 167,307 Roumania_____ 376,080 332,221 Spaln_______ 3,653, M4 2,372,793 Sweden____ 3, 9Il4, 9'ta 3,515,612 Switzerland 8,469,978 5,421.208 Byria______________________ 266.560 200,897 Transjordania.____ 250,062 438,770 Trieste, Free TerrItory oL 122,047 98,079 Turkey__ • 1,331,2tl9 l,oVJ9,871 Union of South Africa 2,649,708 2,764,721 U. S. S. R 6,112,705 4,612,197 United Kingdom 50,570,204 52,985,546 Vatican CIty_ 138,866 102,822 YugoslavIa_ __ _ 1,081,199 1,060,039 All other places . 1__74~6,~"_3+~1~.548_~.'_10 TotaL 166, 824, 050 162,826.465 Wullndiu, Central, North, and South America Argentina • _ Bahamas _ Barbados . _ Bermuda _ Bolivia. _ BraziL _ 6,579,780 1,229,597 287,698 969,159 894,427 9,742.455 7,847.284 1,216, 489 210,678 845, 812 816,964 9,396.365 West IndieIJ, Central, North, and SrJ'UthAmerica-Con. British GuIana. 237,3'13 225,160 British Hondurns__________ 167,995 161,606 Canada 1_ __ 10,613,144 12,869, 58Z CanaIZOne__________ 724.684 699.730' ChllL____________________ 2,893,976 2,357.076- Colombla__•• 5,512,151 5,068.209' Costa Rlca_____________ 1,014.426 779,261 Cuba . 7,265,353 10, 168. 954 Dominican Republic______ 1,887. 2a2 1,583,437 Ecufl.dor~_________1,669.481 937,017 Guatemala. .____ 1,743,893 1,675, no Haiti 1,048.1182 847.763 Honduras Republlc_ ___ 828.838 786, 279 Jamaica___________________ 1,264,584 931,577 MexIco 1___________________ 2, (MS, 352 1,320,144 Netherlands West Indies__ 1,183,697 1,130,826 ),l"icaragua_________________ 954,410 661,816 Other British West In- dies 3__ 272, 593 195.586 Panams___________________ 1,500,293 1,136,523 Paraguay 287, Zl5 249,221 Pertl. 2,587,503 2,288,137 Puerto Rico_______________ 5, 108, 454 4,647,947 Salvador 1,106,693 939,499 Surinam. .____ 165,716 133,678 Trinldad__________________ 969,814 746,240 ~~~~JlIa~~~==============1~;:~;;:1~:~n:~~ Virgin Islands_ __ 327,587 294,819 All other placesI---=213=.~"~7+-~15='~.'='~6 TotaLI~";;,;;;683;;;;.1;;38;'1,;;;87;;.;;;77;;2;;.2lI5;;;; Alia and Oceania Argbanistan • .__ 382,092 83,742 Australia__________ 4,216,9« 3,528, 5fJ7 Burma___ 686,882 179,636 Ceylon____________________ 545,883 398,094 China (Excluding Hong Kong)___________________ 215,039 88,W Formosa_ _ 1,487,819 1,321,977 Guam_____________________ 420,829 570,945 Hawali 5,365,833 4,417,925 ~d~f~~~~_-_-_~============~:~~:~l:~~:g Indochina_________________ 690, 896 1,159,285 Indonesia_ _ 2,001,345 3,760, i54 Japan 17,700,763 15,931,726 Korea_ __ _ 1,377,063 2,030,689 Malaya, Federation oL 1,838.071 1,362,479 New Caiedonia____________ 227,844 26,986 NewZealand_~____________1, 183, 933 1,026,775 Okinawa~_______545,070 760,672 Pakistan_ _ 1,292,413 1,584, 179 Phlllppines________________ 4,656,629 5,457,635 Thailand (Slam)________ 1,022,947 1,042,726 All other plaool_.~26_'.~860_I--'~"~.~4Mcc TotaL~__1--'-53",~224,--'-'Zl~4-1-~51--'.~41~O'--.888--= Unknown destination or ortgln •_I~~";;;;'4;;";,I_~;;;71;;';;'6;;;;" Grand totaL~__ • 305,791,956 292,723,140 I Represents lnternational-clas!litlcatton tmffic which orlglnated at overseas points and was destined to Canada (outbound from the United States), and iDtemational-classificatlon traffic which origlnal.ed In Canada and was destined to overseas poInts (inbound to the United States). ThIs traffic w&s handled between such points and Cauada by U. S. carriers via the United States. 2 Represents intemational-classificatlon traffic which originated at overseas points and was destined to Mexico (outbound from the United States), and international-classification traffic which originated in Mexico and was destined to overseas points (Inbound to the United States), This traffic was handled between such points and Mexico by U. S. carriers via. the United States. a Points not listed separately. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 75 Common Carrier Applications Nearly 6,300 applications were filed with the Commission by com mon carriers during the fiscal year (exslusive of Alaskan and marine mobile), The following table shows the number of applications according to class of service: Disposed Pending of Juoe3O. 1957 CI"" I j:'~~~Received 1956 --------------1---1--------- Radio facilitielJ Domestic: Pt/pt microwave radio statlons .__ 167 !.rizations exceed 23,000 representing the Use of over 243,000 transmitters. "'S: 'REPORT OF, THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS, COMMISSION 89 In keeping with'past pr-a<:ti<:e, the Commission has sent representa tives to the national meetings of associations such as the Police Com munication Officers,· Inc.; Forestry-Conservation Communications Association; International Municipal Signal Association and other user groups to discuss ways and means to increase the utility of radio in connection·with their particular services. Rule Changes Rule changes include two amendments which apply to all these services. One amendment provides that stations licensed for voice emissions are also permitted to use tone si gnals to actuate emergency warning devices. The other amendment places applicants on notice that frequencies below 25 megacycles may not be availahle in all areas. When an applicant seeks such a frequency and it is not available for assignment at the location desired, an endeavor will be made to find a substitute frequency. The police rules were amended to provide 2 frequencies for inter system operation, thereby allowing establishment of a simple means for communication between various departments. The police rules were also amended to limit the power of stations authorized to use 30.06 megacycles to 3 watts. This was for the purpose of making availahle a frequency for hand carried and other low-powered mohile radio equipment which would be free from interference by higher powered stations. In rulemaking status were proposals to implement Commission decision reducing the separation between assignahle frequencies in the 152-162 megacycle hand. These proposals affect all public safety radio services. Their primary effects would be : Establishment of local government and interstate highway l'udio services within the public safety services. Deletion of a number of frequeneies presently available for as signment to some public safety services, and addition of others not now available for assignment. Make frequencies available to public safety services ih the '450 460 megacycle band assignable on a regular basis. Restrict the communications which are permissible by stations: licensed in the police, fire, forestry-conservation,' and the highway maintenance radio services to those essential to official activities. The special emergency rules were amended to make schools of medicine, including schools of veterinary medicine, which have a regular rural practice eligible for licensing. Police Radio Service Licenses in the Police Radio Service are issued only to States, terri tories, possessions, and other governmental subdivisions including towns, cities, and counties. 90 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Police radio authorizations total over 11,500, covering nearly 147,000 transmitters. Police use radiotelephone for base station to mobile station com .munication. Zone and interzone radiotelegraph networks provido regional and nationwide communication coverage. Radio keeps police units in almost instantaneous contact, thereby speeding the dispatch of assistance. This greatly enhances the abil ity of law enforcement agencies to act quickly and, at the. same time, permits flexible disposition of force for the protection of property and prevention of crime. Fire Radio Service Eligibility requirements for the Fire Radio Service are the same as for the police service except that persons and organizations such as volunteer fire departments may obtain a license upon" showing that they have specific fire protection responsibility. Applications from persons or organizations, other than governmental subdivisions, must be supported by the official bodies having legal jurisdiction over the area to be served. The usual fire radio system consists of a combination of base, mo bile, and pack or "handie-talkie" radio sets. One of the many uses of radio in this service occurs where lightweight portable sets are carried by firemen into burning buildings so that communication can he maintained with outside mobile stations. The use of radio on the fire scene makes it possible to integrate the different elements of a firefighter group. The number of fire radio stations increased to more tban 3,800, with over 46,000 transmitters. Forestry-Conservation Radio Service The Forestry-Conservation Radio Service is used chiefly in forest areas to facilitate the work of fire prevention, detection, and sup pression. The fire towers scattered throughout the forests are equipped with radio to enable forest rangers to communicate with headquarters. Many States use radio-equipped aircraft to carry men and materials to the scene of a fire. The men and equipment, in cluding a lightweight radio set, are dropped in the vicinity and ra dio facilities are then used to maintain contact between the groups engaged in fighting the blaze. In lieu of a forest ranger on duty in the fire tower, developmental use of closed-circuit TV is being studied. When perfected, it appears possible that one man may perform the detection duties now per formed by many. Operation of forestry-conservation stations is almost exclusively in the hands of State conservation departments, except in some States REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 91 where cities use such stations to integrate their fire departments with . the State forestry firefighting department under a mutual-aid plan. There were nearly 3,000 stations licensed in this service by the end of the year. They operated nearly 28,000 transmitters. Highway Maintenance Radio Service Authorizations for stations in the Highway Maintenance Radio Service are issued only to governmental entities such as in the police and fire radio services. The use of radio to coordinate the many phases of highway main tenance work not only greatly enhances the safety of the motoring public but also, through more efficient use of men and heavy, ex pensive road building equipment, reduces costs considerably. This service has over 2,100 authorizations with 15,000 transmitters. Special Emergency Radio Service This particular service provides communication facilities dedicated to safety of life and property for diverse groups of persons such as physicians, veterinarians, and schools of medicine which have a regular practice in rural areas; ambulance operators; rescue organi· zations; beach patrols providing a lifesaving service; school-bus operators; persons in isolated areas where public communication facilities are not available; communication common carriers desiring to provide standby facilities or make emergency repair; and disaster reI:ef organizations. Heretofore, various chapters of the American Red Cross were the only disaster relief organizations seeking special emergency radio station licenses. Now there is interest in the use of these stations by governmental subdivisions to provide civil defense communication facilities. The Special Emergency Radio Service has grown to more than 2,700 stations with 4,300 transmitters. State Guard Radio Service This service was established to meet the radio communication re quiremeuts of State semimilitary organizations established to assume the duties normally performed by the National Guard when the latter is on active duty. There are 22 stations with over 400 transmitters. DISASTER COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE This service was established to provide additional radio communi cation facilities for use during emergencies such as in time of war, storm, and flood. Additional facilities are necessary because, when disaster strikes, regular communication facilities are disrupted or are unable to cope with the increased requirements. 92 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Stations licensed in this service may transmit any communication necessary to civil defense or relief work during a disaster. At other times communications are limited to those necessary in drills and tests to assure efficient functioning of equipment and personnel. To be eligible for licensing in this service, an applicant must show that the proposed station is a part of an organized local or regional disaster communications plan. United States Government stations may be authorized in this service. The nearly 35(1 disaster stations use about the same number of transmitters. INDUSTRIAL RADIO SERVICES General The Industrial Radio Services are made up of 8 individual serv ices; nanlely, power, petroleum, forest products, motion picture, relay press, special industrial, low power industrial, and industrial radio location. Their total authorizations increased to nearly 36,000 and the number of transmitters to over 325,000. As a result of the extensive growth and increasing complexity of these services, the Commission has made the administration of the industrial services the responsibility of a new Industrial Division. By separating the industrial services from the land transportation services, the Commission can more effectively keep pace with the ever increasing demand for industrial radio facilities. Major Problems and Accomplishments Over the years, a critical shortage of assignable frequency channels has resulted in heavy congestion in most of the industrial services, and has prevented the Commission from adequately providing for the radio needs of large numbers of industrial and cOlDmercial enter prises. With the adoption in September of 1956 of a basic policy with respect to reductions in separations between presently assign able frequencies in the 152-1'74 megacycle portion of the spectrum, and with the simultaneous adoption of technical standards which will facilitate implementation of such reductions not only in this but in certain other frequency bands, it is believed that a partial solution of this and related problems can be effected in the near future. Fur thermore, it is felt that important progress is being made in the matter of frequency-sharing among services whose respective licensees (by the nature of their industrial activities) tend to concentrate in distinct geographic areas. To give practical effect to these determinations and conclusions, the Commission during the year instituted a number of interrelated rulemaking proceedings proposing substantial changes affecting the industrial services. In large part, the industrial proposals are con cerned with the specific distribution to be made of tbe frequency REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 93 channels derived by "channel splitting" in the 152-174 megacycle band; they are also designed, however, to promote greater and more equitable utilization of available frequencies. A major proposal in the latter counection contemplates that industrial frequencies in the 450-460 megacycle band be made available on a regular, rather than the present developmental, basis and that 8.45 megacycles of spec trum space in the 460-470 megacycle band be transferred from the citizens service to the. industrial services. A substantial increase in the mmlber of frequencies availahle in the industrial services appearing to be both technically feasible and in the public interest, the Commission has proposed to apportion and rea.pportion such frequencies in a manner promising the greatest and, at the same time, most equitable utilization of available spectrum space. Thus, believing that elil(ibilities of industrial and commercial en terprises can be expanded beyond those presently obtaining, the Com mission proposes to combine the existing Low Power and Special Industrial Radio Services into a ne·w service to be known as the Busi ness Radio Service. Eligibilities in this new service would contem plate"~1nylawful business activity," "educational or philanthropic institutions," and "clergymen or ecclesiastical institutions," and ad ditional frequencies would be provided for the combined service from those proposed to be obtained from the citizens service. In addition, the Commission has proposed the establishment of a Manufacturers Hadio Service, this contemplated new service to share with the petroleum and forest products services in the use of certain frequencies presently and proposed to be available to these services. In areas where illterservice frequency sharing is not possible, the m'anufacturers would have access to some 20 exclusive frequencies in the block being reallocated from the citizens service. Another feature of the Commission's overall proposal relates to the matter of providing within the Power Radio Service for the use of two-wa.y radio by communications common carriers having a need for such facilities in connection with construction and llmintelUtIlCe activities. In a new approach to this problem, the Commission has announced. an intention to give such carriers exclusive access in the power service to 10 frequencies in the 450-460 megacycle band and, for purposes of better description, to redesignate the service as the Utilities Radio Service. In general, the Commission proposes that the power, petroleum and forest products services, respectively, retain their present frequencies and obtain those created by the separation-re,ductions in their pres ently available frequency space below 175 megacycles. There is one important exception. Because of the comparatively heavy fre quency-utilization by the forest products service in Oregon and 94 ImpORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 'Washington, and by the pet.roleum service in Texas, Oklahoma, Lou isiana, and Arkansas, the Commission proposes that the power serv ice be deprived, in these 6 States, of secondary channels which hav" been obtained by the reduction in separations with respect to its pres ent 152c-162 megacycle frequency spaoo, and that these channels be utilized by the forest products and petroleum services in the respec tive States. Additionally, the Commission proposes that the petro leum and forest products services share in the utilization of 12 fre quencies in the 450--460 megacycle band and that the power service have the exclusive use of 10 channels in this band. Finally, with respect to these particular services, the Commission proposes that the petroleum and forest products services receive qualified access to those channels which have derived from reducing the separations of the taxicab service's present 152-158 megacycle frequencies, the newly acquired frequencies to be available to industrial users only outside standard metropolitan areas of 50,000 or more population. In connection with the above apportionment and reapportionment of frequencies, the Commission proposes to discontinue access by the motion picture and relay press services to frequencies in the 450-460 megacycle band and to provide no new industrial frequencies as a result of channel splitting above 152 megacycles. Otherwise, the frequency complement for these services will remaiu unchanged. Other Developments Effective September 3, 1957, is a rule amendment which permits electric companies in the power service to engage in one-way signal ing on mobile service frequencies to indicate electric line outages. Under its provisions an unattended fixed station can be automatically activated by an electric power line failure and thereby intermittently transmit a distinctive radio signal (indicating the location of the outage) to an attended base station. Industrial rulemaking proceedings which were started and com pleted within the year include one placing the assignment of frequen cies below 25 megacycles on a case-by-case basis in most of the indus trial services, one easing' standard metl'opolitan area restrictions on heavy construction and manufacturing concerns, and one making the frequency 154.57 megacycles secondarily available in the forest prod ucts service for radio systems utilizing tone siWlals. The latter proceeding presents an interesting example of how the Commission was able to effect an interservicefrequency-sharin~ar rangement by reason of the geographic concentration of the forest products industries in the Pacific Northwest. A petitioner had dem onstrated a need of the logging industry for a radio signaling device to replace certain hand and mechanical signals to control a dangerous phase of log-hauling activity. Safety considerations dictated that the REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 95 frequency assigned for this purpose be relatively free of interference which could cause false signals endangering life and property. By reason of heavy loading, the existing forest products frequencies and the "catch-all" frequency of 27.255 megacycles were not suitable for the safety use involved. It was determined, however, that the fre quency 154.57 megacycles, which had heretofore been exclusively avail able for low power industrial use, would be ideally suited for the pro posed type of operation and, because the frequency was being used primarily in areas removed from the logging country, the Commission was able to permit the use. To preclude any possible deterioration of the low power service, the Commission placed power and antenna limitations on the forest products use of the frequency, and made all such use conditioned that no harmful interference be caused to any low power station on this frequency. LAND TRANSPORTATION RADIO SERVICES General The Commission's rules (part 16) provide for licensing and regn lating radio facilities in the Land Transportation Radio Services which consist of the motor carrier, railroad, taxicab and automobile emergency services. Each has its own eligibility requirements and frequency assignments, and some services are, in addition, assigned frequeucies on a shared basis with others. The total number of authorizations in all the land transportation services is about 37,500, involving the use of over 306,000 transmitters. During fiscal 1957, various rule parts were amended to permit more effective use of these radio facilities, and other rulemaking proceed ings were initiated in anticipation of their more extensive use. One general amendment provides for extension of license terms, upon renewal, from 4 to 5 years. Another amendment (included in an order affecting all radio serv ices using the 152-162 megacycle band) established the basic "split channel" policy. In implementing this policy in the land transporta tion services, rulemaking proposals were issued to provide specific 152-162 megacycle frequencies derived from such channel splitting for the motor carrier, railroad, taxicab and automobile emergency services, plus 2 frequencies set aside for developmental operations with the newer narrow band techniques in the land transportation services. At the same time the Commission proposes to regularize all opera tion in the 450-460 megacycle band and to subdivide between the rail road and the motor carrier services the frequency space in that band now shared by them. In addition, certain frequencies in the 27 mega cycle band were proposed for the motor carrier, railroad, taxicab and automobile emergency services on a shared basis with each other and with other services for use by base mobile and operational fixed sta- 96 REPOllT OF THE FEDEllAI, COMMUNICATIONS COMMlSSION tions. It is expected that when these proposals are finalized the prob lem of sufficient radio frequencies to cope with present demands for more stations in the land transportation services wiII be greatly re lieved in areas of present congestion,.namely, in and near large metro politan areas. An amendment to part 16 was proposed to clarify the permissible scope of communications during civil defense exercises and actual emergencies, and to prescribe applicable procedures. To eliminate delay and extra work in processing applications in those cases where it appears that the applicant has not cooperated with licensees in a particular service in his selection of a frequency, the Commission proposed to require the applicant to indicate the basis for his particular frequency selection. The proposed amendment points out that licensees are expected to resolve their own interference problems, and sets forth certain restrictions the Commission may impose where licensees are unable to reach a satisfactory agreement. Remaining problems to be considered in connection with the land transportation services include possible amendment of the rules to provide for microwave systems in accordance with the outcome of the hearings on allocation of frequencies above 890 megacycles; amendment licensing speed meters on a regular basis; automatic iden tification of base stations during and without interruption to regular operation; study of the possibility of obtaining frequencies below 25 megacycles for mobile service use in Alaska; revision of the transmit ter identification card to provide a more satisfactory method of identification; and the question of placement of base stations outside the actual area of operation of their associated mobile units. Motor Corrier Rodio Service This service is available to firms primarily engaged in providing a common or contract nlotor carrier service for passenger transporta tion between urban areas, passenger transportation within a single urban area, property transportation between urban areas, and prop erty transportation within a single urban area for its local distribu tion or collection for intercity, interstate, or international shipment. The number of motor carrier authorizations at the end of fiscal 1957 approached 2,000. During the year, the motor carrier rules were amended, in response to a petition by the American Trucking Association, to remove the restriction that limited interurban property carriers, operating on the 43-45 megacycle frequencies, to communicate with their vehicles only when the latter were engaged in the transportation of prop erty between urban areas. This amendment, in effect, permits com mtmication with those vehicles of an interurban property carrier that is engaged solely in the local pickup and delivery of property which has been shipped, or is destined for shipment, between urban areas. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUN1CATIONS COMMISSION 97 A general proposal implementing the Commission's "split channel" policy allots certain primary, secondary and tertiary frequencies in the 159 megacycle band exclusively to common or contract carriers of property operating solely within single urban areas. It also broadens the category of common and contract carriers of property by removing the restriction that local property picked up or delivered must be in intercity, interstate or international shipment. Another proposal regularizes and splits the 450-460 megacycle channels the motor carrier service now shares with the railroad service and gives half of the doubled number of channels exclusively to each service. The motor carrier service is alloted 4 additional 27 megacycle frequencies but all are limited to 30 watts final plate input power, 8 kilocycle bandwidth of emission, and are to be shared with several other radio services. Railroad Radio Service Railroad common carriers (including railroad-owned express com panies) furnishing the public a passenger or freight service are eli gible for authorizations in this service. At the end of the year rail roads held over 2,000 authorizations covering over 51,000 transmitters. During the year, the railroad service rules were amended, upon petition of the Atchison, Topeka and Sante Fe Railway Co. and the Association of American Railroads,'to provide for the utilization on a secondary basis of frequencies in the band 159.51 to 161.79 megacycles for transmitting tone signals for sigualing and control purposes where a satisfactory showing of need has been made. Another amendment, resulting from a petition of the Railway Express Agency, Inc., and the Association of American Railroads, makes eligible railroad express companies wholly owned by railroad common carriers and permits them to use railroad frequencies in con nection with the operation of land motor vehicles engaged in the pickup, delivery, or transfer of property inr~ilroadshipment. This same amendment redefined eligibility to preclude a possible interpreta tion that it includes persons other than railroad common carriers. Proposals to amend various mles to implement the 152-162 mega cycle "split channel" policy include several changes to the frequency band 159.48 to 161.85 megacycle presently available to the railroad service. In addition to dividing this band, the proposal allocates certain portions to the maritime mobile, remote pickup broadcast, and motor carrier services. The part of the band remaining to the Rail road Radio Service is from 160.2075 to 161.5725 megacycles. This reduces the total band space from 2.37 to 1.365 megacycles but increases the number of usable channels from.39 primary only, to 45 primary and secondary. 98 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COJ,\52 ---[==338:'004 -375~-95-.~ ---~= :Ii. Orol REPORT OF THE FEDERAL 'COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 103 Transmitters in Safety and Special Radio Services More than 1,164,000 transmitters were authorized to operate in the safety and special radio services as of January 1, 1957. Of these, 234,000 land and fixed· stations represent an increase of about. 124,000 or a total increase of 1&0,000 transmitters during the calendar. year. Class of station Land or fixed trans mitters :Mobile sta- Total trans· tian trans- roitters mittas 156,203 330 4,398 160,931100,931 156,203 330 '1,398------------------ I-==-I---I-~= Amateur and disaster services: Amateur '. Disaster 1.__ RACES'__ TotaL _ A viaUon services: Aerommticul and fixed group Aircraft group__ . _ Aviation auxiliary. _ Aviation radionavigation land._ Civil air patrol _ 3, "" 34 291 5,115 --43;008- 1,079 8,869 3,556 43,668 1,113 291 13,984 TotaL 8,996 5.'3,616 62,612 Industrial services: Agriculture. . _ it~~~\;~f~~~}~iooaifon======== Low po'fer j,qdustt:lll_.--~_ Motion plcture ' _ Petroleum . _ Power. _ Relay press__ ___ Special industriaL __ , TotaL _ 1,244 12,716 --i3:960 32. 462 434 4- 19,077 19,081 41 538 5i9 i,676 35,679 43,355 7, n78 97, 69.51O.~,373 78 1,364 1,442 II,32O 129,676 140,996 ----·~-I-~-=-I----'--- 28.073 297,147 325,220 Land transportation strvices: Antomobile emergency _ CItizens. _ Highway truck _ Interurban passeTtJ:er._ Interurban property_ RailrMd __ Taxicab _ Urban pas.<;{\nger __ Urban property _ TotaL_ 650 5, 820 6, 470 107,000 107,000 32 303 :l35 50 1,073 1, IZl 1,458 26,739 28,197 1,929 49,302 5I,2:n 5,034 100,417 105,4,'il 104 2, 610 2,714 114 4.058 4,172 I----:--=-I--_=:_ ,-1--,.--__ 9,371 'Nl,322 306,69.'3 2,'lS7 .., 251 W 62,124 65.094 6.000 62, 000 2, 257 442 >" W 12. I--~I-------- 3,094Total. Marine services: Alaskan:group .__ . _ Coasbtl group . __ MarIne auxiliary g-rO\lp _ MarIne- radio-na-vigatlon land Ship group_ 46,298 27,753 14,896 14fl.745 :J.I7:J 4,289 433 43,377 21,944 13.6O,~ 137, S75 3, 28:-1 238 2,921 5,809 1,292 9,170 3,173 1, (JOti 195 --..---.--.:.-:a,5{)~=;?J,OZ21==-_--=~·587 _ ,1 ._2.'1__'_'O~~;107J_ _1, 164, 137 Grand totaL__ Public safety services: t Fire. .. __ . _ Forestry conservation Highway maintemlllce._ Police_ ..• __ . ._. _ Public safety (comhined) Special emergency . Stnte guard__ 'rotal_ I Reprl'sl'nts the number of licensed stations as uf .Tunuury 1, H157. No factnul trllJisrnittl\r COIlJit is avail· able In thpsl-' services. 2 Due to au erwr in tahulut,ill!!, the 1956 report showsapproximat~lyIf>O,OIlO more mobiletransmitt-i'fS in the Puhllc Surdy Serl'icE;RAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 113 Noncommercial Educational TV 'When the present TV assignment table was adopted, 242 channels were reserved for noncommercial educational TV stations, in recog nition of the fact that educational institutions would require a longer time than commercial interests to prepare for television. As of June 30, 1957, the number of TV channels reserved for educational use totaled 257, of which 86 were VHF and 171 were rHF. As of that date, 24 educational stations (19 VHF and 5 UHF) were operating. In addition, 25 construction permits (10 VHF and 15 UHF) were outstanding, and 8 applications were pending. Educational TV stations broadcast an average of more than 25 hours a week, Home as' much as 50 hours weekly. Their programs generally are of two kinds: those designed for in-school use and others, less formal in nature, for general education. 'While the rules put no time limit upon the duration of educational reservations, the .Commissionhas recognized that unused- channels should not be reserved for an excessively long period and Should be surveyed from time to time. In accordance with this policy, several rulemaking proceedings have been initiated to consider proposals to make idle educational reservations available for imlnediate commer .cial use. During the -year, in separate rulemaking proceedings, the Com mission made VHF educational assignments in two cOrlununities available commereially upon determining that there were no pros pects there for educational operation in the foreseeable future. In one case, Channel48 W'fS substituted for Channel 3 as the educational resel'Yation at College Station, Tex., and Channel 3 was assigned for -commercial use to Bryan-College Station, Tex. In the other case, Channel 5 was unresel'Yed at Weston, W. Va. Later, in September 1957, the Commission made educational Channel 9 at Eugene, Oreg., available for commereial use. This left 256 channels (85 VHF and 171 UHF) still reserved for educational use, or 14 more than first allocated in 1952. In another pro.ceeding, affecting Channel 11 at Des Moines, Iowa, the Commission refused to make it commercial upon determining that ,educational interests were actively working towards its use and the need for a fourth VHF commercial station there did not justify a ,change. A proposal to shift the unused educational reservation at 'Tampa-St. Petersburg to Fort Pieree, Fla., for commercial use was also rejected since it was found that the progress made by, Tampa educational interests justified its retention for education. At the .year's end,l'ul~m.a:kingproceedings were in progress concerning the adyisability of' contilll.ling the, unused educational reservations at Eugene, Oreg., and Denton, Tex. 114 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Station Studio and City Identiflcation On March 13, 1957, the Commission denied petitions to amend the rules to permit-TV stfftions, under certain conditions, to maiIitain main studios in more than one principal community and to incorpo rate those communities in station identification, but will make case-by case determination of whether the present rules should be waived in special circumstal,,:es (Docket 11660). Color TV 'Vhile TV colorcasts continued to increase slowly during the year, no significant developments occurred which would indicate when the present trend will be sharply accelerated and when color TV will be firmly established on a mass market basis. Some in industry believe that a mass market for color TV continues to lie in the future; others claim that it can be expected to become a reality by 1958. At the close of fiscal 1957, 257 TV stations were equipped to handle network colorcasts, and these stations are estimated to reach 96 per cent of all TV homes in the country. About 50 TV stations were equipped to broadcast their own live color programs. It is estiIil'ated that approximately- 160,000-00101' receivers are' in use and that about 125,000 of these were purchased in 1956. Some industry spokesmen expect the number of color sets to rise to over 300,000 by 1958. Twenty-one-inch color receivers were on the market, and smaller screen color sets were available in the $500 price range. TV Application Filing The TV rules were amended on October 25, 1956, to permit the filing of applications specifying channels in accord with ordered changes in the table of assignments even though tendered before the date such .channel changesbecom~effective. _. Since~t30-day "waiting period" 'is' required before broadcast appliCations can be acted upon, and changes in the assignment t:tble normally become effective 30 days after public notice in the Fedeml Register, this amendment re duces the period which must ehlpse before final adion can be takeu upon an application for a TV channel from at least 60 days to at least 30 days. TV Test Signal TV broadcasters and the Commission have long recognized the need of llsi I1 g aJ~stsignal to check~ransmi~sionsto obtain .optimum I,erformam:e ,arid tecliriieal conformance, particularly for color TV'. Such signals can be tmnsmitted during the vertical blanking period without interfering with the picture. From time to time, several broadcasters have obtained authority to use various test signals. The Commission is of the view that sucli tests, to be of the greatest valne REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 115 to all concerned, should be standardized and be required rather than optional. Therefore, on April 5, 1957, it proposed covering rules. FREQUENCY MODULATION IFMI BROADCAST SERVICE Revived In'eres' in Commercial FM For the first time in 9 years, the number of authorized comnlercial FM broadcast stations showed an annual increase rather than a de crease. From a peak of 1,02-0 authorizations in 1948 the eominercial FM total had fallen to 546 in 1956. But figures for 1957 show 561, a net gain of 15. ' Also, applications for new commercial FM stations doubled from 28 in 19M, to 58 in 1957. 'I\venty-fonr of the latter werc peuding at the year end as compared with 10 in 1956. Also, for the first time in many years there were competing applications, and 4 of these cases have been designated for hearing-2 in the New York urea and 2 in the Los Angeles area. The number of operating commercial Fill stations remained the same as for the previous year-530. The revived interest in commercial FM is attributed, in large part, to opportunities for additional income through functional music operations. ,-,.. ,' , ' , . ' '. Educational FM Continues Gain Noncommercial educational FM stations show small but steady nu merical gain. The year closed with 148 such stations authorized, or 12 more than the year previous. IIowever, only 2 applications for new educational F.a{ stations were pending as compan',d with 4 at the' same time in 1956. Educational FM stations on the air have always shown a slow but consistent increase. Fiscal 1957 closed with 135 operating, a gain of 9 for the ycar. EducatiolHll FM stations rerre sentnear1i21pereerltOf'th~total'riilmber,if'allaiithbHz~d:J<'JI.f stations. Functional Music In an effort to stimulate the growth of the FM broadcast service by enabling commercial FM stations to increase their income, the Commission has, since July 1, 1955, permitted such FM licensees to obtain Subsidiary Communications Authorizations (SCA) to provide a limited nonbroadcast type of program service, commonly called' "functional music," as an adjunct to their regular FM operatio'ns. This syhsidiin-y" servic", is gellred. for receptipn-by commerciaLnnd; other subscribers, and the programs are limited to music, ne\vs, time, weather reports, and similar subjects. Background music to commerce cjal establishments, "storecasting" to store customers and "transit casting" to passengers in public vehicles ate examples. 116' REPORT OF THE' FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION IIi authorizing functional lllusic serviee, the CommissioncOlltell1~ plated that as soon as feasible all suclL opemtions should be on a "multiplex" rather than a "simplex" basis. In multiplexing, tmns mission is on a subchannel simultaneously with regular FM programs on the main channel, and the special programs cannot be heard on ordinaryF~Ireceivers. Simplexing, being on the same carrier used for FM broadcasting, can be heard on FM receivers and, conse quently,lnRy be carried on only when the regular pl'Ogl'UlllS are not being broadcast. The Commission felt that all-multiplex operation was ultimately necessary to insure that this nonbroadcast service would remain snbsidiary to the primary FM operation and would not cause any appreciable degradation of the ""I,erior quality of FM broadcast. In the light of the uuavailability of multiplex equipment in 195;;, the Commission authorized use of simplexing until July 1, 1056, in the belief that this provided a reasonable time for converting to mul tiplex. However, some stations were able to multiplex from the start. In June 1956 multiplexing equipment was still scarce so the Commission postponed the eonversion date to July 1, 1057. Upon review of the situation in Jtine 1957, the Commissionagaine~tended this tinle, to .Jauuary 1, 1958, but gave notice that no new authoriza tion for simplex operations would be made after .July 1, 1957. As of May 1957,41 FMstatlons held authorizations for multiplex operations and of these 35 were either actually operating or were preparing tn do so, while 27 others had grants to operate on a simplex basis. I STANDARD lAM I BROADCAST SERVICE AM Stations Still Climb AM broadcast station authorizations showed a net. gain of over 200 for the year, increasing to 3,238. Of this number, more than 1,200 were for daytime only operation. AM stations with on-air author- izations numbered 3,079. ' Industry estimates that nearly 150 million receivers are getting aural broadcasts, to the inclUSIon of FM (on' whIch there'are no separate figures). AM FrequencyAllocati~ns Four major rule-making ·mattel'S conceming allocation of AM frequencies received Commission attention during the:l'""'"': the "clear channel" proceeding (Docket 6741), th.. "daytill1e skywave"'procee
  • 5 50 53 3 2 I (1) 7,042 8,03' ... Status of Broadcast Authorizations Of 4,641 authorized AM, TV, and FM broadcast stations at the close of the year, 4,289 had authorizations to go on the air and 358 others held construction permits. A breakdown follows: Class Operating Constrnctlon authorizations permits: Commercial AM.~<_.~4 •~• .______ 3, 079 159 Commercial TV .~_~__~4 <.~~______519 132 Educational TV__ .~~_~__ .._._~._~.____ 26 23 Commercial FM 4 • •._~._4 •~_!)3f) 31 Educational FM ._. ..*~~__~_.<.~_... ...~4._~.~_135 13 TotaL.__••~.••_~_~__ •••._~~• ••~_.•••__~.4, 289 368 126 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION In addition, 41 TV translator stations (out of 74 granted) were operating, and 74 FM stations held Subsidiary Communications Authorizations to engage in functional (background) music opera tions. Broadcast Authorizations by States According to a May 1, 1957 tabulation, every State had AM and TV station authorizations, but seven States (Idaho, Montana, Ne braska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont and Wyoming) had no FM stations. Texas had more AM, FM, and TV authorizations collectively than any other State, and led in number of AM and TV facilities. Leading States in the matter of broadcast authorizations as a whole, were Texas (311), California (279), Pennsylvania (229), and New York (214). Topping the AM list were Texas (232), California (173), Florida (142), Pennsylvania (139), North Carolina (133), New York (121), and Georgia (117). The commercial TV list was led by Texas (48), Pennsylvania (38), California (37), and New York (31). The educational TV list was headed by New York (7), with Alabama, Connecticut, and Ohio next (3 each). The most TV translator stations were in Colorado and Oregon (9 each) and California (8). In the commercial FM category, California and New York tied for first place (47 each) with Pennsylvania next (42). California had the most educational FM authorizations (13), followed by Indiana (11) and Ohio (10). As for the territories, Puerto Rico had the most broadcast grants (37) including the only territorial educational TV authorization. Hawaii had the most commercial TV stations (7), also the only 2 educational FM stations in our outlying possessions. The May 1, 1957 breakdown of broadcast authorizations by States, territories, etc., follows: REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 127 I Translator Total Alabama ._ Arizona _ Arkansus _ California _ Colorado . _ Connecticut. _ Delaware _ District 0/ ColumbUL _ FloriJ 189 141 l~ lOS 89 n 1DI' 108 "" '".. ISS 18 80 104 43 41 21 21 43 49 214 188 28 163 IS .. m 21 '" 28 128 311 36 14 123 106 69 112 21 19 2 25 31 4 Broadcast Authorizations by Cities The same May 1, 1957, count showed that New York City had more broadcast authorizations than any other city (38). Chicago and Los Angeles tied for second place (34 each). New York City and Chicago led in AM authorizations (15 each), followed by Los Angeles (13). Los Angeles had the most commercial TV authorizations (8) ; New York City and Chicago came second (7 each). In the commercial FM field the standing was New York (13), Los Angeles (12), and Chicago (10). Philadelphia led in the number of educational FM stations (4); second place was shared by Boston and Dallas (3 each). 128 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Following is the May 1, 1957, tabulation of the number of broad cast authorizations in particular cities. Most of these cities can also get ontside broadcast service and, in turn, their own stations can be heard in neighboring communities. FM TV AM Total Commer- Educa- Commer- Educa· eM catfonal em! tional l\ew York____ -._------------------.- 15 13 2 1 1 I 38 Chlcago______________________~________ 15 10 1 7 1 " Los Angeles__________ 4 ________ • 13 12 1 8 0 " ~g=~l~~_~~:====-_-------.-.-------- 10 7 I 4 .' I '27 8 5 3 , I I 22 San Francisco________________~________ 10 , 1 6 1 22 Minneapolis-St. PallL___ •___~________ IO 4 1 4 1 20 New Orleans________~_~______ •________ 11 3 0 5 I 1 20 Washington._______• _________________ 7 8 0 5 0 20 Atlanta__________________~_._.________ , , I 4 I 1. Cleveland. ___ •____ •__________________ 7 • I 5 0 " Denver________________________ ._••___ 11 2 0 4 1 18 Detrolt_______ •___ . __________~________ , 7 1 4 I 1 I' MiamL•. ____________ 4 _________ , ______ , 3 1 5 I 1 18 Pittsburgh____ •______________~________ 7 • I 5 I I' Dallas ________________________________ , 4 3 2 I 0 17 ~~~~~~~~.!~~~~~~~===~~=~~=====~~ IO 4 0 3 0 17 , 4 0 4 , 0 17 Baltimore_____________________________ , 2 1 5 I 0 16 Birmingham___________________ •• _____ , 2 0 4 I I' Houston_____________________________~ 8 2 I 4 1 I' Jll.CkrollVUle ____________________ • _____ 8 3 0 4 1 16 ~:i~tr:.~~_?_i~:.__-_-===~~~=====~~====~=~= , 4 0 3 I 1 16 • 3 I 2 I I I'Buffalo ______ ----- ---------------- --- • 4 0 • I I " Phoenix__________ . _______ . _______.~__ • I 1 • 0 " St. Louis ____________~______ .•________ , 1 1 4 I 1 I " CincinnatL _____________ . _____________ • 3 0 4 1 14 11'I'esno_____________________________~__ 7 3 0 4 0 14 Honolulu ____________________________ . 7 I 2 , 0 14 Memph1s________________________~.___ , 1 0 3 I 1 14 Richmond______ --------------------- 8 3 I 2 I 0 14 Sacramento ____ ..______ •______________ • 5 0 4 0 14 ~~~~~llL~~~_i~!====~~~=====~=~====== , 2 2 3 1 I3 7 0 2 4 0 I3 Milwaukoo ____________ .•_____________ 7 0 0 , I I I3 Providenoo ______ . ____________________ • 4 0 3 0 I3 Rochester__ •___________ . ______________ • , 0 4 1 I3 ShreveporL____ . _____________________ 8 3 0 2 I 0 I3 ~:F~=~==~~~~~:~~~~~:~:::~:~::: 7 I I 3 0 I2 6 2 I 3 0 12 • 1 1 3 1 I2 Knoxville__________•_______~__________ • 1 2 3 I 0 12 ~~::~~~~-~~~::====~==:=:::::=:=:::~~ 7 0 I 3 I I I2 0 3 1 2 0 12 Tucson_______________________________ , 1 0 3 0 12 Tulsa_________ •_____________ 6 0 1 4 1 12 Broadcasting Since 1949 The following table shows the number of authorized, licensed, and operating broadcast stations, and pending applications, at the close of each of the past 9 fiscal years; also the number of stations deleted during those years: ltllPORT OF THJl FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSlON 129 I ID~IPOO_I ICp"1 Toot;"··'1To~1 y .... Grants tiona a:- Licensed on air .on air on air a=r4 COMMERCIAL AM 19019. ________ .•.•.._._._._. __ • 200 " 382 " Il63 .. 2,006 '73 2, \7:9 19&L._._.___________________ 194 70 Zl7 2, 118 26 2,144 15. ~:lO3 1951.. _______________________ l16 35 270 2,248 33 2,281 104 2,:l85 1952_________________________ 00 " 323~333 " ~:l85OS .... 19:;;1-. ___ ••••_____._.______ ._ 187 23 250 2,431l 19 2, "" 126 2,584- IDM___________________ .. _____ 148 26 226 ..'" 18 2,683 11. "697IlM5_________________________ 161 18 "'. 2,719 13 2,732 lOB ..... 1956. _____._••• _•• __ •• ______ • 197 18 38. 2,871 " 2,896 ,24 3,.Oal 1967._. ______________________ 232 14 431 ~O"35 3,079 159 ~238 OOMMERCIAL FM 1949. _._. _________________ 57 212 " 1m 360 1 737 128 ... UI50. _______________________ 3.5 169 17 493 198 691 " 732 195L. _______________________ 15 91 10 '" 115 649 10 659 1952________________________ 24 36 • 582 47 626 19 648 19S3~________________________ 26 79 8 551 '" 581l 21 001 1964___________~~_____ • ______ 27 54 • 52. 24 553 16 ." 1955.__~_____________________ 27 " 6 ." " 540 12 "21966_________________________ 31 37 10 61. 11 530 16 646 1967__________~___________~_. 41 26 24 .19 11 630 31 561 EDUCATIONAL FM 1949. _______~________________ 18 7 • 31 3 34 24 OS lO5O _____________ -___ -_______ " • 3 61 1 62 '" 82 195L~~___~~••____ • __________ 19 6 2 82 1 83 12 .. 1952.________________________ 12 2 2 91 1 92 12 104 19S3________ •~__~___ • __~__.~~ 13 1 3 106 0 106 10 116 1964____ • ___ • ___________ • ____ • 2 1 117 0 117 6 123 1955.________________________ 7 3 1 121 3 124 3 137 196(!- ________________ ..____~_ 13 • • 126 0 126 10 136 i9li1__~_.______••••___ •__ •• __ 17 • 2 13' 0 13.5 13 148 COMMERCIAL TV 1949__________________• __ ••__ " 7 338 13 56 " 48 117 1960____ • ____________________ 0 8 351 47 57 104 6 109 196L____• ___________________ 0 0 416 81 26 107 2 109 1952________._~___ • ___ • ___ ••_ 0 1 716 96 12 lOB 0 lOB 19S3_. _______ • __________ • ___ • 881 6 672 101 97 198 205 488 1954•..______________________ 174 81 "'" 104 298 402 171 57lJ 1~55__________~___ ••_•••__ • __ 67 58 127 137 321 "" 124 582 1956 __ • _______ •._____________ 00 26 128 186 310 496 113 "191957____ • ____________________ 66 13 126 344 176 519 "" 651 TV TRANSLATOR 19~7._._. ____ • ___ . ______~-.--I "I oI 48 1 17 1 24 1 "I 38 1 " EDUOATIONAL TV 1"2•• _••• ._ 19l13.~__ 1954__ •~_••••_•.•_._ ••• 19M•• -_"~__ 1956 _ 1957 ...._ o 17 13 6 7 8 o o o 1 o • 1 20 17 14 11 8 o o o 1 1 14 o 1 6 10 19 12 o 1 6 11 '"20 o 16 24 23 21 23 o 17 '" 34 " •• 130 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Any seeming discrepancy in the relation of grants and deletions during the year to total authorizations at the close of the year is due to reinstatement of some deleted authorizations and other con siderations impassible to detail in this general table. The term "on the air" covers stations actually operating or holding authorizations to operate. "CPs" refer to construction permits. Broadcast Applications During the year more than 9,700 broadcast applications were re reived, which was about a thousand more than the previous year. Applications for new TV stations increased from 91 to 132, AM from 384 to 424, and FM from 57 to 77. Of these, 31 TV and 107 AM applications were designated for hearing. A breakdown of applications by classes follows: ~_~,""l"; On hand Dismissed, Designated On hand 01"", June 30, Received Granted denied or to< June 30, 1>56 returned hearing 1'-'7 AM Newstations_~••___ ._ ----------- 274 424 '"' 101 107 ,,. Major changes____________________ 154 240 162 32 27 18.' Transfers~.___ . ___________ . _______ 84 681 686 59 5 70 Renewals__ ._ . _____ . ______________ 300 1,086 1,080 58 2 252 Llcenscs________________________ •• n 492 4.-57 25 0 82 Other___ --->--------- 80 948 907 57 1 64 AM totaL __________________ 964 3,871 3,445 332 142 975 TV New stations______ • ____ . _________ 54 132 47 28 31 87 Major cbll.l1ges ____________________ 37 179 155 " 6 47 Transfers_·~__ •____ , _______________ 18 132 120 11 2 19 Renewals______ . 18 81 77 0 0 22 Licenses_____ . ____ , _________ 183 186 291 5 0 73 Othe.___________________ ._ "" 689 635 'I 0 143 TV totaL________ <30 1,399 1,325 88 39 '" FM . New stations_____________________ 15 77 57 9 0 26 Major cha.nges _______________ . ____ 6 89 81 6 0 • TransIers_~______ . _______________ . " 74 78 1 0 1 Benewals________________________~ 45 251 '22 12 0 '" Licenses___~____________.__________ 1 90 76 6 0 IS Other_____ , _____ . _________ . _______ 14 146 121 5 0 26 FM totaL_. ________ .. 727 641 39 0 147 Mbce.U/JnfQUB New stations___ • ______ "__________ 164 1,070 863 140 2 17l Major changes _________ . 11 349 '20 13 0 27 Transfers____________._____________ 49 ,24 426 19 I 29 Renewals. ________________________ 1<8 819 841 13 0 113 LIC(lIlSes __ ••••,.__ ••••• T ••· •••• , __ • 596 9" 1,007 OJ 0 414 Other______ •_________ . ___________ , 2 107 94 4 0 11 Miscellaneous totaL__ . __~__ 910 3,707 3,550 242 3 825 OrandtotaL_~____~____ , ••_ 2,403 9,704 8,961 701 184~338 Age of Pending Broadcast Applications Of the 2,338 broadcast applications pending at the close of the fiscal year, 1,190 were less than 3 months old; 697 had heen pendinl; REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONSCOMMISSIO~131 from 3 months to 1 year; 1'1'9 from 1 to 2 years, and 335 for more than 2 years. Their classifications are shown in the following table: Total Under 3 3 to 12 12 to 24 Over 2f months months months months ------ 322 90 150 22 60 185 66 60 10 40 252 214 28 • • 21. 158 40 • • --- --------- --- AM New stations. . •~__ Changes_.~. __ Renewals · _ Other •• • _ AMtotaL .~;;---__ --------.---.-_----!97~=628=~=56 113 Newstatious________________________________________ 26 14 10 0 2 Changes~_________________________________________8 .5 3 0 0 Renewals____________________________________________ 63 58 4 1 0 Other •~__ ,__________ 50 35 12 1 2 8erv100 FM totaL____________________________________ 147 112 29 2 4 ===== TV Action on applications in the older groups depends largely upor, the outcome of competitive hearings, legislation and litigation, and resolvement of rule making and other proceedings affecting several stations or groups of stations. In many individual cases, delay is caused by frequent amendments to applications and other filings, which require restudy of a case, and delay on the part of the ap plicant in conforming with financial, engineering, and other requirements-. Broadcast Industry Financial Data In the calendar year 1956, the radio and television industry's total revenues (which are derived from the sale of time, talent, and pl"O gram materials to advertisers) were reported at $1,377.5 million. Total radio revenues rose 6.0 percent to $480.6 million while TV revenues reached $986.9 million, or 20 percent above 1955. Total radio and TV profits of $238.8 million in 1956 were 22 per cent above 1955. Television broadcast profits of $189.6 million were 26 percent higher and radio profits of $49.2 million were 7 percent higher. 182 :REPOll'l' OF T.HE FEDERAJ,(JO-=CATION~COMMISSION ThefdiIowlngtables shdw 'the comparative' calendar m55-56 firiidlciaJ data for the radio and television broadcast industries: All Networks and Stations, 1955-56 Item 1955 (millions) 1956 Percent (milHaus) increase in 1956 I Radio includes AM and FM broadcasting. Note. 19M radio data cover the operations of 4 nationwide networks and 3 regional networks l 2.916 AM and AM-FM and 531ndependent FM stations. Excluded are 5.5 stations whose reports were fI. cd too late lor tabula,tion. 1955 data are for the same networks and 2,704 A1\1 and AM-FM and 38 Independent FM stations. Excluded are 90 stations whose reports were flied too late for tabulation. 1956 TV data cover the operations of 3 networks and 474 stations. 1955 TV data cover the operations of" networks (3 networks after Sept. Hi, 1955, when DuMont ceased network operations) and 437 stations. Nationwide Networks Only, 1955-56 [Including owned and operated stations] Item . Total broadcastrevenues~__ • _ Radlo •~__~.~••_. • • _ Televislon _ Total broadCBSt expenses • _ Radlo_. .. ._ Telev1s1ou •• .. . . ..•• _ Broadcast income (before Federal income tax) . __ ._. __ ._ Radio . . ._ Television•• __ _ _ _ Percent tn· 1955 1956 creasl;l or (mUllons) (millions) (deorease) in 1956 $448.' ."", 13.3 74.5 65.8 (11.7) 374.0 442.3 18.3 375.4 423.1 12.7 69. 4 66.2 (4.6) 306.0 356.9 16.6 73.1 ".0 16.3 .., (0.4) _ 58.0 85.4 25.6 Nou 1: RadIo datalnclude the operations of Hi network-owned AM stations In 1955 and 19M. No~11: Tl;llevisiou data include the operations of 16 p.etwork-owned stations in 1955 and 15 In 1956. AM Radio 1 Broadcast Revenues, Expenses and Income, 1955-56 [In tho1$\l1d6} 4 nationwIde 3 regIonal All other netwofks and networks and stations~Industry total Item thetr stations 2 their stations t ,... ,... "'" ,... 19.. ,,.. ~l~ --- Total broadcast revenues.________ $74,511 $65,804 $3,814 $4,373 $374,013 -'" $452,338 $479,161 Total broadcast expenses__ . __ . ___ 69,449 66,233 2,958 3,579 333,565 359,794 406,982 429,606 Broadcast Income (before Federal income tax) ________________ . ___ 5,062 ("") 846 '" 40,448 49,190 46,356 49,555 1Excludes independently operated FM stations, 3810 1955 and 531n 1956. Also excludes 90 AM statlons reporting too late to tabulate 1n 1955 and !i5 In 1956. Includes the operations of 18 network-owned stations in 1955 and 19 network-owned stations in 1956. I Includes 2,685 statIons in 1955 and 2,897 stations in 1956. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 133 TV Broadcaat Revenues, Ea:penses ana Income, 1956 Item 3 netlvorks Total 3 and theIr 15 459 other networks owned and TV stations and 474 TV operated (mllUons) fltaUons TVstations Revenueg from the sale of 'time:' Network time sales: Nationwide networks~.__________ $269.1 $US. 6 $367,7 Mtsll.ellAAeQusn.e.tworks @d~tations_·".,_~_c__~.~·__ ,c_-~-.:----,·~~-_~-_c.~-~~c--_···~_~---_.~_.~.~"_~._. 269.1 98.' 55.7 225. , 22.9 151.3 7&, 376. 8 347.7 475.4 17{),9 63.1 278.8 4-12.3 1M.! 11.3 3<1. , :n.O 165.5 42.3 442.8 464.6 356.9 300.' $8H $104.2 1Of thIs amount $56.7 million is appllcable to the total sale of network time. Due to higher priority work, the Commissiou was unable to com pile FM broadcast financial data in time to appear in this reporj;, or to tabulate investment in tangible AM broadcast property. 444149--~7----10 Interference Control GENERAL Until the close of World War II, interference was largely between radio stations since the noncommunication use of radio was small and its problems.could be handled on an individual basis. However, as early as 1940, the Commission recognized that electronic devices, such as used in medical diathermy and for industrial heating, could be a source of serious interference to radio services. This, in turn, has led to the present broader concept of interference as any signal, noise or radiation that endangers radio communication. The mushrooming of transmitters, the super-sensitivity of tele vision reception and the mounting use of electronic devices are the chief contributors to the current interference epidemic which, be cause of its widespread contagion, is proving difficult to control on a national basis. The result is that, in addition to regnlating radio transmission, the Commission finds it necessary to curb excessive radiation from receiving equipment as well as from industrial, medical, household, and other appliances. This is essential to prevent disruption of radio communication services, especially those used to help safeguard life and property. In so doing, the Commission is receiving the coopera tion of manufacturers, retailers, and users of noncoffilllUllication apparatus. One effective prevention is Commission cons.ideration, at the makers' request, of certain equipment before it is produced and sold. This is known as type approval or type acceptance prior to going on the assembly line. "Type approval" is given after tests of working models submitted to the Commission's laboratory for that purpose; "type acceptance" is based upon engineering- certification by the manufacturer that it meets requirements. lIsel's of nonapproved equipment emitting out-of-bounds energy are generally helpful in providing curbs by installing adequate shielding. The cooperative effort is further reflected in the organization and functioning of special committees of interested persons throughout the United States and its territories to handle local and area inter ferenee· problems. They·are sponsored "by the Commission. One of 134 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 135 these self-help groups is the 27 Cooperative Interference Committees organized throughout the communications industry for area service. The other is composed of 473 Television Interference Committees, re,presentative of amateurs and various other users of radio, who operate locally in nearly every State, and in Alaska, the Hawaiian Islands, and Puerto Rico. At the same time, the FCC is trying to educate unorganized users of radio transmitters to their individual responsibility to obey the law and operate in a manner that will contribute to the most practical and economic utilization of the public radio highways. INDUSTRIAL, SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL EQUIPMENT Abbreviated "ISM" for convenience, this categllry covers equip ment using radio frequency energy for the purposes indicated which, though not licensed, must comply with the t""hnical requirements of part 18 of the Commission's rules. Industrial heaters are used in the plastics industry for drying, sealing, molding, and settiug of plastics; in the metals industry for hardening, heating, brazing, and soldering, and in the furniture and plywood industries for setting of glue. During the year, the Com mission completed a major revision of the rules dealing with in dustrial heating equipment to clarify the requirements to be fulfilled by the user and also to provide for prototype certificates of these heaters. Miscellaneous items apply radio frequency energy to ma terials to produce physical, biological, Or chemical effects, such as lleating, ionization o£gases, nlechanical vibration, and acceleration of charged particles. One example is epilators employed for removing surplus hair. Medical equipment is largely diathermy or ultrasonic. Conver sion from the old pre-June 1947 diathermy machines (illegal after June 3,1953) to approved nonradiating types is well on the road to compMion. This is indicated by the fact that only 5 major in vestigations of such apparatus were necessary during the year. Elimination of obsolete diathermy apparatus is largely due to the intensified program of 1955-5& which resulted in the voluntary removal of 1,040 old machines from service. Arc welilers stabilized by radio frequency are utilized to weld stain less steels, aluminum, and its alloys and nonferrous metals generally. Present design incorporates a spark gap generator which is cheap, reliable, and self adjusting. However, it has the fault of generating energy over a wide range of frequencies and is a potent souree of interference. The Commission has instituted rulemaking to deal 136 REPORT 'OF THE FEDERAL COMMUl'lICATIONS OOMMISSION with these welders but final action waits completion of industry evaluation of a redesigned circuit to reduce radiation. Electronic ovens for home use is a late development. They use microwave radio energy to cook or bake food. Heat is developed directly inside the food, which enables it to be cooked faster than in the conventional oven where cooking depends on heat applied to the outside of the food. Also, frozen foods can be put in the electronic oven without prior thawing. Electronk ovens now on the market operate on 915 or 2450 megacycles, both of which are frequencies assigned for ISM use. Electronic cookers were developed some years ago aud have seen limited commercial nse. This year, having adapted the idea to home ovens, several manufacturers started promoting sales to the general public. The electronic oven is the forerunner of numerous electronic devices being developed for home use with which the Commission must cope within the next few years in carrying out its obligation to control interference. The basic philosophy of ISM regulation is to provide a small num bel' of frequencies on which unlimited radiation is permitted and to require rigid control of radiation on all other frequencies. Accord ingly, the rules provide 7 frequencies throughout the spectrum which may be used by such equipment with unlimited radiation. These frequencies have been established by international agreement to en courage grouping apparatus of this type on frequencies not intended, primarily, for radio communication. Radiations on other than ISM frequencies are required to be suppressed to specified limits which are based on a compromise between the probability of interference and practical considerations of the cost of controlling the radiation. The problem concerns the users of both radio communication and ISM equipment. The Commission is charged with protecting au thorized radio services from the destructive effect of excessive radia tion. At the same time it recognizes the important role played by ISM equipment. Consequently, the rules strive to provide for the successful coexistence of both. ISM equipment continues to particularly bother aural and TV broadcast services but its overall interference is no longer the problem it was in the years immediately following 1947 when the ISM rules were first adopted. INCIDENTAL AND RESTRICTED RADIATION DEVICES Incidental and restricted radiation devices are governed by part 15 of the rules and include innumerable devices, other than ISM equip- REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 137 ment, capable of causing radio and TV interference. The regulations are designed to be self executing and do not require Commission licensing or approval of equipment. Incidental radiation devices are electric or electronic in nature and although not designed to generate radio frequency energy, do produce such energy in operation. Interference is caused when this is radiated, as in the case of electric appliances, switches, generators, and automotive ignition systems. Considering the almost infinite variety of these devices and present lack of knowledge as to what limi tations to apply, the Commission is currently regulating them on the basis that any harmful interference they cause must be promptly eliminated. Restricted radiation devices, on the other hand, deliberately gen erate small amounts of energy for different purposes. In this cate gory are radio receivers, various types of carrier cnrrent systems such as those used by telephone and power companies, "wired wireless" (campus radio), and community antenna systems; also wireless micro phone, radio-controlled garage door openers, and a variety of other radio-controlled products including toys. The problem here is how to control radiation that is harmful to regular radio operation while permitting these items to function. The Commission found it necessary to make some adjustments to its receiver radiation control program initiated in 1955. These changes--which involved extensions of time, relaxation of some re quirements for FM receivers and the temporary relaxation of the oscillator radiation limit for UHF TV receivers-were granted to help industry adjust itself to this relatively new field of regulation and to provide temporary relief in hardship cases. The Commission is confident that, after initial difficulties are overcome, this program will have mutually beneficial results. It is another example of the cooperation between the Commission and industry in the interest of all users of radio. MONITORING FOR INTERFERENCE The Commission's monitoring facilities seek out, identify, and locate sources of interference affecting radio commnnication of its licensees, Government agencies, and the general public. Its own routine sur veillance of the radio spectrum locates many sources of potential interference before they become serious. However, in spite of this preventive monitoring, the Commission received and acted upon over 138 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 5,300 requests during the year for monitoring service relating to interference complaints. In comparison with 1056, they were: Flscal19S6 I Fiscal1957 ----------------1---1'--- U. S. Air Foroo . . U. S. Army_ _ .. U. S. Navy . ._. _ U. S. Coast GniinL . ._ Civil Aeronautics AdministratioD___ __ _ _ _ Other Government !lll.'cncies. . _ I.lIw enforcement agencies . _ Comml"rctal airlines "__ " . _ Commercial concerns. . ._ Foreign governments_ _ . _ Total major cases . _ Miscellaneous (minor cases) _ Orand total. . ._. "_-------- _ 337 112 66 51 42 66 28 119 769 20 1,620 4,144 5,764 '23 92 82 91 36 51 .. 119 689 15 1,556 3,804 5,360 Following are illustrative of services rendered by the FCC monitor ing network in resolving these complaints. During flood relief operations in Kentucky, the FCC identified radioteletype signals interfering with State police radio commnnica tion as coming from Government radio stations in Alaska. This was due to unusual propagation conditions. The Federal agency con cerned immediately shifted to another available frequency nntil the emergency was over. A foreign nation sought assistance from both the United States and the Japanese monitoring services in tracing interference to reception of a United States fixed public international radio station. The FCC quickly pinned it on a Puerto Rican station operated by the same company on the same freqnency. The interefence was cleared by the company rearranging the transmission schedules of the stations concerned. An aeronautical station transmitter in Miami was inadvertently left on the air after communicating with San Juan. This caus!\d interference to reception at Seattle of an aeronautical station in Honolulu. FCC bearings located the source within a few minutes after receiving the complaint and the situation was corrected quickly because the same licensee was involved at alllocatjons. INTERFERENCE INVESTIGATION By far the largest nnmber of interference complaints received by the Commission are so localized that long-range direction finding is not needed. These complaints are resolved wherever possible by en couraging radio station licensees or individuals to help themselves or to secnre assistance from local self-help groups. If the inteference complaint is not resolved at the local level, a field investigation is made. There were 23,695 interference complaints during the year, an increase of 4,350 over 1956. Of these, 12,722 required investigation as compared to 11,431 last year. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 139 Complaints involving interference to TV reception totaled 19,798, including 43 affecting color TV, in comparison with 15,042 last year, of which 5 related to color. Complaints of interference to AM and FM broadcasting amounted to 2,196. The remainder covered almost the whole communications field and included some cases of serious interference to vital industry and Government communication, includ ing marine arid aircraft radio navigation and facilities affecting the safety of life and property on the water and in the air. The increased use of tropospheric and ionospheric "scatter-type" communication circuits resulted in a number of interference cases on the VHF bands at times when these signals were propagated over considerable distances to interfere with older services. These were resolved in the main by improvements in the indirectivity properties of the antennas concerned plus some realignment of frequencies. In one instance, lasting several days, unusual conditions caused Euro pean navigational signals on 24 megacycles to be received over the eastern part of the United States and interrupted reception on trans atlantic radiotelephone circuits. The number of interference complaints from industrial, scientific, and medical noncommunications equipment dropped to 170 as com pared with 247 iu 1956. This was due to increased compliance with FCC regulations. One manufacturing plant, harassed by continuous complaints of interference caused by its industrial heating equipment, constructed a shielded room at a cost of $3,000 to insulate its heaters, and in stalled a field strength meter to continuously check their radiation. Approximately 500 TV receivers in one section of an eastern city received severe interference which an FCC mobile unit traced to a flashing neon sign. The owner cooperated by turning the sign off until it could be serviced. In consequence, the FCC received a letter from the spokesman for a 60-unit apartment building expressing the appreciation of his "fellow cliff dwellers." A radio communication chaunel used by five "Nike" installations ringing an east coast city was rendered useless by interference which .was traced by FCC engineers to a "struck" transmitter at one of those installations. In anotber instance, "leaky" insulators were replaced on a section of a power line after FCC engineers determined that this was the cause of severe interference to industry and military radio circuits as well as to broadcast reception. Interference to Navy communication in the San Francisco Bay area was traced to a transmitter on a Navy vessel which had been inad verently left "on." Over 200 families affected by TV interference in a Massachusetts city petitioned an FCC district office for relief. The trouble proved 140 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION to be faulty equipment on a power line pole. The power company cooperated by replacing defective lightning arrestors. With the help of a local Television Interference Committee, an FCC engineer found the source of TV interference, covering a resi dential area of about one square mile, to be an oscillating TV receiver booster amplifier in a private home. An FCC engineer located a radiating electric arc welder that was causing interference to radio amateurs. The radiation was eliminated when the company installed new power line filter condensers. Another arc welder which interfered with marine communication in Tampa was similarly located; and still another was fOllild which interfered with radio communication of a bus line in the San Fran cisco area. A tree branch which fell on an electric fence near Buffalo caused sparking which disrupted coast reception of ship radiotelephone sta tions, including the watch on distress frequencies. An FpC mobile unit located and remedied the condition. Often seemingly uuimportant devices can cause trouble. A de fective doorbell transformer in a house in Minnesota caused such severe intetference to frequencies between 2 and 9 megacycles that aircraft transmissions were unintelligible up to 50 miles or more from an airport. FCC-GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE CASES Since cases of harmful interference arising between United States Government stations and Commission licensees have to be resolved on the basis of mutual and voluntary cooperation, this is done in the field, whenever possible, between the parties concerned or with the help of local Commission engineers. When local efforts fail, a case is referred to ·Washington. During the past year there were 314 such cases. Each one requires interagency discussion and fact-finding. It often develops that getting the engineering data is the most dif ficult part. When the facts are known, it is usually not difficult to determine the party at fault and the action lie should take. It is interesting to note that more of these cases are due to human error than to equipment malfunction, although a considerable number are caused by abnormal propagation conditions. The most serious group of FCC-Government interference cases during the year resulted from certain installations of the Depart ment of Defense employing a new technique known as "Forward Propagation by Ionospheric Scatter" (FPIS). Snch stations re quire use of a part of the spectrum already heavily occupied, prin cipally by Commission licensees. The interference occurs, because of propagation behavior, principally during the winter months. Studies and negotiations looking toward a mutual solution were REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 141 under way at the close of the fiscal year. Meanwhile, the Depart ment of Defense has taken steps which assure considerable temporary relief for Commission licensees. Cases requiring interagency discussion and action totaled 314 for the year. INTERNATIONAL INTERFERENCE AND INFRACTIONS Many cases involving international interference are settled directly between the operators of the interfering stations. When this fails, either licensee may request his government to take up the matter. Some cases are handled through diplomatic channels. 'Vhen the problem is purely technical, however, the telecommunications au thorities of the country involved usually communicate directly with the Commission. Similarly, the Commission generally uses the same approach on behalf of its licensees. Approximately 300 international cases were dealt with by the Commission during the year, and most of them were settled satisfactorily. As the Commission's monitoring stations "cruise" the spectrum, they report foreign stations operating with technical discrepancies which have an adverse effect upon United States stations. These reports of infractions are forwarded to the governments concerned in accordance with treaty provisions. Last year there were about 3,000 of these reports. Conversely, the Commission received a num ber of infraction reports from other countries. Field Engineering and Monitoring GENERAL The Commission's field functions are of a technical nature and, among other things, involve radio station inspections, radio operator examinations, monitoring, and services to correct radio interference. During the year, 2 marine offices were created-one at Tampa, Fla., and the other at San Pedro, Calif.-to replace the former suboffices there. An Equipment Construction and Installation Branch was in stalled at Powder Springs, Ga., in connection with the developmeut, construction, and maintenance of specialized direction finders and cer tain other equipment for Commission use. There are now 24 district engineering offices, 5 suboffices, 2 marine offices, 18 monitoring stations and 1 mobile TV monitoring unit. MONITORING Monitoring Facilities The Commission's monitoring and direction-finding network com prises 10 primary and 8 secondary stations directed by a central monitoring control. (See list in appendix of this report.) The Twin Falls, Idaho, secondary station was moved to Douglas, Ariz., in May 1957 to improve the coverage of the Southwestern States and to obtain a better site for long-range direction finding. Another advantage is that the new site is Goverument-owned. The Commission has obtained surplus Government land near Chil licothe, Ohio, and also is in the process of securing such land near Canandaigua, N. Y., for the eventual relocation o.f the Chillicothe secondary and the Millis, Mass., primary monitoring stations, re spectively. The Chillicothe station is now on leased property. The proposed move of the Millis station to Canandaigua is primarily to secure a better site for direction finding and for directional monitor ing antennas. Monitoring Surveys The Commission's monitoring stations patrol the radio spectrum around the clock to report frequency occupancy and usage data for the International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB) of the In ternational Telecommunication Union (ITU) at Geneva, Switzerland. 142 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 143 The United States is committed by international agreements to per form this service. The IFRB compiles and publishes summaries of this information supplied by participating countries. The summaries are used worldwide to assist all administrations, including the United States, in efficiently allocating radio frequencies and in resolving instances of international radio interference. Because of the benefits they themselves derive from the interna tional monitoring program, 6 of the largest domestic commercial communication companies operate monitoring facilities and partici pate in the work under the coordination of the United States Cen tralizing Office for International Monitoring which is located within the Commission. This year, 166,393 monitoring items were forwarded to the IFRB by that office, Of these, about 150,000 were obtained by FCC monitoring and the ,'emainder by commercial monitoring, Commission monitoring stations made 21 special surveys during the year to collect frequency usage and other engineering data re quired by the Commission in domestic frequeucy allocatiou, aud for studyiug possible iuterfere.nce from new or modified frequency and radio station allocations. Included was the obtaining of factual en gineering data required by the Commission in preparatory work for the 1959 International Radio Conference. Direction Finding Although the direction finder is only one of the many tools used by a coordinated monitoring network-others being precision fre quency measuring equipment, spectrum analyzers for determining the spectnml space occupied by a signal, field intensity equipment to measure its strength, etc.-the importance of being able to determine the source of an unidentified signal makes ti,e direction finding the second most important monitoring aid, topped ouly by the function of listening throughout the spectrum to detect unidentified trans missions. The FCC 18-unit direction finder network provides a means of qui~klylocating unauthorized transmitters and sources of interfer ence, and the general knowledge of its capabilities in this regard tends to discourage would-be violators. Also, these facilities aid in air and sea craft search and rescue operations and assist defense agencies in research and development projects. The FCC monitoring network logged a total of 116,371 bearings during the year, although many more were taken by individual moni toring stations in the course of their local work. Of the total reported bearings, 46,080 were taken to position high altitude balloons and surface weather buoys for the military agencies and 2,490 were taken in search and rescue operations. Last year the totals in these categories were 62,280 and 1,700, respectively. 144 REl'ORl' OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Examples of emergency assistance.-A military plane en route from the Azores to Bermuda failed to sight its destination at the estimated time of arrival. The pilot radioed for assistance which was relayed to the Commission via the Coast Guard. The resulting fix showed that the plane had overshot its destination and was proceed ing away from Bermuda. Acting upon data furnished by the FCC, the pilot was enabled to correct his course and land safely before his fuel supply became exhausted. A Navy flying "boxcar" with 11 persons aboard departed from Miami, Fla., for Bermuda. Seven hours later, the pilot radioed that he was lost and requested bearings. After notification by the Coast Guard, the FCC direction finding net was able to furnish 6 fixes within a little more than an hour. They enabled search planes to locate the plane and guide it to a safe landing at Bermnda with less than 1 hour's fuel left. In a message of appreciation, the Coast Guard stated: "... all FCC fixes were extremely accurate. Success ful completion of this caSe attributed to your prompt and accurate HFIDF fixes." One monitoring station intercepted a distress call from an air craft. Five minutes later the Coast Guard asked for direction finder assistance. A military plane somewhere west of Hawaii had a fire on board, part of its electrical equipment was inopemtive and one engine was out. Two Coast Guard rescue planes were unable to find the distressed craft by use of radar. One FCC fix assisted in locating the area and this resulted in rescuing the passengers and crew who by that time were on a life raft. A Navy plane enroute to California developed engine trouble and turned back to Hawaii barely able to maintain 500 feet altitude. This low altitude rendered long range mdar search ineffective so FCC fixes were requested by the Coast Guard. These fixes assisted a rescue plane to make contact and escort the distressed plane to a safe landing. Dense fog off the coast of southern California resulted in a Coast Guard request for FCC direction finding assistanCe in locating two small boats lost in coastal waters. The radio frequency and trans mitter power used by the boats were such that only single bearings could be obtained in each instance. Although fixes could not be evaluated from single bearings, they did give the Coast Guard a line of direction which expedited locating the distressed craft. In another such instance the FCC net obtained 2 bearin!,,.,, which determined a general search area so that the Coast Guard was able to find a yacht which was lost and short of fuel. In response to another Coast Guard request, the FCC monitoring station on Oahu furnished a bearing on a fishing vessel lost in a storm REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 145 near Honolulu. The bearing assisted in "positioning" the vessel and guiding itsafely to port. Other Monitoring Cases In addition to monitoring for radio interference, the Commission handled 1,327 major cases involving the detection and location of illegal transmitters, enforcement of radio laws and regulations, and special fact-finding studies to assist the Commission and other Government agencies. This was an increase of 26 from last year. Other cases of the same type but of only local interest, not involving more than one monitoring station or office, totaled 7,340 as compared to 6,548 last year. Additional monitoring statistics follow: Flsca11956 FIscal 1957 Alerts, unknown or suspicious slg1mls~•__~._. _ Identification file slips ,_. _ Monitoring citationsserved~.~. Requests for monitoring coverage (nonlntel'fcrence cases): Field Engineering and Monitoring Bureauorlginatlons_.~._ Other Fca units "_. + • _ Other Government agencIes. • _ Amateurs_~~~ Commerctal conoerns~. _ Foreign governments__ _ ---. _ 10,104 187,236 13,674 Iil1 45 167 77 22 26 9,280 177,276 14,256 'M 34 ISO 81 9 31 In October and November of 1957 FCC monitors obtained position ing data on two Russian earth satellites for Government and other scientific study. Monit,oring Training 'Program The specialized nature of the Commission's monitoring operations makes it difficult to recruit adequately pretrained monitoring and di rection finding personnel. In accordance with a Presidential direc tive of January 11, 1955, the Commission has continued its on-the-job training program to develop recruits for replacements in its monitor ing staff. Additionally, the Commission's experienced monitoring .observers maintain and advance their knowledge and skills by par ticipating in this training program. The training program involves approximately 171 monitoring em ployees. Instruction generally consists of 1 hour a week of class work supplemented by approximately 2 hours of study assiguments. The program has been coordinated with the Civil Service Commission. INVESTIGATIONS Investigation of Unlicensed Stations During the year, mobile investigative units located 100 unlicensed stations as compared with 147 the previous year. Of the current total, 43 were unlicensed boosters, or 23 less than in 1956. Other typos of unlicensed operation were: 146 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNlCATIONSCOMMISSION An unauthorized station was located on a highway swing bridge on the Intercoastal Canal in Texas. Itoperated on a ship radiotelephone frequency purportedly for safety communications but transmitted superfluous signals. By means of direction finder bearings taken by a mobile unit, an nnlicensed station on coastal frequencies was found to be operated by a retired tug boat captain in a garage in the rear of his dwelling at a southern port. Two unlicensed cases were in the nature of hoaxes. A WOlnan stole into an unattended police patrol car and radioed: "Bergen Beach Tower ... running out of fuel ... crash landing ... Plane 3417." In another instance 4 teenagers entered a parked automobile equipped with amateur rn-dio and broadcast: "40 Russian bombers areap~ proaching New York ... get in your cellars." Unlicensed war-surplus walkie-talkies were used by a New Jersey high school football team for instruction purposes. They discon 1,inued this part of their practice. Acting on information that an unlicensed Alaskan station was fre quently checking into the amateur "Sourdough Net," on 3892 kilo cycles, an investigative unit pinpointed the origin in an isolated area. After admitting being unlicensed, the operator made a closing an nouncement that he was signing off permanently. An unlicensed radar installation was found at an oil company's deck in Seattle. It was operated by a marine equipment organization for sales purposes. Upon warning, operation ceased pending applica 1,ion for a proper authorization. Officers of a foreign ship were found working an unlicensed VHF transmitter while the ship was in port at St. Thomas, V. I. Its use to direct the offshore unloading of passengers was discontinued. INSPECTIONS Broadcast Station Inspections A continuing inspection of broadcast stations (AM, FM and TV) is necessary to determine compilance with standards and regulations and make certain tl)at stations are operating in the proper technical manner. Observations and measurements are made to eliminate unnecessary interference ,vith other broadcast stations and prevent harmonics and spurious emissions interfering with other type..s of radio communication, particularly those concerned with the safety of life and property. Inspections also establish whether qualified operators are employed as required and cheek on compliance with regulations governing the marking and lighting of tall towers which are ahfl~nrdto aircraft. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 147 In fiscal 1957, inspect.ions were made of 1,097 broadDast stations of which 192 were initial inspections of new stations conducted during equipment tests to establish technical eligibilit.y for issuance of license. In the previous year 1,059 inspections were conducted. N0 tices of violation issued to broadcast stations in 1957 totaled 593 as compared with 615 in 1956. Ship Radio Inspections In addition to carrying out its responsibility under title III, part II of the Communications Act to inspect radiotelegraph m stallations aboard certain passenger and cargo vessels, the Commis sion now has the added t.ask of seeing that the new part III, which requires radiotelephone inst.allation on coashll vessels carrying more than 6 pasengers for hire, is complied with. (See Marine Radio Services.) Enforcement of the latter is a major problem since most of the 5,000 vessels affectcd are small fishing vessels 01' pleasure craft which are widely scattered along our coasts. Small boats have long been authorized to use radiotelephone on a voluntary basis. A total of 52,360 hold licenses. An enforcement campaign against nnanthorized radiotelephone operation on small craft is helping to bring about compliance. As a result of 2,611 small boat inspections last year, 442 were warned about unlicensed ship station operation and 294 letters were sent to unlicensed operators. Complete ship inspection figures for fiscal 1956 and 1957 follow: United States ships Foreign ships 19.1' 1957 1'56 19.1' --------------------- Compuls01'!I 8hlp statiom Number of stations.~. _ ~~:r:~~~~~~c~~~~~~ifces-~rVe(C========:================= Number of violations corrected during inspection :a _ • _ Volumarllship atationr Number of stations ._₯ • • _ ~~:~~~~~~sRcc~~~~snoilces-served·_=== == ==== ================== I Not 1ncludi.Q;g "call backs" to verIfy oorrect/on (J( violatioDs. 2 For Which deficIenCy notlreswere not served,. ' 1,653 1,697 1,127 ~4S1 .50,952 :nl 1,755 1,767 1,090 2,955 1i2, 360 2,6Il 1,515 o 31' 109 375 o 318 l>! 368 SS 8S In 1957, radiotelephony certificates were issued to 453 vessels as result of the Great Lakes Agreement as compared with 457 in 1956. Also, 65 radiotelephony certificates were issued 1lllder authority of parts II and III, title III, of the act as compared with 40 in 1956. A total of 1,172 radiotelegraphy certificates were issued to United States yessels in accordance with requirements of the Safety of Life at Sea Convention and 308 issued to foreign vessels. This compares with 1956 figures of 1,100 and 285, respectively. 148 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION At the request of the Coast Guard, 1,479 inspections were made of portable radio equipment aboard lifeboats in order that safety equip ment certificatss could be issued. In 1956 there were 1,390 such inspections. Other Radio Station Inspections In 1957 inspections of stations in seM'ices other than broadcast and ship were less than in 1956 due to manpower limitations. They were mainly on a sampling basis to determine areas where special enforce ment emphasis was necessary. The 5,982 such inspections resulted in issuance of 1,760 violatidn notices. For the previous year there were 7,073 inspections and 1,444 notices. INTERIM SHIP STATION LICENSES To assist small boat owners obtain prompt authority to operate, the interim ship station license program was expanded. Field offices are now authorized to issue a "90-day" interim authority for opera tion on both medium and very high frequencies pendiug action by Washington on issuance of a full term license. During the year 8,084 interim ship radiotelephone licenses were issued as compared with 5,292 in 1956. COMMERCIAL RADIO OPERATORS The radio transmitting apparatus in any radio station for which a station license is required must, in general, be operated by a person holding an operator license. The grade of operator license required depends upon the class of station, the nature of the radio service, the complexity of the transmitting equipment and the extent to which the station may serve to promote safety of life and property. Under the law, radio operator licenses are issued only to United States citizens. The duties of radio operators are many and varied. They include the handling of routine and emergency communications; the manipu lation of controls of transmitting equipment; the keeping of radio station operating records, aud the performance of complex technical duties that may critically affect the proper operation of the equip ment and the seM'ice of the station. At some stations a single class of operator performs all types of duties; at others the duties are subdivided among operators of different classes who perform them according to the need of the particular station and the grade of operator license helcl. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 149 The Commission is anthorized to waive or modifyt~require ment of licensed operators under some conditions and circumstances and has done so in the cases of certain stations in which selni automatic transmitting' equipment is employed. Operator Rule Changes As a result of the enactment of Public Law 985, the Commission changed the license requirements for persons operating radiotelephone stations aboard certain ships carrying more than 6 passengers for hire. They are now required to hold a radiotelephone third class operator permit instead of the restricted radiotelcphone operator permit previously held. The Commission also deleted section 13,62 (a) of its rules which contained special provisions for the experimental radio services which has been supersedcd by detailed operator requirements for those services now incorporated in part 5 of the rules. Operator Suspensions and Denials Action was taken to suspend the licenses of 9 commercial radio operators. In 2 cases hearings ,vere requested and the suspension orders were stayed meanwhile. Three suspension orders on which hearings had been held were affirmed. These cases have been ap pealed. Four commercial radio operator applications were dismissed for failure to furnish information with respect to their alleged affiliation with subversive groups and another was dismissed for failure to fur nish information relative to his alleged criminal record. Operator Examinations ExaUlinations for both commercial and anlateur operators are con ducted regularly at 30 field engineering offices and at 56 other loca ~ionsthroughout the United States and its territories. The exact place and time are determined on the basis of a semiannual review. A radio operator examination schednle, published semiannually, is available at any of the Commission's field offices. There has been an upsurge in the nnmber of examinations for radio telephone third class operators to operate ship stations as required by law. In 1957 a total of 52,244 amateur examinations of all grades were conducted, or about 5,000 more than the year before. Commercial Radio Operator Authorizations The 300,681 commercial radio operator applications received in 1957 resulted in issuance of 262,134 authorizations of different classes. This is an increase of 43,366 Over the number for 1956. Ontstanding 444149--57----11 150 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION commercial operator licenses of all classes at the end of the year reached a new high of 1,304,300 or 190,000 more than in 1956. Com parative figures by grades of licenses follow: Class of Uuense Radiotelegraph: 1st class _ 2d class~. . _ 3d class _ Temporary limited 2dchs.~1. _ Radiotelephone: 1st class . .. _ 2d clas!L _ 3d class . . .. RestrIcted permits 2 _ Aircraft authorization l _ 'rotal " _ OutstandIng Outstanding Increase or June 30, 1956 June 30, 1957 (decrease) 6,756 6, 519 (237) 10,795 10,247 (548) 2,1012 2,006 (136) 482 15 (467) 59,lM 61,502 2,387 34,011 4ll,BOO 6,792 27,504 34,525 7,022 U27,302 1, Wi, 22S 191, !l26 45,011 29,454 (15,567) 1,113,158 I 1, 3(}4, avo i 191,142 I This class of license discontinued. :I This class of license issued for lifetime of operator. FIELD ENGINEERING FACILITIES Electronic Aids Electronic instruments are the working tools of the Commission's field engineers in enforcing rules, monitoring the radio spectrum, lo cating sources of interference, tracking down unauthorized operation, and obtaining radio propagation and other data required by the Commission in its rule-making activities. From the low frequencies used for long range navigation, up through the broadcast band, the shortwave bands of international communication, the F:M, VHF, and UHF television bands and far up into the microwave spectrum where searchlight-like beams of radar and microwave links probe the ether, t.he Conlmission's equip ment must be able to pick up and, when necessary, make accurate measurements and analysis of the technical characteristics of these emissions. The problem is further heightened by the complexity of types of signal now encountered. Except at sea, in~few other special services, and among amateurs, simple manual (hand key) radioteleg raphy is largely a thing of the past. High speed automatic (ma chine) sending, facsimile, TV, radio navigation signals, radar, telemetering and remote control by radio are the order of today, with new types of emissions designed to crowd a maximulll of intell igence into the narrowest possible slice of the radio spectrum space. lIenee, the constant need for improved field engineering facilities to keep pace with the rapid advances being made in all phases of radio communications and electronics. Adequate monitoring and long range direction finding facilities is one essential. This includes the locating and acquisition of suitable sites for new monitoring stations, planning their layouts ,md making them ready for operation. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 151 Progress continued during the year in replacing the old long range direction finders with the latest type high speed remotely con trolled units of the Commission's own design. This new type direc tion finder was installed at 5 monitoring stations, bringing to 8 the number so equipped. Their performance has been very satisfactory, and construction of additional units is under way. To provide the field engineers with certain highly specialized monitoring and measuring instruments that cannot be obtained from commercial sources, and for installation and initial testing of such instruments, including the remote controlled long range direction finders, an Equipment Construction and Installation Branch was established at Powder Springs, Ga., late in fiscal 1957. Mobile TV Monitoring Units A second mobile TV monitoring unit is being constructed jointly by the Field Engineering and Monitoring Bureau and the Laboratory and is expected to be in service by the middle of fiSetll 1958. This unit, like the one now operating, will contain specialized precision measuring and analyzing instruments for determining the technical characteristics of TV broadcast transmissions so that deficiencies noted may be brought to attention of the stations for corrective action. Utilization of Surplus Equipment In practicing economy and still providing essential technical fa cilities, the Commission is constantly in search of .Mctronic equip ment which has become excess to the needs of the military or other Government agencies but which, nevertheless, is suitable to certain of its requirements. Availability of such equipment through the General Services Administration was of considerable help in improv ing field facilities during the year. Material obtained from surplus included electrical cable, radio parts, transmitters, test equipment, el1!ergency power generating equipment, and teletype equipment. In sOllle cases, repair or modification for specialized use has resulted in a marked saving and acquirement of needed equipnlent that might not otherwise have been available. Miscellaneous A start was made toward further modernization of the direction finder equipped mobile investigative units, including acquisition of several receivers having greater selectivity as required by the in creasing congestion on frequencies in the mobile radio services. Progress has been made by the Washington and Philadelphia field offices in developing transistorized frequency measuring and special ized receiving equipment for use where light weight and portability beyond that of commercially available equipment are required. 152 REPORT OF THEFEDERALCO~ICATIONSCO~SSION ENGINEERING PROJECTS, SURVEYS AND MEASUREMENTS In addition to carrying out regular monitoring and rule enforce ment duties, field engineers are also required to undertake special projects, including the development of technical data essential to Com mission rule making and for use at international radio conferences. ·With the constantly increasing significance of broadcasting to the public, it is essential that continuous sources of accurate data. con cerning propagation of radio and TV signals be available to the Commission for allocation planning and rule making. For this pur pose an average of 12 continuous signal field intensity recorders, located at monitoring stations, were in operation day and night, recording data on the minute-to-lninute, hour-to-hour, and season-to season variations in strength of selected signals in the AM and FM aural bands and the VHF and UHF television bands. A number of mobile field intensity surveys were 11lade in various parts of the country to determine UHF television station coverage and propagation characteristics. Other mobile field intensity sur veys included development of information on interference potentiali ties of industrial heating and electronic welding equipment and other noncommunications electronic devices. Bandwidth measurements of various types of emissions were made in connection with preparations for the 1959 International Radio Conference. The mobile TV monitoring unit was used to observe the signals of 118 TV st.ations. It was displayed and its work explained at group meetings of the Institute of Radio Engineers at Chicago and Pittsburgh. ANTENNA OBSTRUCTION MARKINGS Pursuant to provisions of the Communications Act which stipu late that the Commission require painting and illumination of radio towers when in its judgment such towers do or may constitute a menaee to ail" navigation, part 17 of the rules provide for the mark ing and lighting of antenna structures. ' Proposals for new or modified antenna structures ,vhich meet criteria set forth in these rules are approved by the Commission. Those which do not are referred for special aeronautical study and recommendation to appropriate Regional .Airspace Subcommittees (ASP) of the Air Coordinating Committee (ACC), which was created by Execut.ive Order to coordinate and make. recommendations on all matters concerning both civil and military aviation that affect more than one agency of the Government. During fiscal 1957, the number of applications requiring antenna processing reached a record high of 14,483, an increase of approxi mately 100 applicat.ions per month over fiscal 1956. The number of REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMuNICATIONS COMMISSION 153 antenna proposals processed by Antenna Survey Branch (ASB) for all radio services exceeded the previous record high of 13,089 during fiscal 1956 and totaled 15,213, an increase of 2,124, of which 1,853 were for safety and special radio services. Despite the increase in the number of antenna proposals requiring antenna processing, the Commission's backlog of pending applications was reduced during 1957 from over 1,150 to 421 with no increase in handling personnel. The number of antenna proposals referred to Regional Airspace Subcommittees for special study decreased from a record high of 894 in fiscal 1956 to 850 in 1957. Referrals of broad cast and common carrier proposals increased in proportion to the increase in applications processed for each service, while referrals of safety and special radio services proposals decreased from 530 to 459 notwithstanding the significant increase in number of applica tions processed for that service. A contribtuing factor is that a high percentage of the latter's proposed antenna are under 170 feet in height. Tall TV Towers At the close of the year, 52 tall TV towers (1,000 feet in height or higher) were in operation; construction permits for 17 towers over 1,000 feet in height were outstanding and applications for 20 additional towers over 1,000 feet were pending. During the year, KSWS-TV, with an antenna towering 1,610 feet above ground that made it the tallest manmade structure in the world, began operation at Roswell, New Mexico. Final decision is pending in the hearing on the Deep South Broadcasting 'Co., Selma, Ala., antenna proposal for 1,993 feet above ground. The 'Commis" sion designated for hearing the applicationof WHAS-TV; Louisville, Ky., which proposes a r,799-foot tower above ground. . "Antenna Farms" The Commission's proposed rule making (Docket 11665), to re quire applicants contemplating towers more than 500 feet tall to specify "antenna farm areas," or existing antenna structures, or to demonstrate why their antennas cannot be so located, was deferred pending conclusion of a study by the Joint Industry-Government Tall Structure Committee (JIGTSC) of changes in criteria for determin ing antenna height and location. Abandoned Towers Pursuant to recommendation of JIGTSC, the Commission pro posed legislation to amend section 303 (q) of the Communications Act to require that abandoned radio towers continue to meet the same painting and lighting requirements applicable to towers in use. 444149--57----12 154 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Antenna Application Processing Statistics of antenna construction proposals processed during the fiscal year follow: Serv1ces Broadcast: AM. ._ FM~. _ TV~< _ InternaUoIlaL. . ExperimentaL. _ Total broadcast. ._ Baf~ty8.l1d special radIo servloos _ Common ca.rr..ler •• _ Grand totaL . Pending Received Cleared Pending July 1, 1956 inASB byASB June 30, HJ57 "' 812 805 47 1 113 109 5 25 840 812 53 0 0 0 0 0 18 18 0 66 1,783 1,744 105 1,036 12,0.18 12,772 302 " 662 00' 14 1,151 14,483 15,213 421 The munber of proposals referred to the Regional Airspace Sub committees for special aeronautical study follows: Services Broadcast: AM~_________ _ FM _ TV_. _0 • • • __ • InternationaL•• _ Expo;l.mentaL~_ Total broadcast- ••~•__ Safety and special radlo services•• • _ CotnDlon carrier_._.~~._ OISD.d totaL.~.__ • ••••••_ -~--- Pending a.t Sent to air- Reooived Pending at '"''''''''' space during from air- airspace July I, 1956 year space durIng June 30, 1957 y"'" 36 177 174 39 1 4 5 0 17 155 128 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 " 336 307 83 104 ". 515 48 8 55 60 3 166 860 882 124 Research and Laboratory TECHNICAL RESEARCH General The Commission has a number of basic engineering problems which require continuous study in order to keep up with develop ments in radio and to provide for new uses of the radio spectrum. These problems are in the field of propagation, study of technical standards for the various services, provision for interference pro tection from electric and electronic devices, and determining the in terference potential of different services. Under the Communications Act, the Commission is also required to study new uses for radio and provide for the experimental operation of new devices. VHF and UHF Propagation Research During the year, field strength recordings were made at 8 monitor ing stations using 13 different propagation paths from VHF and UHF television and FM broadcast stations. In view of the rules and engineering standards requiring changes as the industry expands, the information derived from these measurements and recordings will be useful in determining the physical separation needed to avoid de structive interference between stations, the amOlmt of power required to provide efficient coverage, and the effects of antenna height, climate, season, etc., on signal ranges for TV .and other services in the VHF and UHF frequency ranges. From previously accumulated data, VHF field strength curves were prepared and presented at the International Radio Consultative Com mittee plenary session in Warsaw in August 1956. More emphasis is now being placed on the accumulation of UHF data. There continues an urgent need for information which can be obtained only from measurements, both on UHF and VHF. Numerous reports were prepared for the information of outside engineers dealing with the application of newly proposed standards for calculating TV service and interference areas by methods de veloped from measurements made by the Commission and by the broadcasting industry. 155 156 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Other problems dealing with VHF and UHF propagation investi· gated during the fiscal year include: Techniques for predwting TV servwe in arell8 surrounded by various types of terrain. Further study of mell8urements from different parts of the United States, correlating these with weather conditions, to elarify the need for retaining zones in which service arell8 are elll8sed. Cooperation with industry groups in planning field strength mell8uring programs and developing standard meth· ods of measurement. Properties of ionospherio and tropospheric soatter pro pagation, particularly with respect to inteferenee ll8peotB. Efficiency studies for allocating frequencies in TV and other radio services, inoorporating new information on pro pagation and systems development. Propagation factors involving frequency ll8signments for shipping in the Great Lakes area. Miscellaneous Propagation Research The sunspot cycle recording program was continued, and will be terminated after completing two H-year sunspot cycles. Field strength recordings of AM broadcast stations were made at 3 monitor ing stations nsing 6 different paths. Analysis of these records was deferred because of the more urgent problems encountered in VHF and UHF propagation studies. An extensive study of radio communication facilities On the Mis sissippi and Ohio River systems was made during the year. This problem involved frequencies in use by coast stations and river boats operating from New Orleans to St. Louis, Chicago, and Pittsburgh, and by ships in the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Much new information concerning spectrum utilization was ac cumulated in a project nnder contract with the Army Signal Corps. With the growing shortage of frequencies, technical standards for both civilian and military communication equipment are being tight ened-beyond the minimum requirements set forth in the Atlantic City radio regulations. Government-indus,try Cooperation The rapid expansion of the electronics industry required' an in creasing amount of Commission representation at conferences and meetings of various technical and scientific organizations of Govern ment and industry. Among these are the Telecommunications Plan ning Committee of the Office of Defense Mobilization (TPC; the Interdepartmental Council on Radio Propagation and Standards of the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory (ICORPS); the Inter- REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 157 national Radio Consnltative Committee (CCIR); the International Scientific Radio Union (URSI); the FCC Radio Propagation Ad visory Committee (RPAC) ; the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) ; the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AlEE) ; the Radio Electronics-Television Manufacturers Association (RETMA); the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (NARTB) ; the Electrical Standards Board and the Electrical Co ordinating Committee of the American Standards Association (ASA); the Radio Technical Commission for Marine Services (RTCM); the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) ; the Television Allocations Study Organization (TASO); the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters (AMST); the Air Coordinating Committee (ACC), and the Preparatory Committee for the International Radio Conference (PCIRC). Technical Standards Development of technical standards for the various radio services continued, with the basic objective of achieving maximum efficiency of radio spectrum utilization. Accordingly, transmitter performance characteristics affecting spectrum occupancy were of major concern. The technical standards incorporated in the rules for "split channel" operation in the land mobile services include specifications of re duced bandwidth, better frequency stability and specific audio filter characteristics designed to require optimum performance of equip ment. These specifications apply uniformly to land mobile services operating under various parts of the rules, including common car rier, public safety, and private licensees. In the aviation radio serv ices, revised technical standards and provisions for "type acceptance" of transmitters on the basis of these standards were adopted in part 9; these standards include specifications of emission bandwidth, fre quency stability and spurious emission limitations. Studies were made toward improved standards for spurious emissions in the aural broadacst services, based on proposed rules. The use of "single sideband" emission for radiotelephony, instead of the double sideband which is now in general use, offers the pos sibility of reducing the amount of spectrum occupied by such signals. Because of proposed rule making, this subject received intensive study by the Commission and joint Government-industry conferences for the purpose of developing technical standards which are useful and practicable. The varying needs and problems of the respective radio services regarding use of single sideband for radio telephony were given particular attention. It is planned to continue these studies with the objective of arriving at final technical stand ards which can be made effective with provisions for an orderly conversion from existing practices. In the aeronautical and mari- 158 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION time mobile services, suitable international arrangements regarding "single sideband" will also be necessary prior to implementation. Present efforts concerning "single sideband" are limited to the spec trum below 25 megacycles; however, attention is also being given to possibilities of using this technique on higher frequencies. Other technical studies were made with regard to possible develop ment of standards for new kinds of systems, such as TV boosters, scatter communications and subscription TV. Type Acceptance of Transmitters The Commission's requirements for "type acceptance" of trans mitters as a prerequisite to licensing were extended to include the aviation radio services (part 9) and the domestic public radio serv ices (part 21), in addition to the broadcast, maritime mobile and noncommon carrier land mobile services. Type acceptance is based on evaluation by the Commission of certain measurements made upon transmitters prior to manufacture and use, to show that their performance meets the technical standards prescribed for the class of service involved. During fiscal 1957, of 167 type acceptance applications received, 130 were granted. The 1956 figures were 106 and 65, respectively. Requirements for field strength measurements of spurious emis sions radiated from transmitter cabinets became effective June 1, 1957, after having been postponed several times since May 1955 due to problems concerning measurement methods. Industry groups cooperated in developing adequate methods of measurement. Lists of "type accepted" and "type approved" radio equip ment were published in the Radio Equipment List (parts A, B, and C) for aural broadcast, TV broadcast, and other than broadcast serv ices, respectively. These lists can be inspected at any of the Com mission's field offices, also in 'Vashington. Copies may be loaned to interested parties for duplicating purposes. "Type approval" is mentioned in the "Laboratory Division" section of this chapter. Experimental Radio Service The Experimental Radio Service is one of the Commission's answers to Communications Act mandate that it provide for the experimen tal uses of frequencies and encourage the greater use of radio in the public interest. Part 5 of the rules governing these services covers the use of radio in connection with such basic research as investigations of propaga tion, exploration of the various ionized layers in the ionosphere, and studies of tropospheric effects, new circuity and modulation tech niques. The rules also provide for experimentation in connection with the development of new radio services as well as improvement of techniques and procedures in existing services. Many of these in- REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 159 vestigations, both research and developmental, are on behal£ of Fed eral agencies, chiefly the Department of Defense. Experimental stations operated by manufacturers and develop mental laboratories are engaged primarily in evolving new radio and electronic techniques. Narrow band FM and the new single sideband suppressed carrier equipment have made possible a spectrum saving of approximately 50 percent for many radio services. High defini tion, lightweight radar sets are being developed for small craft and itinerant airplanes. Broad band, multiple-channel microwave equip ments are being designed to utilize the new forward scatter propaga tion techniques in both civilian and military installations. Among the many research and developmental operations licensed experimentally during the year are those associated with the project "Vangnard," the launching of an artificial satellite, and propagation studies in connection with the International Geophysical Year. Tech nological developments growing out of these undertakings will have a profound effect upon the world. The current big problem in administering to the experimental services is finding frequencies for experimentation. Before im plementing the Atlantic City frequency allocation table, specific fre quencies were reserved for experimental operation. Since practically all usuable bands in the spectrum have been allocated to regular radio services, frequencies have to be borrowed from the latter to take care of experimentation. Such frequencies are hard to borrow so the Commission is restudying its frequency allocation and assignment procedures in the light of experimental needs. Initial steps in revising the experimental rules were taken during the year. Statistics covering the experimental services for the fiscal years 1952-57 follow: Fiscal year endlng- June 30, 1952 . _ June 30, 1953~• • " _ June 30, 1954__ _ _ June 30, 1955._ _ ._ June :l0, 1956___ _ • _ June 30, 19.57__ _ . . Special tem poraryau thorIzations granted 140 168 ' ~I! &1.1 '34 Stations licensed 369 '44 68' '25 71' 801 Applications received 'I'1,055 97' 1,447 1,507 1,824 Experimental authorizations are issued for making field surveys to determine what type of a radio installation is required to meet the needs of a prospective user, to make antenna site studies and to solve other problems in connection with the design of a radio communica tion system. Use of radio for technical demonstrations of equipment is also provided on a temporary basis. 160 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Applications for special temporary authorizations to conduct field surveys and to demonstrate equipment have increased approximately 350 percent in 5 years. Most cases involve the clearance of frequen cies to prevent interference and, therefore, require exacting study. However, the average processing delay was recently reduced to ap proximately 8 weeks. LABORATORY General The Commission operates a Laboratory near Laurel, Md. The laboratory also makes tests and observations at other places as re quired in its studies of systems and equipment. Type Approval of Equipment "Type approval" of equipment is given after passing laboratory test. Itcovers apparatus required for the safety of life or property at sea, such as ship main and emergency telegraph transmitters, lifeboat transmitters, automatic alarms used for distress purposes, and ship radar; special monitoring equipment used in aural and TV broad cast stations; citizens radio equipment; and noncommunications equipment employing radio frequency and capable of causing inter ference to radio reception, s\lch as diathermy, ultrasonic, epilators, and other miscellaneous equipment. Of 68 submissions for type approval during the year, 43 were approved, a considerable portion being after modification to improve operation or reduce interference. Of several microwave ovens for home use submitted, 1 was found in compliance and type-approved. Technical Malters The laboratory conducted extensive field-intensity surveys cover ing the transmissions of 13 UHF and 2 VHF television stations lo cated in different parts of the country, including the East and West coasts, the Mid-West and Gulf areas. Terrain varied from extremely flat to mountainous. The measurements were made with a view to their use both for TV allocation problems and those arising in services such as land mobile. The UHF information obtained in these sur veys is more extensive than that presently available to the Com mission from all other sources. Laboratory study was made of the possibility of using precision frequency offset to reduce TV interference, or to permit closer station spacing. It appears that precision offset may prove useful, at least for VHF operation. Studies were made of the use of filters and other methods to reduce cochannel TV interference. The methods developed may be especial ly useful in areas located midway between TV stations. A patent application was filed on one. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 161 The laboratory developed and installed test-line signal equipment for its own facilities and for use in calibrating field mobile TV units. One TV translator was submitted for test, and approved. Besides constructing a second field mobile TV unit, the laboratory provided FCC field engineers with receivers and spectrum analyzers covering the range up to 140 megacycles, and plans to extend the range higher in frequency. This equipment is becoming more and more essential as "split channel" operation and channel occupancy density increase. The laboratory also tested a number of devices for the Post Office Department for detecting illegal matter in the mails. Appendix FIELD OFFICES The Commission's field activities are largely of an engineering nature. Its Field Engineering and Monitoring Bureau maintains 24 district offices supplemented by 5 suboffices, 2 marine offices and 18 monitoring stations. Its Common Carrier Bureau has 3 field offices. A list of all Commission field installations and their locations follows: FIELD ENGINEERING AND MONITORING BUREAU District of{tce8 Addres8 1 • 1600 Customhouse, Boston 9, Mass. 2 748 Federal Bldg" New York 14, N. Y. 3 1005 New U. S. Customhouse, Philadelphia 6, Pa. 4 400 McCawley Bldg., Baltimore 2, Md. 5 402 Federal Bldg., Norfolk 10, Va. 6 718 Atlanta National Bldg., Atlanta 3, Ga.; (subotlice) 214 Post Office Bldg, Sa",annah, Ga. 7 312 Federal Bldg., Miami I, Fla.; (marine office) 409-410 Post Office Bldg., Tampa 2, Fla. 8 608 Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.; (suboffice) 419 U. S. Courthouse and Customhouse, Mobile 10, Ala. 9 324 lJ. S. Appraisers Bldg., Houston 11, Tex.; (subofilce) 301 Post Office Bldg., Beaumont, Tex. 10 500 U. S. Terminal Annex Bldg., Dallas 22, Tex. 11 1425 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Bldg., Los Angeles 12, Call1.; (suboffice) 15-C U. S. Customhouse, San Diego 1, Calif. j (marine ofl:lce) 326 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse, San Pedro, Calif. 1232..~-ACustomhouse, San Francisco 26, Calif. 13 507 U. S. Customhouse, Portland 5, Oreg. 14 806 Federal Office Bldg., Seattle 4, Wash. 15 521 New Customhouse, Denver 2, Colo. 16 208 Uptown Post Ofl:lce and Federal Courts Bldg., St. Paul 2, Minn. 17 3100 Federal Office Bldg., Kansas City 6E, Mo. 18 826 D. S. Courthouse, Chicago 4, III 19 1029 New Federal Bldg., Detroit 26, Mich. 20 328 Post Office Bldg., Buffalo 3. N. Y. 21- 502 Federal Bldg., HonolulU 13, Hawaii 22 . 322-323 Federal Bldg., San Juan 13, P. R. 23 53 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Bldg., Anchorage, Alaska; (suboffice) 6 Shattuck Bldg., Juneau, Alaska 24 Briggs Bldg., 415 22d St., N. W., Washington 25, D. C. 162 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONSCO~SSION163 Primary monitoring sta,tions Allegan, Mich. Grand Island, Nebr. Kingsville, Tex. Millis, Mass. Santa Ana, Calif. Laurel, Md. Livermore, Calif. Portland, Oreg. Powder Springs, Ga. Lanikai, Oahu, Hawaii Secondary monitoring station.s Searsport, Maine Spokane, Wash. Douglas, Ariz. Fort Lauderdale, Fla. Ambrose, Tex. Chillicothe, Ohio Anchorage, Alaska ~'airbanks.Alaska COMMON CARRIER BUREAU New York, N. Y., 90 Church st. St. Louis, Mo., 815 Olive St. San Francisco, Calif., 180 New Montgomery St. PUBLICATIONS The Commission's printed publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C., at nominal cost. They are not distributed by the Commission. Included are rules and regulations governing the different classes of radio and other services. Each part covers a particular service. On the back page is a form which, when filled out and forwarded to the Commission, eutitles the purchaser to receive any subsequent changes to the part or parts purchased until a complete revision is printed. A list of these printed publications follows: Title Price Communications Act of 1934, with amendments and index, revised to ~lay1954 $0.70 Packet No.2, revised pages from May 1954 to September 1055________ .30 Packet No.3, revised pages from September 1955 to February 1956___ .15 Packet No.4, revised pages from February 1956 to December 1956___ .25 Federal Communications Commission reports (bound volumes of decisions and reports exclusive of annual reports) : Vol. 5, Nov. 16, 1937, to June 30, 1938_____________________________ 1.50 Vol. 6, July 1, 1938, to Feb. 28, 1939_______________________________ 1.50 Vol. 11, July 1, 1945, to June 30, 1947______________________________ 3.75 Vol. 12, July 1, 1947, to June 30, 1948_____________________________ 3.50 Vol. 13, July 1, 1948, to June 30, 1949______________________________ 4.25 Vol. 14, July I, 1949, to June 30, 1950~________________________4.75 Vol. 22, pamphlets of selected decisions and reports, Jan. 1, 1957, to June 30, 1957 (0) Vol. 23, pamphlets of selected decisions and reports, July I, 1957, to (0) -Annual snbscrlption price of the weekly pamphlets is $6.71', with $2 add-ttlonal for foreign mailing. A small supply of individual pamphlets will be available on a first-came first-served basis. The price wtu vary according to the number of pages but the avnage price wtll be 15 cents. Subscriptions cannot be back-dated to include back issues and back issues will not be stoCked for sale as such. .. , 164 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Title Code of FCC regulations as published in Federal Register, 1954 editioll _ Supplement to same, to Jan. 11957 _ Annual reports of the Commission: Price 7.75 2.75 17th Annual Report-fiscal year 1951______________________________ .40 18th Annual Report-fiscal year 1952_____________________________ .40 19th Annual Report-fiscal year 1953______________________________ .50 22d Annual Report-fiscal year 1956______________________________ .50 23d Annual Report-fiscal year 1957______________________________ (') (Reports for years unlisted are out of print aod unavailable.) Statistics of the communications industry: For the year 1943________________________________________________ .35 For the year 1945________________________________________________ .50 For the year 1946 "_ .55 For the year 1947_______________________________________________ .75 For the year 1948, sections .A and B____________________________ 1.00 For the year 1949, sections A and B______________________________ 1.00 For the year 1950, common carrier only .50 For the year 1951, common carrier only___________________________ .40 For the year 1952, common carrier only__________________________ .50 For the year 1953, common carrier only .50 For the year 1954, common carrier only____________________________ .50 For the year 1955, common carrier only__________________________ .50 Public Service Responsibility of Broadcast Licensees (Blue Book), 1946__ .40 Study Guide and Reference Material for Commercial Radio Operator Ex aminations, May 1955 edition______________________________________ .75 Rules and regulations: Part 0, Organization, Delegations of Authority, etc., October 1954 edition . 15 Part 1, Practice and Procedure, December 1955 edition_____________ .25 Part 2, Frequency Allocations and RadiO Treaty Matters; General Rules and Regulations, July 1955 edition. Lists frequency alloca- tions by services, and international treaties and other agreements relating to radio_______________________________________________ .25 Part 3, Radio Broadcast Services, January 1956 edition. Covers major broadcast services; includes engineering standards, also TV and FM frequency allocation tables______________________________ 1.50 Figure M-3, Estimated .AM Ground Conductivity of the United States {set of tvvo maps) 3.50 Broadcast Engineering Charts, Graphs, and Figures from Part 3 1.00 Part 4, Experimental and Auxiliary Broadcast Services June 1955 edition .15 Part 5, Experimental Radio Services, March 1953 editioD__________ .10 Part 6, International Fixed Public Radiocommunication Services, I>ecember 1956 editioD__________________________________________ .05 Part 7, Stations on Land in the Maritime Services, August 1955 edition________________________________________________________ .25 Part 8, Stations on Shipboard in the Maritime Services, August 1955 edltlon________________________________________________________ .35 Part 9, Aviation Services, I>ecember 1955 edition___________________ .10 1. In the process of printing; avallable at Superintendent of Documents at a Jater date. REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 165 7'itle Price nUles and regulations-Continued Part 10, Public Safety Radio Services, December 1953 editioll_______ .15 Part 11, Industrial Radio Services, August 1956 editiou_____________ .20 Part 12, Amateur Radio Service, September 1956 editioll___________ . 15 Part 13, Commercial Radio Operators, December 1954: editioD________ .15 Part 14, Public Fixed Statious and Stations of the Maritime Services in Alaska, August 1956 editioll .. . 10 Part 15, Incidental aod Restricted Radiation Devices, February 1956 editioll___________________________________________________ .05 Part 16, Land Transportation Radio Services, September 1955 editioll_ . 10 Part 17. Construction, Marking.and Lighting of Antenna Structures, June 1953 edition__~___________________________________________.05 Part 18, Industrial, Scientific and Medical Service, September 1953 edition~_______________________________________________.10 Part 19, Citizens Radio Service, February 1955 edition______________ .05 Part 20, Disaster Communications Service, September 1955 edition___ .05 Part 21, Domestic Public Radio Services, September 1956 edition_____ .20 Part 31, Uniform System of Accounts for Class A and Class B Tele- phone Companies, January 1957 edition__________________________ .25 Part 33, Uniform System of Accounts for Class C Telephone Com- panies, May 1948 edltion_______________________________________ (') Part 34, Uniform System of Accounts for Radiotelegraph Carriers, October 1949 edition___________________________________________ .20 Part 35, Uniform System of Accounts for Wire Telegraph and Ocean- cable Carriers, October 1949 edition______________________________ .25 Part 41, Telegraph and Telephone Franks, December 1947 ed.itioIL.___ .05 Part 43, Reports of the Communication Common Carriers and cer- tain Afliliates, September 1953 edition___________________________ .05 Part 45, Preservation of Records of Telephone Carriers, October 1950 edition________________________________________________________ .10 Part 46, Preservation of Records of 'Vire Telegraph, Ocean-cable, and Radiotelegrapb Carriers, October 1950 editioll________________ .10 Part 51, Occupational Classification and Compensation of Employees of Class A and Class B Telephone Companies, October 1951 edition_ .05 Part 52, Classification of Wire-telegraph Employees, July 1944 edltlon________________________________________________________ (') Part 61, Tariff's, Rules Governing the Construction, Filing and Post ing of Schedules of Charges for Interstate and Foreign Communi- cations Service, August 1946 edition_____________________________ .10 Part 62, Applications to Hold Interlocking Directorates, April 1957 editlon________________________________________________________ (') Part 63, Extension of Lines and Discontinuance of Service by Car;.. riers, December 1946 edltlon____________________________________ (') Part 64, MiScellaneous Rules Relating to Common Carriers, July 1948 editiofi___________________________________________________ .io Part .06, Applications Relating to Consolidation, Acquisition or Con- lrol of 'l'elephone Companies, January 1957 editlon~~~_~__~_'(') t Out of print. "TemporarUy avaIlable, without charge, from the CommIssioIi. The C;Ommission has avnilable. various nonprinted information material concerning its fields of activity. Though nOlle of these can 166 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION be supplied in quantity, a single copy may be obtained upon in dividual request to the Secretary, Federal Communications Commis sion, Washington 25, D. C. Itis unable to furnish lists of radio stations but, upon request, will supply a fact sheet about commercial sources of such lists, also one on communications publications and services. PAST AND PRESENT COMMISSIONERS Following is a list of !last and present members of the Federal Communications CommissIOn, and their terms of service : COmmi8M&ne18 Term.9 ofBmlice *Eugene O. Sykes~~__ July 11,1934-Apr. 5,1939 Thad H. Browll July 11, 1934-June 30, 1940 ·Paul A. Walker July 11, 1934-Juue 30,1953 Norman S. Case July 11, 1934-June 30,1945 Irvin Stewark July 11,193~.June30,1937 George Henry Payne July 11, 1934-June 30, 1943 Hampson Gary July 11,1934-Jan. 1,1935 *Anning.S. PraIL ..; '- __ '- c. Jan. 17,1935-July 23,1937 T. A. M. Craven '- Aug. 25, 1937-June 30,1944 'Frank R. McNinch Oct. 1,1937-Aug. 31,1939 Frederick I. Thompson Apr. 13, 1939.,..June 30,1941 *James Lawrence Fly ... Sept. 1, 1939-Nov. 13, 1944 'Ray C.Wakefield -: Mar. 22, 1941-June 30,1947 Clifford J. DuIT Nov. 1, 1941-June 30,1948 **Ewell K. Jett- Feb. 15,1944-Dec. 31,1947 *Paul A. Porter Dec. 21,1944-Feb. 25,1946 *Charles R. Denny Mar. 3D, 1945-0ct. 31,1947 William H. Wills July 23,1945-Mar. 6,1946 .Rosel H. Hyde Apr. 17,1946- Edward M. Webster Apr. 10, 1947-June 30, 1956 Robert F. Jones Sept. 5, 1947-Sept. 19, 1952 *'Wayne Coy Dec. 29, 1947-Feb. 21, 1952 GeorgeE.Sterliug Jan. 2,1948-Sept 30,1954 Frieda B. Hennock July 6,,1948-'-Juoe 30, 1955 Robert T.Bartley____ __ ___ __ __ __ __ Mar. 6; 1952- Eugene H. MerrilL Oct. 6,1952-Apr. 14,1953 *John C. Doerfer Apr. 15,1953- Robert E. Lee Oct. 6,1958- *George C. McConnaughey Oct. 4,1954-June 30,1957 Richard A. Mack July 7,1955- T. A. M. Craveu July 2,1956- Frederick W. Ford Aug. 29,1957- ·Served as Chairman. ··Served as Interim Chairman. o