Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2015 Industry Analysis and Technology Division Wireline Competition Bureau November 2016 This report is available for reference in the FCC’s Reference Information Center, Courtyard Level, 445 12th Street, SW, Washington, DC. Copies may be purchased by contacting Best Copy and Printing, Inc., 445 12th Street, SW, Room CY-B402, Washington, DC 20554, telephone (800) 378-3160, or via their website at www.bcpiweb.com. The report can also be downloaded from the Internet Access Services Reports webpage at https://www.fcc.gov/general/iatd-data-statistical-reports. Table of Contents SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS .....................................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 Total Connections ....................................................................................................................2 Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections by Speed 2011-2015 .....................................2 Connections by Speed ..............................................................................................................3 Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed.............................3 Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Upstream Speed .................................4 Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Speed: 2011-2015 .......................................................5 Number of Providers by Census Block ..................................................................................6 Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Report Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband .....................................6 Internet Access Subscribership ..............................................................................................7 Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2000-2015 ........................................................................7 Other Report Highlights..........................................................................................................8 SECTION 2: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE NATION ..............................................10 SECTION 3: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE STATES ...............................................28 SECTION 4: SUMMARY STATISTICS - COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS .......38 SECTION 5: CORRELATION RESULTS - DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES ..............48 Technical Notes ......................................................................................................................56 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................59 SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS Introduction This report summarizes information about Internet access connections in the United States as of December 31, 2015 as collected by FCC Form 477. For purposes of this report, Internet access connections are those in service, over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction, and reported to the FCC through Form 477.1 The report includes data on total and residential Internet access connections by downstream and upstream speed, by technology, by geography, and over time. Section 2 of the report presents nationwide statistics, Section 3 provides state-level data, and Section 4 includes data on the subscribership differences among counties and census tracts.2 In addition, Section 5 of the report includes an analysis of the correlations between subscribership ratios and various demographic measures.3 Maps depicting the number of fixed connections per 1,000 households by census tract and the number of fixed providers by census block are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/internet-access-services-reports/internet- access-services-reports. 1 See the Technical Notes and Glossary at the end of this report for more-detailed information about the Form 477 data collection and the meaning of terms used in this report. Note that the Form 477 data for the June 30, 2014 filing period were not subject to typical quality checks. See High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2014 (March 2016) at 2, available at https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC- 338630A1.pdf. In addition, the figures on mobile broadband subscribership by speed tier (formerly Figures 4(a), 4(b), and 12) have been removed to maintain firm confidentiality. 2 The Commission began collecting census tract-level data for data as of December 31, 2008. See High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2008 (February 2010) (December 2008 High-Speed Report) at 1-4, available at http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/high-speed-services-internet-access-reports. 3 Publicly-available data that are too voluminous to include in this report are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/general/fcc-form-477-additional-data. 1 Total Connections • As shown in Figure 1, the total number of Internet connections increased by 11% between December 2014 and December 2015 to 355 million. • Most of the growth in total Internet connections is attributable to increased mobile Internet access subscribership. The number of mobile Internet connections increased 13% year-over-year to 253 million in December 2015, while the number of fixed connections grew to 102 million – up 4% from December 2014. Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections 2012-2015 Connections include both residential and business connections. Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). Fixed Mobile 170.1 92.5 262.6 190.7 94.0 284.7 197.4 96.0 293.4 215.3 96.0 311.3 223.5 97.8 321.3 242.0 100.1 342.1 253.0 102.2 355.2 C on ne ct io ns in M ill io ns 0 100 200 300 400 Dec 2012 Jun 2013 Dec 2013 Jun 2014* Dec 2014 Jun 2015 Dec 2015 2 Connections by Speed Fixed connections – downstream speeds. Figure 2(a) illustrates how the 102 million fixed connections reported for December 2015 were distributed across the five groups of downstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 3 Mbps, 10 Mbps, 25 Mbps, and 100 Mbps. • In December 2015, 6% of fixed connections (or 6 million connections) were slower than 3 Mbps downstream, 16% (or 17 million connections) were at least 3 Mbps downstream but slower than 10 Mbps, 25% (or 25 million connections) were at least 10 Mbps downstream but slower than 25 Mbps, 38% (or 39 million connections) were at least 25 Mbps downstream but slower than 100 Mbps, and 15% (or 15 million connections) were at least 100 Mbps.4 4 See Figure 9. Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections (102.2 million) by Downstream Speed as of December 31, 2015 Downstream Speed Less than 3 Mbps (5.8 million) At least 3 Mbps & less than 10 Mbps (16.6 million) At least 10 Mbps & less than 25 Mbps (25.1 million) At least 25 Mbps & less than 100 Mbps (39.3 million) At least 100 Mbps (15.4 million) 5.6% 16.2% 24.6% 38.4% 15.1% 3 Fixed connections – upstream speeds. Figure 2(b) illustrates how the 102 million fixed connections reported for December 2015 were distributed across the four groups of upstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 1 Mbps, 3 Mbps, and 6 Mbps. • In December 2015, 16% of fixed connections (or 16 million connections) were slower than 1 Mbps upstream, 27% (or 27 million connections) were at least 1 Mbps upstream but slower than 3 Mbps, 29% (or 30 million connections) were at least 3 Mbps upstream but slower than 6 Mbps, and 28% (or 29 million connections) were at least 6 Mbps upstream.5 Fixed connections by downstream speed over time. Figure 3 illustrates how the composition of total fixed Internet connections by different speed groups has changed from 2012 to 2015. 5 Ibid. Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections (102.2 million) by Upstream Speed as of December 31, 2015 Upstream Speed Less than 1 Mbps (16.0 million) At least 1 Mbps & less than 3 Mbps (27.2 million) At least 3 Mbps & less than 6 Mbps (30.1 million) At least 6 Mbps (29.0 million) 15.6% 26.6% 29.4% 28.3% 4 • The percentage of fixed connections with a downstream speed of at least 25 Mbps has grown from 13% (or 12 million connections) in December 2012 to 54% (or 55 million connections) in December 2015. Over the same period, the percentage of fixed connections with slower downstream speeds of less than 3 Mbps has decreased from 21% (or 19 million connections) in December 2012 to 6% (or 6 million connections) in December 2015.6 6 See Figure 24. Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Speed 2012-2015 Connections include both residential and business connections. Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). At least 100 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps Less than 3 Mbps 19.3 22.1 39.1 11.8 92.5 17.2 22.0 32.1 22.3 94.0 10.0 21.8 33.0 30.4 96.0 9.1 20.2 29.9 31.9 4.8 96.0 8.1 18.8 27.4 34.0 9.5 97.8 6.5 18.0 25.8 37.5 12.3 100.1 5.8 16.6 25.1 39.3 15.4 102.2 C on ne ct io ns in M ill io ns 0 25 50 75 100 Dec 2012 Jun 2013 Dec 2013 Jun 2014* Dec 2014 Jun 2015 Dec 2015 5 Number of Providers by Census Block In Figure 4, we show the percentage of “developed” census blocks – blocks that contain housing units – with zero, one, two, or three or more fixed broadband providers offering residential Internet access service at different speeds in December 2015. This information is taken from the block-level Form 477 fixed broadband deployment data that the Commission began collecting in 2014. A provider that reports offering service in a particular census block may not offer service, or service at that speed, to all locations in the census block. Accordingly, the number of providers shown in Figure 4 does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household and does not purport to measure competition. Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Reported the Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband as of December 31, 2015 census. Column figures may not sum to 100% due to rounding. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2010 in 99.1% of developed census blocks * Satellite service providers report offering Internet access at bandwidths of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream 0 Providers 1 Provider 2 Providers 3+ Providers 5 17 78 9 24 66 29 47 20 4 53 36 10 P er ce nt ag e of C en su s B lo ck s w it h H ou si ng U ni ts 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 At least 3 Mbps downstream and at least 768 kbps upstream* At least 10 Mbps downstream and at least 1 Mbps upstream* At least 25 Mbps downstream and at least 3 Mbps upstream At least 100 Mbps downstream and at least 10 Mbps upstream 6 Internet Access Subscribership Figure 5 illustrates the number of total and residential fixed Internet access connections (connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction except mobile wireless connections), as well as the number of total fixed connections per 100 persons and the number of residential fixed connections per 100 households, since 2001.7 Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2001-2015 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) • Between December 2005 and December 2015, total (business and residential) fixed connections grew from 48 million connections to 102 million connections – at a compound annual growth rate of 8% per year.8 7 For data through December 2004, only those providers with at least 250 connections in a state were required to report. Historical fixed-location connection counts not included in this report may be found in June 2008 High- Speed Report at Tables 1 and 3, available in Excel format at https://www.fcc.gov/general/reports-high-speed- services-internet-access. 8 The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a smoothed rate of growth calculated in three steps. First, divide the ending value by the beginning value. Second, raise the result of that division to a power equal to one divided by the number of years in the period (in this case, 10 years, so the power is 1/10). Third, subtract the number one from the result of the second step. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 110,000 C on ne ct io ns p er 1 00 U ni ts C on ne ct io ns in T ho us an ds Residential Fixed Connections (left axis) Total Fixed Connections (left axis) Residential Fixed Connections per 100 Households (right axis) Total Fixed Connections per 100 Population (right axis) 7 • Over the same ten-year period, residential fixed connections grew from 44 million connections to 93 million connections – also at a compound annual growth rate of 8% per year. • From June 2005 to June 2015, the number of residential fixed connections per 100 U.S. households increased from 33 to 72.9 Other Report Highlights Average speeds • The median downstream speed of all reported fixed connections was 25 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 4 Mbps. For residential fixed connections, the median downstream speed was 25 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 5 Mbps. Residential connections • Residential fixed Internet access connections increased by about 5% between December 2014 and December 2015, to 93 million. See Figure 7. • Residential (non-business) mobile wireless Internet access connections on mobile devices with data plans for full Internet access increased by 14%, to 210 million, between December 2014 and December 2015. See Figure 7. • Approximately 77% of residential fixed connections had a speed of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream in December 2015, while 55% had a speed of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream. Sixteen percent of all residential fixed connections had a downstream speed of at least 100 Mbps. See Figures 10 and 27. • As a national average in December 2015, there were 61 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream per 100 households.10 See Figure 32. 9 We calculate residential fixed connections per 100 households using, in the denominator, U.S. household estimates from the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS) for July of each year and, for Puerto Rico and the other inhabited island areas, Census 2010 households for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 households for the earlier years. (The CPS also estimates U.S. households for March and November of each year.) Figure 5 also shows total (business and residential) fixed connections per 100 population, which we calculate using U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for the United States and Puerto Rico – which are as of July 1 each year – and, for the remaining inhabited island areas, Census 2010 population for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 population for the earlier years. This statistic incorporates connections to business locations into a comparison to persons. (We note that the ratio of accurately-measured residential fixed connections to population has a maximum value for any given country and point in time – the value when every household is connected – if we assume that no household would have more than one fixed connection to its premises. For the United States in June, for example, the maximum value would be 39 because there were about 127 million households in the United States and inhabited insular areas and a population of about 325 million according to the sources used for Figure 5.) 10 Increases over time in the ratio of residential fixed connections to households indicate that increasing shares of households are connected at home. The ratio is somewhat different from the “take rate” of offered service (which may also be called an “adoption rate”) because some households may be located in areas where no fixed-location service is offered. These methodological differences are discussed in greater detail in Inquiry Concerning the Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, 8 Census tract and county shares of households with reportable connections • We estimate the share of households with fixed Internet access connections in individual census tracts and counties as of December 31, 2015.11 We continue to observe substantial variation among these estimates. See Figures 37 and 39. Household subscribership rates and demographics • The report includes charts that illustrate correlations between household subscribership rates and demographic measures. We update charts based on income, household density, education, age, and race. The data indicate that some demographic variables are correlated with Internet access subscribership rates. See Figures 44-50. Amended by the Broadband Data Improvement Act, GN Docket No.11-121, Eighth Broadband Progress Report, 27 FCC Rcd 10342, 10386, para. 94 (2012). 11 For both census tracts and counties, we continue to find estimates above 100% for the share of households with fixed Internet access connections. See p. 57 for more information. 9 SECTION 2 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE NATION Table of Contents Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2011-2015 .......................... 12 Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2011-2015 ................................................................................................ 12 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Speed 2012-2015 .............................................. 13 Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2015 ......................................................................... 14 Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2015 ................................................................. 15 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2011-2015 ................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 12 Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2015 ........................................... 16 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2011-2015 ................................................................................................................ 17 Figure 14 Residential Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2015 ........................ 17 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2011-2015 ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 16 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2011-2015 ...................................................................... 18 Figure 17 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2015 ............................................................................................ 19 Figure 18 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2015 ..................................................................... 19 Figure 19 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology ......................................................................................... 20 Figure 20 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2015 ................................................ 20 Figure 21 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2015 ............................................................................................ 21 Figure 22 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2015 ..................................................................... 21 Figure 23 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2015 ....................................................................................... 22 Figure 24 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2015 ................................................................ 22 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2011-2015 (Shares of Selected Technologies) .................................... 23 10 Figure 26 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2011-2015 (Net Adds for Selected Technologies) .............................. 23 Figure 27 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2015 (Shares of Selected Technologies for Selected Speeds) ......................................... 24 Figure 28 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2015 ................................................................................................. 25 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2015 ................................................................................................. 26 Figure 30 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2011-2015 ...................................................................... 27 Figure 31 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction - Selected Technologies 2011-2015 ....................................................... 27 11 Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2011-2015 (In thousands) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Total 230,201 243,359 262,564 284,692 293,397 311,284 321,305 342,096 355,212 Total Fixed 88,317 89,945 92,511 93,986 96,032 95,998 97,810 100,134 102,194 Mobile Wireless 141,883 153,414 170,053 190,706 197,365 215,286 223,495 241,962 253,017 Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2011-2015 (In thousands) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Total 186,516 196,665 215,817 235,273 246,797 264,343 273,950 292,279 303,653 Total Fixed 80,706 82,217 84,392 85,277 87,599 87,360 89,196 91,419 93,428 Mobile Wireless 105,810 114,448 131,425 149,996 159,197 176,983 184,754 200,859 210,224 * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. 12 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Speed 2012-2015 previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). At least 100 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps Less than 3 Mbps 17.0 19.2 36.9 11.2 84.4 14.9 19.1 29.8 21.3 85.3 8.4 18.7 30.5 29.5 87.6 7.6 17.5 27.1 30.7 4.5 87.4 6.7 16.3 24.5 32.5 9.1 89.2 5.2 15.6 23.1 35.6 11.9 91.4 4.6 14.4 22.4 37.3 14.8 93.4 C o n n e c t i o n s i n M i l l i o n s 0 25 50 75 100 Dec 2012 Jun 2013 Dec 2013 Jun 2014* Dec 2014 Jun 2015 Dec 2015 13 Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed Upstream Speed Less than 3 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 100 Mbps Total Less than 1 Mbps 4,177 8,890 2,904 4 # 15,975 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 1,552 7,241 17,661 707 6 27,167 At least 3 Mbps 42 462 4,555 38,574 15,420 59,052 Total 5,771 16,593 25,119 39,285 15,426 102,194 Percentages Less than 1 Mbps 4.1 8.7 2.8 0.0 0.0 15.6 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 1.5 7.1 17.3 0.7 0.0 26.6 At least 3 Mbps 0.0 0.5 4.5 37.7 15.1 57.8 Total 5.6 16.2 24.6 38.4 15.1 100.0 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2015 Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. Downstream Speed < 3 Mbps; 5.6% >= 3 Mbps & < 10 Mbps; 16.2% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 24.6% >= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 38.4 >= 100 Mbps; 15.1% < 1 Mbps 4.1% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 1.5% < 1 Mbps 8.7% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 7.1% >= 3 Mbps 0.5% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 17.3% >= 3 Mbps 4.5% < 1 Mbps 2.8% >= 3 Mbps 37.7% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 0.7% >= 3 Mbps 15.1% 14 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed Upstream Speed Less than 3 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 100 Mbps Total Less than 1 Mbps 3,452 7,322 2,713 3 # 13,490 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 1,084 6,765 16,349 663 1 24,862 At least 3 Mbps 39 270 3,313 36,612 14,841 55,076 Total 4,575 14,358 22,375 37,278 14,842 93,428 Percentages Less than 1 Mbps 3.7 7.8 2.9 0.0 0.0 14.4 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 1.2 7.2 17.5 0.7 0.0 26.6 At least 3 Mbps 0.0 0.3 3.5 39.2 15.9 59.0 Total 4.9 15.4 23.9 39.9 15.9 100.0 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2015 Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. Downstream Speed < 3 Mbps; 4.9% >= 3 Mbps & < 10 Mbps; 15.4% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 23.9% >= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 39.9 >= 100 Mbps; 15.9% < 1 Mbps 3.7% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 1.2% < 1 Mbps 7.8% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 7.2% >= 3 Mbps 0.3% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 17.5% >= 3 Mbps 3.5% < 1 Mbps 2.9% >= 3 Mbps 39.2% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 0.7% >= 3 Mbps 15.9% 15 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2011-2015 (In thousands) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Total 230,201 243,359 262,564 284,692 293,397 311,284 321,305 342,096 355,212 Total Fixed 88,317 89,945 92,511 93,986 96,032 95,998 97,810 100,134 102,194 aDSL 31,330 31,173 30,974 30,657 30,690 29,873 28,527 29,341 28,134 sDSL 148 139 132 117 108 96 85 75 60 Other Wireline1 795 770 796 769 772 792 723 682 693 Cable Modem 48,263 49,664 51,646 52,760 54,009 54,011 56,301 57,243 59,696 FTTP2 5,898 6,300 6,733 7,250 7,745 8,326 9,180 9,687 10,492 Satellite 1,190 1,217 1,454 1,623 1,849 1,964 2,006 2,058 2,071 Fixed Wireless 693 682 777 810 858 935 988 1,049 1,049 Mobile Wireless 141,883 153,414 170,053 190,706 197,365 215,286 223,495 241,962 253,017 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 12 Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2015 aDSL 7.9% FTTP 3.0% Cable Modem 16.8% Mobile Wireless 71.2% All Other 1.1% 16 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2011-2015 (In thousands) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Total 186,516 196,665 215,817 235,273 246,797 264,343 273,950 292,279 303,653 Total Fixed 80,706 82,217 84,392 85,277 87,599 87,360 89,196 91,419 93,428 aDSL 27,758 27,632 27,391 26,869 27,248 26,678 25,603 26,154 25,139 sDSL 54 49 50 43 39 30 22 17 16 Other Wireline1 40 14 34 22 22 57 59 52 54 Cable Modem 45,832 47,033 48,716 49,494 50,709 50,389 52,467 53,543 55,798 FTTP2 5,521 5,892 6,270 6,732 7,176 7,617 8,368 8,841 9,592 Satellite 886 998 1,242 1,407 1,643 1,760 1,803 1,875 1,891 Fixed Wireless 616 600 689 710 763 829 874 937 939 Mobile Wireless 105,810 114,448 131,425 149,996 159,197 176,983 184,754 200,859 210,224 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 14 Residential Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2015 aDSL 8.3% FTTP 3.2% Cable Modem 18.4% Mobile Wireless 69.2% All Other 1.0% 17 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2011-2015 (In thousands) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Total 51,097 57,243 64,657 68,673 78,175 78,981 83,872 88,985 92,330 aDSL 10,351 12,875 13,108 14,233 18,540 17,246 18,557 20,939 20,743 sDSL 26 30 33 34 36 33 28 24 20 Other Wireline1 228 239 276 284 308 310 308 296 330 Cable Modem 34,699 37,798 44,133 46,014 50,236 51,304 53,853 55,807 58,409 FTTP2 5,606 6,001 6,430 6,981 7,486 8,111 8,974 9,551 10,377 Satellite # 87 394 791 1,181 1,424 1,558 1,690 1,744 Fixed Wireless 186 214 284 337 388 553 594 677 707 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 16 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2011-2015 (In thousands) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Total 47,427 53,070 59,914 63,342 72,476 73,042 77,540 82,300 85,429 aDSL 9,274 11,563 11,669 12,666 16,715 15,673 16,867 18,985 18,865 sDSL 12 12 13 13 13 7 2 1 2 Other Wireline1 16 7 20 21 20 45 50 45 47 Cable Modem 32,693 35,583 41,561 43,061 47,258 47,924 50,308 52,241 54,646 FTTP2 5,271 5,632 6,012 6,504 6,958 7,491 8,246 8,750 9,513 Satellite # 86 393 788 1,177 1,419 1,552 1,682 1,734 Fixed Wireless 161 185 245 289 335 483 516 596 623 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. 18 Figure 17 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2015 (In thousands) 2014 2015 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Total 63,849 68,009 72,691 76,923 aDSL 7,573 8,310 9,463 9,799 sDSL 9 6 8 8 Other Wireline1 169 183 182 203 Cable Modem 47,296 49,839 52,646 55,702 FTTP2 7,615 8,341 8,873 9,569 Satellite 1,016 1,137 1,298 1,393 Fixed Wireless 170 192 220 250 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 18 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2015 aDSL 12.7% FTTP 12.4% Cable Modem 72.4% All Other 2.4% 19 Figure 19 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology in 2015 (In thousands) 2014 2015 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Total 59,751 63,522 67,881 71,779 aDSL 7,035 7,741 8,740 9,069 sDSL 3 # # 1 Other Wireline1 33 36 38 43 Cable Modem 44,480 46,767 49,475 52,291 FTTP2 7,044 7,679 8,144 8,776 Satellite 1,014 1,133 1,293 1,386 Fixed Wireless 142 166 190 212 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 20 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2015 aDSL 12.6% FTTP 12.2% Cable Modem 72.8% All Other 2.3% 20 Figure 21 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2015 (In thousands) 2014 2015 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Total 35,927 42,390 48,449 53,994 aDSL 420 598 761 938 sDSL 2 2 1 2 Other Wireline1 114 125 125 141 Cable Modem 30,769 36,095 40,646 45,170 FTTP2 4,603 5,542 6,870 7,685 Satellite # # # 2 Fixed Wireless 19 28 47 55 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 22 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2015 FTTP 14.2% Cable Modem 83.7% All Other 2.1% 21 Figure 23 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology in 2015 (In thousands) 2014 2015 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Total 34,439 40,595 46,198 51,454 aDSL 397 566 727 897 sDSL # # # 1 Other Wireline1 22 26 26 31 Cable Modem 29,806 34,914 39,083 43,388 FTTP2 4,201 5,068 6,323 7,089 Satellite 0 0 0 2 Fixed Wireless 14 22 40 45 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 24 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2015 FTTP 13.8% Cable Modem 84.3% All Other 1.9% 22 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2011-2015 (Shares of selected technologies) data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). aDSL Cable Modem FTTP All Other Fixed 56.8 6.8 34.4 57.7 7.4 32.5 57.9 2.8 8.2 31.1 58.8 3.1 9.4 28.7 59.7 3.1 10.3 26.9 57.2 7.2 33.6 58.0 7.9 31.5 57.7 3.1 8.7 30.5 58.6 3.2 9.7 28.6 P e r c e n t a g e o f R e s i d e n t i a l F i x e d C o n n e c t i o n s 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Dec 2011 Jun 2012 Dec 2012 Jun 2013 Dec 2013 Jun 2014* Dec 2014 Jun 2015 Dec 2015 C o n n e c t i o n s i n T h o u s a n d s -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Dec 2011 to Dec 2012 Dec 2012 to Dec 2013 Dec 2013 to Dec 2014 Dec 2014 to Dec 2015 Figure 26 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2011-2015 (Net adds for selected technologies) aDSL Cable Modem FTTP -367 -143 -1645 -464 2884 1993 1759 3331 748 907 1192 1224 23 Figure 27 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2015 (Shares of selected technologies for selected speeds, connections in thousands) aDSL Cable Modem FTTP All Other Fixed 26.9 59.7 10.3 3.1 22.1 64.0 11.1 2.8 12.6 72.8 12.2 2.3 84.3 13.8 94.5 5.2 E s t i m a t e d P e r c e n t a g e o f H o u s e h o l d s 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Over 200 kbps in at least one direction At least 3 Mbps downstream and at least 768 kbps upstream At least 10 Mbps downstream and at least 1 Mbps upstream At least 25 Mbps downstream and at least 3 Mbps upstream At least 100 Mbps downstream and at least 10 Mbps upstream Connections 93,428 85,429 71,779 51,454 13,313 24 Figure 28 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2015 (In thousands) Downstream Speed Technology Less than 1.5 Mbps At least 1.5 Mbps and less than 3 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 100 Mbps Total aDSL 1,422 2,455 11,987 11,169 1,093 7 28,134 sDSL 27 13 12 5 * * 60 Other Wireline1 59 299 132 60 27 116 693 Cable Modem 142 688 3,014 10,160 31,282 14,410 59,696 FTTP 39 44 555 2,139 6,841 875 10,492 Satellite 251 43 385 1,390 * * 2,071 Fixed Wireless 121 167 509 196 37 17 1,049 Total 2,061 3,710 16,593 25,119 39,285 15,426 102,194 Percentages aDSL 1.4 2.4 11.7 10.9 1.1 0.0 27.5 sDSL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.1 Other Wireline1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.7 Cable Modem 0.1 0.7 2.9 9.9 30.6 14.1 58.4 FTTP 0.0 0.0 0.5 2.1 6.7 0.9 10.3 Satellite 0.2 0.0 0.4 1.4 * * 2.0 Fixed Wireless 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.0 Total 2.0 3.6 16.2 24.6 38.4 15.1 100.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 25 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2015 (In thousands) Downstream Speed Technology Less than 1.5 Mbps At least 1.5 Mbps and less than 3 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 100 Mbps Total aDSL 1,290 2,052 10,415 10,347 1,032 3 25,139 sDSL 12 2 1 # * * 16 Other Wireline1 1 3 6 12 8 24 54 Cable Modem 135 640 2,615 8,520 29,782 14,107 55,798 FTTP 20 31 482 1,944 6,419 696 9,592 Satellite 106 19 379 1,384 * * 1,891 Fixed Wireless 110 156 460 167 33 12 939 Total 1,674 2,902 14,358 22,375 37,278 14,842 93,428 Percentages aDSL 1.4 2.2 11.1 11.1 1.1 0.0 26.9 sDSL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 Other Wireline1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Cable Modem 0.1 0.7 2.8 9.1 31.9 15.1 59.7 FTTP 0.0 0.0 0.5 2.1 6.9 0.7 10.3 Satellite 0.1 0.0 0.4 1.5 * * 2.0 Fixed Wireless 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.0 Total 1.8 3.1 15.4 23.9 39.9 15.9 100.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 26 Figure 30 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2011-2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun+ Dec Jun Dec aDSL 867 860 865 852 851 794 792 790 776 sDSL 255 251 255 246 239 195 191 177 182 Other Wireline1 274 258 262 246 245 270 245 239 250 Cable Modem 405 401 404 403 407 394 402 391 390 FTTP 621 642 666 692 744 878 906 929 984 Satellite 6 5 6 5 5 18 16 11 11 Fixed Wireless 713 713 765 771 825 870 916 943 969 Mobile Wireless 69 67 70 79 77 91 98 100 97 Power Line and Other1 5 * * 0 * - - - - Total 1,687 1,673 1,722 1,714 1,773 1,813 1,865 1,874 1,901 1 For this Figure, the categories Power Line and All Other were combined with Other Wireline from June 2014 forward. + The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). Multiple Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider. * = 1-3 providers. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figure 31 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction Selected Technologies 2011-2015 aDSL Cable Modem FTTP Mobile Wireless N u m b e r o f P r o v i d e r s 0 100 200 30 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Dec 2011 Jun 2012 Dec 2012 Jun 2013 Dec 2013 Jun 2014 Dec 2014 Jun 2015 Dec 2015 27 SECTION 3 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE STATES Table of Contents Fi gur e 32 Resi denti al Fi xe d Conne c tions and Hous e hol ds by State as of Dece mbe r 31 , 2015 ......................................................................................... 29 Figur e 33 Conne c ti ons by Type of End User by Stat e as of Decembe r 31 , 2015 .................... 31 Figur e 34 Conne c ti ons by Technol ogy by Stat e as of Dece mbe r 31 , 2015 ............................. 32 Figur e 35 Per c ent a ge of Fixe d Connec t ions by Downs tr e a m Spee d by State as of Dece mbe r 31 , 2015 .................................................................................................. 34 Figur e 36 Provi de rs of Conne ct ions by Technol ogy by Stat e as of Dece mbe r 31 , 2015 ......... 36 28 Figure 32 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2015 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in at least One Direction At least 10 Mbps Down and 1 Mbps Up At least 25 Mbps Down and 3 Mbps Up At least 100 Mbps Down and 10 Mbps Up State Households Connections Subscribership Ratio Connections Subscribership Ratio Connections Subscribership Ratio Connections Subscribership Ratio Alabama 1,842 1,241 0.67 862 0.47 534 0.29 38 0.02 Alaska 252 202 0.80 135 0.54 * * * * American Samoa 10 * * 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Arizona 2,387 2,008 0.84 1,383 0.58 1,101 0.46 285 0.12 Arkansas 1,132 717 0.63 457 0.40 240 0.21 74 0.06 California 12,617 10,776 0.85 8,641 0.68 6,108 0.48 2,116 0.17 Colorado 1,998 1,771 0.89 1,183 0.59 1,099 0.55 * * Connecticut 1,356 1,161 0.86 992 0.73 789 0.58 211 0.16 Delaware 339 308 0.91 282 0.83 245 0.72 75 0.22 District of Columbia 267 228 0.85 198 0.74 186 0.70 * * Florida 7,218 6,577 0.91 5,389 0.75 3,790 0.53 817 0.11 Georgia 3,541 2,726 0.77 2,018 0.57 1,389 0.39 213 0.06 Guam 42 * * * * * * 0 0.00 Hawaii 450 397 0.88 396 0.88 * * * * Idaho 585 459 0.78 223 0.38 164 0.28 9 0.02 Illinois 4,779 3,669 0.77 2,871 0.60 2,036 0.43 363 0.08 Indiana 2,492 1,828 0.73 1,304 0.52 825 0.33 138 0.06 Iowa 1,232 893 0.72 489 0.40 118 0.10 12 0.01 Kansas 1,112 851 0.77 606 0.54 360 0.32 128 0.12 Kentucky 1,702 1,203 0.71 769 0.45 274 0.16 19 0.01 Louisiana 1,719 1,189 0.69 895 0.52 577 0.34 122 0.07 Maine 553 460 0.83 318 0.57 109 0.20 * * Maryland 2,156 1,822 0.85 1,642 0.76 1,443 0.67 387 0.18 Massachusetts 2,538 2,232 0.88 2,026 0.80 1,875 0.74 608 0.24 Michigan 3,828 2,831 0.74 2,231 0.58 1,667 0.44 190 0.05 Minnesota 2,115 1,658 0.78 1,087 0.51 898 0.42 230 0.11 Mississippi 1,093 611 0.56 380 0.35 214 0.20 28 0.03 Missouri 2,361 1,702 0.72 1,170 0.50 700 0.30 173 0.07 Montana 408 314 0.77 173 0.42 * * # 0.00 Nebraska 731 550 0.75 357 0.49 239 0.33 34 0.05 29 Figure 32 - Continued Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2015 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in at least One Direction At least 10 Mbps Down and 1 Mbps Up At least 25 Mbps Down and 3 Mbps Up At least 100 Mbps Down and 10 Mbps Up State Households Connections Subscribership Ratio Connections Subscribership Ratio Connections Subscribership Ratio Connections Subscribership Ratio Nevada 1,006 840 0.84 636 0.63 482 0.48 * * New Hampshire 520 465 0.89 381 0.73 299 0.58 * * New Jersey 3,188 2,839 0.89 2,620 0.82 2,489 0.78 579 0.18 New Mexico 765 536 0.70 261 0.34 234 0.31 79 0.10 New York 7,256 6,094 0.84 5,482 0.76 4,254 0.59 744 0.10 North Carolina 3,743 2,947 0.79 2,134 0.57 1,259 0.34 580 0.16 North Dakota 293 232 0.79 183 0.63 132 0.45 17 0.06 Northern Mariana Isl 16 * * 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Ohio 4,570 3,537 0.77 2,544 0.56 1,055 0.23 47 0.01 Oklahoma 1,450 978 0.67 669 0.46 393 0.27 91 0.06 Oregon 1,523 1,257 0.83 910 0.60 775 0.51 * * Pennsylvania 4,958 3,899 0.79 2,987 0.60 2,612 0.53 775 0.16 Puerto Rico 1,241 * * * * * * * * Rhode Island 410 342 0.84 327 0.80 * * * * South Carolina 1,796 1,357 0.76 1,034 0.58 499 0.28 26 0.01 South Dakota 327 247 0.76 197 0.60 141 0.43 14 0.04 Tennessee 2,487 1,736 0.70 1,363 0.55 1,021 0.41 167 0.07 Texas 9,014 6,874 0.76 5,296 0.59 3,138 0.35 1,390 0.15 Utah 896 775 0.86 490 0.55 427 0.48 167 0.19 Vermont 257 231 0.90 153 0.60 123 0.48 47 0.18 Virgin Islands 43 * * * * * * 0 0.00 Virginia 3,042 2,456 0.81 2,059 0.68 1,725 0.57 391 0.13 Washington 2,645 2,291 0.87 1,666 0.63 1,511 0.57 * * West Virginia 742 510 0.69 335 0.45 275 0.37 * * Wisconsin 2,293 1,756 0.77 1,268 0.55 668 0.29 12 0.01 Wyoming 226 176 0.78 114 0.51 96 0.42 # 0.00 Total 117,564 93,428 0.79 71,779 0.61 51,454 0.44 13,313 0.11 # = Rounds to Zero; * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477 (Connections); 2010-2014 ACS 5-year estimates; Census 2010. 30 Figure 33 Connections by Type of End User by State as of December 31, 2015 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Connections Percentages State Residential Business Residential Business Total Alabama 4,341 560 88.6 11.4 4,901 Alaska 785 129 85.9 14.1 915 American Samoa * * * * * Arizona 6,007 946 86.4 13.6 6,952 Arkansas 2,619 364 87.8 12.2 2,983 California 37,458 6,860 84.5 15.5 44,318 Colorado 5,357 895 85.7 14.3 6,252 Connecticut 3,660 657 84.8 15.2 4,317 Delaware 1,055 155 87.2 12.8 1,210 District of Columbia 706 455 60.8 39.2 1,162 Florida 18,233 3,237 84.9 15.1 21,469 Georgia 9,061 1,506 85.7 14.3 10,567 Guam 105 23 82.2 17.8 128 Hawaii 1,485 196 88.3 11.7 1,682 Idaho 1,471 231 86.4 13.6 1,701 Illinois 12,311 2,153 85.1 14.9 14,464 Indiana 5,940 846 87.5 12.5 6,786 Iowa 2,826 479 85.5 14.5 3,304 Kansas 2,609 465 84.9 15.1 3,074 Kentucky 5,540 555 90.9 9.1 6,094 Louisiana 4,475 626 87.7 12.3 5,101 Maine 1,209 191 86.3 13.7 1,401 Maryland 5,823 1,000 85.3 14.7 6,823 Massachusetts 6,746 1,217 84.7 15.3 7,964 Michigan 8,555 1,699 83.4 16.6 10,255 Minnesota 5,217 927 84.9 15.1 6,144 Mississippi 2,668 285 90.4 9.6 2,953 Missouri 5,523 966 85.1 14.9 6,489 Montana 940 127 88.1 11.9 1,066 Nebraska 1,638 339 82.8 17.2 1,977 Nevada 2,665 382 87.5 12.5 3,047 New Hampshire 1,314 208 86.4 13.6 1,521 New Jersey 9,323 1,735 84.3 15.7 11,059 New Mexico 1,752 249 87.6 12.4 2,001 New York 19,078 3,425 84.8 15.2 22,503 North Carolina 9,267 1,499 86.1 13.9 10,765 North Dakota 723 126 85.1 14.9 849 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * Ohio 10,864 1,743 86.2 13.8 12,607 Oklahoma 3,510 548 86.5 13.5 4,059 Oregon 3,850 638 85.8 14.2 4,488 Pennsylvania 11,908 1,889 86.3 13.7 13,797 Puerto Rico 3,028 266 91.9 8.1 3,293 Rhode Island 994 168 85.5 14.5 1,163 South Carolina 4,270 604 87.6 12.4 4,874 South Dakota 767 99 88.5 11.5 867 Tennessee 5,858 944 86.1 13.9 6,802 Texas 24,497 4,514 84.4 15.6 29,011 Utah 2,611 453 85.2 14.8 3,064 Vermont 605 117 83.8 16.2 722 Virgin Islands 96 15 86.6 13.4 111 Virginia 7,763 1,469 84.1 15.9 9,231 Washington 7,134 1,187 85.7 14.3 8,321 West Virginia 1,586 188 89.4 10.6 1,774 Wisconsin 5,178 913 85.0 15.0 6,090 Wyoming 581 77 88.3 11.7 659 Total 303,653 51,559 85.5 14.5 355,212 # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 31 Figure 34 Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2015 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) State ADSL SDSL Other Wireline1 Cable Modem Fiber Satellite Fixed Wireless Mobile Wireless Total Alabama 525 3 * 720 30 * 4 3,543 4,901 Alaska 76 # 3 * 3 * 7 677 915 American Samoa 0 0 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 626 # * 1,353 108 * 29 4,793 6,952 Arkansas 339 # * 362 16 * 6 2,201 2,983 California 3,755 9 * 6,769 934 * 60 32,543 44,318 Colorado 589 # * 1,084 150 * 58 4,315 6,252 Connecticut * # 4 891 8 * * 3,044 4,317 Delaware * # 3 195 * * 0 875 1,210 District of Columbia 42 1 7 * * * * 897 1,162 Florida 1,836 # * 4,558 625 * 14 14,303 21,469 Georgia 1,108 1 * 1,696 91 * 1 7,565 10,567 Guam * 0 * * * 0 0 89 128 Hawaii * 3 1 * 26 * 4 1,252 1,682 Idaho 203 # * 193 44 * 45 1,200 1,701 Illinois 1,342 2 * 2,459 54 * 65 10,464 14,464 Indiana 717 1 * 1,013 147 * 41 4,805 6,786 Iowa 340 1 * 444 130 * 31 2,325 3,304 Kansas 268 # * 489 110 * 36 2,144 3,074 Kentucky 464 # * 704 67 * 17 4,783 6,094 Louisiana 426 # * 744 59 * 6 3,799 5,101 Maine 130 2 * 354 7 * 4 892 1,401 Maryland * 1 16 997 * * 3 4,841 6,823 Massachusetts * 1 19 1,712 * * 2 5,523 7,964 Michigan 893 4 * 2,001 17 * 49 7,174 10,255 Minnesota 577 4 * 1,006 146 * 27 4,340 6,144 Mississippi 320 * 2 293 6 * 2 2,270 2,953 Missouri 782 # * 822 124 * 33 4,640 6,489 Montana 112 1 * 181 19 * 22 715 1,066 Nebraska 163 # * 367 42 * 20 1,373 1,977 32 Figure 34 - Continued Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2015 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) State ADSL SDSL Other Wireline1 Cable Modem Fiber Satellite Fixed Wireless Mobile Wireless Total Nevada 249 # 6 * 9 * 13 2,130 3,047 New Hampshire 87 1 * 399 21 * # 1,001 1,521 New Jersey 237 1 27 1,953 * * # 7,922 11,059 New Mexico 278 # * 247 26 * 19 1,413 2,001 New York 577 3 38 4,607 * * 5 15,750 22,503 North Carolina 1,004 # * 2,035 96 * 4 7,548 10,765 North Dakota 59 1 * 129 63 * 5 588 849 Northern Mariana Isl * 0 * * * 0 * * * Ohio 1,172 1 * 2,419 131 * 39 8,776 12,607 Oklahoma 381 # * 556 31 * 38 2,986 4,059 Oregon 325 1 * 842 145 * 21 3,115 4,488 Pennsylvania 777 1 23 2,560 * * 4 9,531 13,797 Puerto Rico * 0 * * 7 * 2 2,604 3,293 Rhode Island * # 2 * * * * 788 1,163 South Carolina 473 # * 879 73 * 3 3,397 4,874 South Dakota 55 * # 154 46 * 13 593 867 Tennessee 571 3 * 1,083 160 * 8 4,894 6,802 Texas 2,799 1 * 3,522 741 * 128 21,533 29,011 Utah 231 # * 420 123 * 58 2,222 3,064 Vermont 119 * 3 132 18 * 1 443 722 Virgin Islands * 0 * * * * * 86 111 Virginia 373 1 * 1,377 816 * 15 6,539 9,231 Washington 548 1 * 1,660 181 * 23 5,839 8,321 West Virginia * * 1 319 9 * 2 1,220 1,774 Wisconsin 657 6 * 1,089 61 * 37 4,184 6,090 Wyoming 54 1 * 104 8 * 18 461 659 Total 28,134 60 693 59,696 10,492 2,071 1,049 253,017 355,212 1 PowerLine and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 33 Figure 35 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2015 Over 200 kbps Upstream and State % over 200 kbps Downstream % at least 3 Mbps Downstream % at least 10 Mbps Downstream % at least 25 Mbps Downstream % at least 100 Mbps Downstream Alabama 99.0 91.5 71.5 43.3 4.5 Alaska 96.5 82.4 64.5 30.2 12.2 American Samoa * * * * * Arizona 99.6 95.2 81.0 53.2 17.8 Arkansas 98.9 90.2 66.7 34.0 14.9 California 99.6 95.6 77.9 54.0 18.9 Colorado 99.7 93.3 81.0 59.1 24.8 Connecticut 99.1 98.5 84.0 65.9 17.3 Delaware 99.7 97.5 90.2 78.4 23.2 District of Columbia 99.8 96.2 83.5 76.4 26.3 Florida 99.4 95.6 84.5 56.4 12.2 Georgia 98.8 93.5 74.1 49.9 7.6 Guam * * * * * Hawaii 100.0 99.7 99.3 89.1 76.3 Idaho 99.3 91.2 64.3 35.0 24.6 Illinois 99.5 96.1 77.4 54.3 12.3 Indiana 99.1 94.6 72.3 43.9 7.3 Iowa 99.4 90.0 63.7 26.8 3.2 Kansas 99.6 93.4 71.6 40.4 15.4 Kentucky 98.6 89.1 63.8 22.2 1.6 Louisiana 98.9 92.6 74.6 47.2 13.5 Maine 98.5 90.0 67.2 22.5 1.7 Maryland 99.7 97.0 88.2 76.7 20.3 Massachusetts 99.8 97.2 89.2 81.0 25.8 Michigan 99.1 95.8 78.0 56.6 6.6 Minnesota 99.5 93.0 75.2 54.2 13.4 Mississippi 98.4 89.4 62.7 33.9 14.0 Missouri 99.2 92.1 72.7 41.9 30.5 Montana 99.3 85.8 60.3 48.9 0.3 Nebraska 99.5 93.5 69.0 41.8 7.2 34 Figure 35 - Continued Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2015 Over 200 kbps Upstream and State % over 200 kbps Downstream % at least 3 Mbps Downstream % at least 10 Mbps Downstream % at least 25 Mbps Downstream % at least 100 Mbps Downstream Nevada 99.8 96.8 83.2 56.6 10.8 New Hampshire 98.8 93.8 79.8 60.5 24.0 New Jersey 99.7 97.6 91.3 85.0 19.5 New Mexico 99.5 89.1 65.8 41.4 15.9 New York 99.6 96.7 87.8 67.6 12.0 North Carolina 99.2 92.3 76.0 41.0 19.0 North Dakota 99.8 95.3 80.3 57.5 14.1 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * Ohio 99.5 92.2 72.0 28.7 1.4 Oklahoma 99.4 94.3 67.9 38.8 14.0 Oregon 99.5 93.4 79.4 60.3 20.4 Pennsylvania 99.5 94.5 77.8 65.1 18.9 Puerto Rico 99.9 68.6 36.5 7.2 0.4 Rhode Island 99.6 98.3 93.2 78.0 9.9 South Carolina 99.2 92.8 76.2 36.5 2.3 South Dakota 99.5 93.9 81.4 57.5 6.9 Tennessee 99.0 94.5 78.8 56.8 9.7 Texas 99.6 94.8 76.1 43.8 20.7 Utah 99.8 94.9 76.1 53.0 20.5 Vermont 98.1 83.8 62.4 46.7 17.2 Virgin Islands 99.9 81.8 23.0 * * Virginia 99.4 95.6 83.1 67.2 15.4 Washington 99.4 93.9 79.2 63.4 26.2 West Virginia 98.1 96.1 63.2 50.8 35.3 Wisconsin 98.8 91.5 74.6 37.3 1.1 Wyoming 99.3 88.4 70.2 52.6 0.7 Total 99.4 94.3 78.1 53.5 15.1 35 Figure 36 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2015 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) State ADSL SDSL Other Wireline1 Cable Modem Fiber Satellite Fixed Wireless Mobile Wireless Total Alabama 28 11 * 23 37 * 20 6 89 Alaska 14 4 13 * 9 * 12 7 36 American Samoa 0 0 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 28 6 * 17 33 * 33 7 98 Arkansas 24 4 * 18 30 * 17 4 75 California 39 15 * 29 51 * 77 6 166 Colorado 40 9 * 16 49 * 51 10 129 Connecticut * 8 19 10 19 * * 4 45 Delaware * 4 16 4 * * 0 4 28 District of Columbia 7 6 19 * * * * 4 44 Florida 30 13 * 25 46 * 30 5 109 Georgia 30 11 * 34 60 * 17 4 120 Guam * 0 * * * 0 0 4 4 Hawaii * 5 9 * 9 * 4 5 23 Idaho 25 7 * 15 29 * 33 9 78 Illinois 59 12 * 22 80 * 75 9 179 Indiana 41 8 * 14 52 * 50 5 112 Iowa 108 21 * 43 123 * 79 32 220 Kansas 33 13 * 27 55 * 44 9 110 Kentucky 23 8 * 29 45 * 27 7 101 Louisiana 19 4 * 18 28 * 13 5 65 Maine 16 8 * 8 18 * 6 5 40 Maryland * 10 31 17 * * 18 6 80 Massachusetts * 10 29 12 * * 17 4 68 Michigan 36 12 * 25 52 * 41 6 126 Minnesota 49 15 * 21 70 * 47 6 130 Mississippi 19 * 18 15 17 * 14 5 60 Missouri 41 13 * 22 52 * 61 8 143 Montana 25 9 * 9 27 * 27 5 63 Nebraska 33 4 * 22 45 * 36 8 92 36 Figure 36 - Continued Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2015 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) State ADSL SDSL Other Wireline1 Cable Modem Fiber Satellite Fixed Wireless Mobile Wireless Total Nevada 19 10 26 * 23 * 15 6 66 New Hampshire 15 10 * 7 19 * 4 5 43 New Jersey 20 8 34 11 * * 8 4 65 New Mexico 25 6 * 11 23 * 24 9 68 New York 42 11 37 22 * * 23 4 106 North Carolina 25 9 * 28 45 * 19 7 96 North Dakota 28 10 * 7 27 * 17 7 56 Northern Mariana Isl * 0 * * * 0 * * * Ohio 40 9 * 32 56 * 45 5 138 Oklahoma 37 8 * 12 36 * 38 11 101 Oregon 40 13 * 16 48 * 42 6 109 Pennsylvania 36 10 39 31 * * 21 8 118 Puerto Rico * 0 * * 6 * 6 5 17 Rhode Island * 6 11 * * * * 4 27 South Carolina 19 4 * 17 26 * 11 6 55 South Dakota 26 * 14 7 29 * 25 8 75 Tennessee 26 11 * 25 40 * 24 7 99 Texas 67 21 * 42 93 * 119 11 235 Utah 20 9 * 12 23 * 29 8 77 Vermont 13 * 11 7 17 * 5 5 37 Virgin Islands * 0 * * * * * 4 8 Virginia 31 12 * 22 45 * 31 7 107 Washington 31 10 * 27 50 * 54 6 122 West Virginia * * 17 16 15 * 12 7 56 Wisconsin 48 11 * 22 57 * 45 7 128 Wyoming 18 5 * 6 16 * 24 8 53 Total 776 182 250 390 984 11 969 97 1,901 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 37 SECTION 4 SUMMARY STATISTICS: COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS Table of Contents Figure 37 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of December 31, 2015 ........... 39 Figure 38 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of December 31, 2015 ......................................................................................... 40 Figure 39 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of December 31, 2015 ...... 41 Figure 40 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of December 31, 2015 ......................................................................................... 42 Figure 41 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2015 ..................................................................... 43 Figure 42 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2015 ....................................................... 44 Figure 43 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2015 ....................................................... 46 38 Figure 37 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of December 31, 2015 Sources: FCC Form 477; 2010-2014 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. Note: Ratios over 1 were set to 1. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 Max 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% P e r c e n t a g e o f C o u n t i e s Number of Counties 3,233 Median 0.66 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households 5 1 1 4 9 17 52 64 145 205 254 342 445 460 381 263 204 164 116 101 39 Figure 38 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of December 31, 2015 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households Technology Zero Greater than 0 and no more than 5% Greater than 5 and no more than 10% Greater than 10 and no more than 20% Greater than 20 and no more than 30% Greater than 30 and no more than 40% Greater than 40 and no more than 50% Greater than 50 and no more than 60% Greater than 60 and no more than 80% Greater than 80 and no more than 100% 100% or more aDSL 0.8 4.5 5.8 25.2 31.9 19.1 8.2 2.8 1.5 0.2 0.1 sDSL 86.5 13.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline 89.1 10.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 12.5 7.1 7.1 16.1 14.9 14.3 11.4 10.1 5.5 0.6 0.2 FTTP 34.2 41.5 7.3 6.8 3.8 2.3 1.7 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 Satellite 0.9 62.6 24.4 10.4 1.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 30.2 51.4 10.1 6.2 1.4 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.8 3.6 10.8 18.4 47.9 16.2 1.9 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2010-2014 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 40 Figure 39 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of December 31, 2015 Sources: FCC Form 477; 2010-2014 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. Note: Ratios over 2 were set to 2. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. 0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 Max 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 P e r c e n t a g e o f T r a c t s Number of Tracts 73,767 Median 0.79 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households 41 Figure 40 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of December 31, 2015 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households Technology Zero Greater than 0 and no more than 5% Greater than 5 and no more than 10% Greater than 10 and no more than 20% Greater than 20 and no more than 30% Greater than 30 and no more than 40% Greater than 40 and no more than 50% Greater than 50 and no more than 60% Greater than 60 and no more than 80% Greater than 80 and no more than 100% 100% or more aDSL 1.5 14.6 11.6 25.3 21.6 14.3 6.8 2.6 1.3 0.2 0.2 sDSL 97.6 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline 98.9 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 5.2 3.0 2.0 4.8 9.2 14.9 17.9 17.2 19.5 4.9 1.5 FTTP 58.6 16.9 3.5 4.9 3.5 3.9 3.8 2.6 1.8 0.2 0.1 Satellite 25.8 63.7 5.6 3.6 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 76.9 18.0 2.4 1.8 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.1 2.7 5.5 9.1 31.8 38.3 9.8 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2010-2014 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 42 Figure 41 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Service by Technology as of December 31, 2015 (Internet Access Service over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Number of Providers Technology Zero One Two Three Four Five Six Seven or More aDSL 25.8 69.7 4.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 sDSL 99.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline1 98.2 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 34.4 61.7 3.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 FTTP 84.6 15.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Satellite 0.1 0.9 58.6 40.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 61.4 24.9 9.2 3.9 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 aDSL and/or Cable Modem and/or FTTP 13.5 25.6 52.0 8.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 Any Technology 0.0 0.2 3.8 14.3 34.3 30.2 11.4 5.9 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. The number of providers in a census block does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household, and does not purport to measure competition. Providers may list a census block on Form 477 if service can be provided to at least one location in the block. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2010 census. Sources: FCC Form 477 and Census 2010. 43 Figure 42 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2015 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households State Counties Zero Greater than 0 and no more than 5% Greater than 5 and no more than 10% Greater than 10 and no more than 20% Greater than 20 and no more than 30% Greater than 30 and no more than 40% Greater than 40 and no more than 50% Greater than 50 and no more than 60% Greater than 60 and no more than 80% Greater than 80 and no more than 100% 100% or more Alabama 67 0 0 0 0 1 3 17 22 20 4 0 Alaska 29 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 2 12 5 1 American Samoa 5 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arizona 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 9 4 0 Arkansas 75 0 0 0 0 0 6 32 21 15 1 0 California 58 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 26 29 1 Colorado 64 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 6 21 21 10 Connecticut 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 Delaware 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 District of Columbia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Florida 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 11 14 29 11 Georgia 159 0 0 0 1 3 15 26 40 42 29 3 Guam 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Hawaii 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 Idaho 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 29 6 1 Illinois 102 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 22 64 11 0 Indiana 92 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 21 59 9 0 Iowa 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 15 76 6 0 Kansas 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 19 69 11 0 Kentucky 120 0 0 0 0 1 3 14 36 60 6 0 Louisiana 64 0 0 0 0 1 6 14 12 27 4 0 Maine 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 8 0 Maryland 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 9 11 1 Massachusetts 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 3 Michigan 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 12 55 10 1 Minnesota 87 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 65 15 0 Mississippi 82 0 0 0 2 7 22 30 9 12 0 0 Missouri 115 0 0 0 0 1 4 19 33 51 7 0 Montana 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 35 12 0 Nebraska 93 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 22 56 2 0 44 Figure 42 - Continued Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2015 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households State Counties Zero Greater than 0 and no more than 5% Greater than 5 and no more than 10% Greater than 10 and no more than 20% Greater than 20 and no more than 30% Greater than 30 and no more than 40% Greater than 40 and no more than 50% Greater than 50 and no more than 60% Greater than 60 and no more than 80% Greater than 80 and no more than 100% 100% or more Nevada 17 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 8 3 0 New Hampshire 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 0 New Jersey 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 17 1 New Mexico 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 19 4 0 New York 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 38 19 2 North Carolina 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 17 56 18 5 North Dakota 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 36 9 2 Northern Mariana Isl 4 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 Ohio 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 10 58 17 0 Oklahoma 77 0 0 0 0 1 7 17 20 30 2 0 Oregon 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 21 11 1 Pennsylvania 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 43 15 1 Puerto Rico 78 0 0 0 0 3 15 28 28 4 0 0 Rhode Island 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 South Carolina 46 0 0 0 0 0 2 10 8 19 5 2 South Dakota 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 46 9 0 Tennessee 95 0 0 0 0 1 3 12 39 33 7 0 Texas 254 0 0 0 0 0 7 42 70 110 22 3 Utah 29 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 10 11 3 Vermont 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 2 Virgin Islands 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Virginia 133 0 0 0 1 1 9 16 23 53 27 3 Washington 39 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 18 17 1 West Virginia 55 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 11 34 6 0 Wisconsin 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 53 16 0 Wyoming 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 15 3 2 Total 3,233 5 0 1 5 26 116 350 596 1549 525 60 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2010-2014 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). 45 Figure 43 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2015 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households State Tracts Zero Greater than 0 and no more than 5% Greater than 5 and no more than 10% Greater than 10 and no more than 20% Greater than 20 and no more than 30% Greater than 30 and no more than 40% Greater than 40 and no more than 50% Greater than 50 and no more than 60% Greater than 60 and no more than 80% Greater than 80 and no more than 100% 100% or more Alabama 1,179 4 0 1 4 37 102 189 210 379 195 58 Alaska 167 2 0 0 1 7 5 6 11 54 70 11 American Samoa 18 4 6 2 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 Arizona 1,526 21 10 6 11 13 35 53 114 375 587 301 Arkansas 686 2 0 2 7 25 71 148 113 198 99 21 California 8,036 53 3 5 10 26 74 136 406 2,078 4,441 804 Colorado 1,249 14 0 0 1 1 8 12 55 330 611 217 Connecticut 829 2 0 0 0 0 6 6 46 184 491 94 Delaware 215 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 13 50 103 46 District of Columbia 179 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 14 61 64 33 Florida 4,199 39 0 0 4 4 33 99 208 944 1,804 1,064 Georgia 1,964 10 2 0 8 35 92 161 257 583 638 178 Guam 56 5 1 1 5 3 1 5 7 5 7 16 Hawaii 326 13 0 0 3 3 5 7 10 68 158 59 Idaho 298 1 0 0 0 4 2 7 21 148 95 20 Illinois 3,121 7 0 1 4 20 74 209 337 1,205 1,152 112 Indiana 1,508 5 2 0 2 8 31 115 258 654 370 63 Iowa 825 3 0 1 1 2 9 40 110 491 146 22 Kansas 770 11 0 0 1 3 12 43 119 317 216 48 Kentucky 1,115 9 2 2 13 18 43 85 211 421 262 49 Louisiana 1,136 11 0 1 2 27 78 136 182 406 252 41 Maine 351 0 0 0 2 3 2 1 14 144 143 42 Maryland 1,394 8 0 0 0 3 30 56 87 307 753 150 Massachusetts 1,471 13 0 1 1 1 3 9 40 333 914 156 Michigan 2,767 31 0 0 17 59 155 203 275 940 994 93 Minnesota 1,335 4 0 0 3 3 12 44 90 599 521 59 Mississippi 661 4 0 3 9 47 131 140 92 162 61 12 Missouri 1,393 5 0 0 6 15 69 153 204 465 399 77 Montana 271 2 1 0 1 0 2 7 32 120 89 17 Nebraska 532 3 0 0 0 0 3 34 70 259 118 45 46 Figure 43 - Continued Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2015 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households State Tracts Zero Greater than 0 and no more than 5% Greater than 5 and no more than 10% Greater than 10 and no more than 20% Greater than 20 and no more than 30% Greater than 30 and no more than 40% Greater than 40 and no more than 50% Greater than 50 and no more than 60% Greater than 60 and no more than 80% Greater than 80 and no more than 100% 100% or more Nevada 683 5 0 1 2 4 16 21 65 185 277 107 New Hampshire 294 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 51 192 44 New Jersey 2,004 10 0 0 0 2 6 8 31 461 1,201 285 New Mexico 499 1 5 0 9 12 13 54 69 190 126 20 New York 4,900 87 3 2 14 20 29 103 238 1,567 2,238 599 North Carolina 2,183 19 2 2 0 9 29 115 265 816 663 263 North Dakota 205 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 10 114 54 18 Northern Mariana Isl 22 2 0 0 1 5 7 5 1 1 0 0 Ohio 2,946 7 0 0 4 20 82 195 285 1,180 990 183 Oklahoma 1,046 1 3 0 15 35 72 153 167 325 212 63 Oregon 827 2 0 0 0 3 4 15 31 318 388 66 Pennsylvania 3,217 25 0 2 4 7 25 80 270 1,357 1,230 217 Puerto Rico 903 26 34 30 112 160 132 133 83 84 38 71 Rhode Island 241 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 81 142 15 South Carolina 1,097 10 0 0 2 17 49 113 161 357 274 114 South Dakota 222 0 0 1 0 1 3 6 19 126 55 11 Tennessee 1,497 22 1 1 7 31 92 161 254 523 323 82 Texas 5,253 38 0 0 26 97 246 571 747 1,515 1,441 572 Utah 588 4 2 3 1 0 6 3 16 147 322 84 Vermont 184 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 49 103 30 Virgin Islands 29 0 0 1 4 5 3 6 7 1 1 1 Virginia 1,895 24 0 0 5 24 73 102 170 435 807 255 Washington 1,446 3 1 0 2 7 10 22 37 362 825 177 West Virginia 484 0 1 1 5 11 16 41 80 216 86 27 Wisconsin 1,393 3 1 0 3 0 11 59 122 679 470 45 Wyoming 132 1 0 0 0 1 2 4 7 65 46 6 Total 73,767 584 80 70 335 841 2,018 4,087 6,745 23,487 28,257 7,263 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2010-2014 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). 47 SECTION 5 CORRELATED RESULTS: DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES Table of Contents Figure 44 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of December 31, 2015 .. 49 Figure 45 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of December 31, 2015 .. 50 Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2015 ..................................................................... 51 Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2015 ..................................................................... 52 Figure 48 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of White Alone (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2015 .................................................................................................. 53 Figure 49 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of December 31, 2015 .................................................................................................. 54 Figure 50 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of December 31, 2015 .................................................................................................. 55 48 Max Q1 Q3 Median Min Figure 44 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of December 31, 2015 Sources: FCC Form 477; 2010-2014 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the income decile. Some of the features are labeled, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 S u b s c r i b e r s h i p R a t i o Lower Income Median Household Income by Decile Higher Income Subscribership Ratio Average 0.47 Median 0.47 0.56 0.56 0.60 0.60 0.62 0.63 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.69 0.69 0.71 0.72 0.76 0.77 0.84 0.87 49 Max Q1 Q3 Median Min Figure 45 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of December 31, 2015 Sources: FCC Form 477; 2010-2014 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the density decile. Some of the features are labeled, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 S u b s c r i b e r s h i p R a t i o Lower Density County Household Density by Decile Higher Density Subscribership Ratio Average 0.65 Median 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.57 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.60 0.60 0.63 0.62 0.66 0.65 0.71 0.70 0.77 0.78 0.77 0.82 50 Max Q1 Q3 Median Min Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2015 Sources: FCC Form 477; 2010-2014 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the share decile. Some of the features are labeled, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 S u b s c r i b e r s h i p R a t i o Lower Share County Share of College Graduates by Decile Higher Share Subscribership Ratio Average 0.50 Median 0.51 0.55 0.56 0.58 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.69 0.72 0.73 0.78 0.79 0.86 0.88 51 Max Q1 Q3 Median Min Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2015 Sources: FCC Form 477; 2010-2014 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the average age decile. Some of the features are labeled, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 S u b s c r i b e r s h i p R a t i o Lower Average Age County Average Age by Decile Higher Average Age Subscribership Ratio Average 0.71 Median 0.74 0.71 0.73 0.65 0.65 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.62 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.66 0.66 0.70 0.68 52 Max Q1 Q3 Median Min Figure 48 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share White Alone (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2015 Sources: FCC Form 477; 2010-2014 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and deciles based on the share of the county population that reported their race as white alone. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in each race decile. Counties were grouped into 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 S u b s c r i b e r s h i p R a t i o Lower Share County Share White Alone by Decile Higher Share Subscribership Ratio Average 0.55 Median 0.53 0.62 0.60 0.68 0.68 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.62 0.62 53 Lowest Density Highest Density Figure 49 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of December 31, 2015 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Sources: FCC Form 477; 2010-2014 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. connections to households across tracts in the percentile. estimated tract households to tract land area from the Census Bureau. For each percentile, the height of the bar represents the household-weighted average ratio of residential fixed This chart shows subscribership ratios by technology and household density. Tracts were grouped into 100 density percentiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of aDSL Cable Modem FTTP Satellite Fixed Wireless P e r c e n t a g e o f R e s i d e n t i a l F i x e d H i g h - S p e e d C o n n e c t i o n s 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 54 Richest Poorest Lowest Density Highest Density 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Figure 50 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of December 31, 2015 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction by Tract) Sources: FCC Form 477; 2010-2014 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. residential fixed connections to households across tracts in the decile. estimated tract households to tract land area, and median household income. For each quantile, the height of the grid represents the household-weighted average ratio of This chart shows subscribership ratios by household density and income quantiles. Tracts were grouped into 400 density/income quantiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of 55 Technical Notes General T he inf or mat ion pres ent ed in this report is base d on data from FCC Form 477. Through Form 477, faci li ti es -bas ed broadband provi ders submi t infor mat ion to the FCC about where they offer and have subs cr i bers to Int ernet access ser vi ce s over 200 kil obits per second (kbps) in at least one dir ecti on. In J une 2013, the Commi ss i on adopted sever al changes to Form 477. 1 Det ai led inf ormat i on about those changes and about the Form 477 repor ti ng requir ement s in gene ral is avail abl e at www.f cc .gov/ f or m477 . Due to techni cal dif fi cul ti es in 2014 with the rede si gned Form 477 fil i ng int er f ace , the fil i ng deadli ne for Form 477 dat a as of J une 30, 2014 was moved to December 11, 2014. Beca use of that del ay, the Commi ss i on staff were not abl e to perf or m thei r typi cal proce ss of identi f yi ng anomal i es or err ors in the dat a, fol l owi ng up wit h fil er s, and request ing updates to the data where appr opr iate – a process whi ch usua ll y gene r at es a signif icant number of cor rec ti ons and hence a mor e accurate For m 477 dat a set . Form 477 coll ect s inf or mat i on about Int er net acces s connec ti ons in ser vi ce to end-use r locati ons that are adver t ise d to deli ver inf or mat ion to and/ or fr om the end user – that is, in at least one dir ect ion – at transfer rates (speeds) above 200 kilobi ts per second (kbps) . Infor mat i on is col l ected about the number of conne ct ions by the advert ised speeds associat ed with each product subscr i bed to in the rel evant geogr aphi c area , census tract s for fixed and stat es for mobi l e. Fixed provi ders repor t connec ti ons by the maxi mu m adver t i sed upl oad and downl oad speeds , whi l e mobil e provi ders report conne ct ions by mini mu m ad ver t i sed upl oad and downl oad speeds . Fix ed connect i ons are furt her cat egori zed by the technol ogy empl oyed by th e part of the connect i on that ter mi nat es at the end -use r locat ion. Wherever a number of provi ders is cit ed in this report , mul t ipl e For m 477 filer s withi n a hol ding compan y st r uct ure count as one provi der . “(nd users” are residential, business, institutional, or Jovernment entities who use services for their own pur poses and who do not rese ll such ser vi ces to other ent it ies . Facil it ies -bas ed provi der s repor t inf or mat i on about connect ions they provi de direc tl y to thei r own end -use r cust omer s and also connecti ons that they provi de to Int er net Ser vi ce Provi der s for resale to end user s. For For m 477 pur pose s, the faci li ti es -bas ed provi der of a connec ti on is the enti t y that owns the port io n of the physi ca l facil it y that ter mi nat es at the end -use r loca ti on, obtai ns an unbundled net wor k el ement (UNE), spe ci al acce ss line, or other leased facil it y that termi nat es at the end -use r locat i on and provi si ons/ equi ps it as a connect i on that transfer s inf or mat i on at rat es over 200 kbps in at least one dir ect ion, or provi si ons/equi ps a wir el ess channel that transf er s inf ormat i on at rat es over 200 kbps in at least one direc ti on to the end -use r locat i on over lice nsed spect r um or over spe ct r um that the prov i der use s on an unli ce nse d bas i s. The mut ual l y excl usi ve Form 477 technol ogy cat egor i es ar e: asymmet r i c Digi t al Subsc ri ber Line (aDSL in thi s report ) , symmet r i c Digi t al Subscri ber Line (sDSL ) , other copper wir el i ne, cabl e modem, opt i cal carr i er / fiber to the end user , sat el li te, ter rest ri al fixed wir el ess (usi ng lice nse d or unl ice nsed spect r um) , mobi l e wirel ess , and all other (whi ch is incl uded to capt ur e depl oyment of addi ti onal technol ogi es over time) . In the For m 477 data coll ecti on, aDSL -bas ed ser vi ce s deli ver ed over fiber - t o -t he -node archi tec tur e ar e repor ted in the aDSL cat egor y. The other wir el ine cat egor y compr i ses T1/ DS1, T3/ DS3, and other 1 Modernizing the FCC Form 477 Data Program , WC Do cket No . 11 -1 0 , Rep or t and Ord er, 28 FCC Rcd 988 7 (2 0 13 ) . See also High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2014 (Mar ch 20 16 ) at 1 -2 , availab le at ht tp s:// www. fcc . g o v/r e p o r ts-r esear ch/r ep o r ts/i nt er net -ac ce ss -ser vices -r ep o r ts/i nter net -ac ce ss -ser vices - r ep o r ts . 56 copper -bas ed connec ti ons, not else wher e cat egor i zed, that deli ver Internet access ser vi ce at the end -use r locat ion. Ethernet connec tions del i veri ng Int er net access ser vi ce ar e report ed in the other wir el i ne cat egor y if the connect i on ter mi nat es over copper and in the FTT P cat egor y if the conne ct ion ter mi nates over fiber . Connect ions depl oyed over hybr i d fib e r -coa x (HFC) ar chit ect ure are report ed in the cable mode m cat egor y. Wirel ess ISPs (W ISPs ) repor t in the fixed wir eles s cat egor y if provi di ng ser vi ce to disper sed, fixed end -use r loca ti ons and repor t in the mobi le wir eles s cat egor y if provi di ng a commer ci al ser vi ce that can be rece i ved at any locat i on withi n a servi ce foot pri nt . Wirel ess local area net wor ks (such as Wi-Fi hot spot s) that only enabl e local dist ri buti on and shar i ng of a premi se s connec ti on are not incl uded, alt hough the shared premi se s conne ct i on is incl uded. Number s of connect i ons pres ent ed in this report are not adj ust ed for the number of per sons at a singl e end-use r locati on who have access to, or who use, the Int ernet acces s ser vi ce s deliver ed over the conne ct ion to that locati on. Numbe r s of res ident i al connec ti ons are est i mat ed based on the tot al connect ions and perce nt age - r esi dent ial connecti ons inf or mat i on repor t ed on For m 477. Census tracts Sinc e the col l ecti on of dat a as of December 31, 2008, facil it ies -bas ed provi der s of repor t abl e fixed - l ocat ion Int er net acce ss connec ti ons have been report i ng conne cti on counts at the cens us tract level of det ai l . Faci li ti es -bas ed mo bi le wireles s provi der s repor t connecti on counts by st ate rat her than cens us tract . The census trac t -l evel dat a summar i zed in thi s report wer e coll ect ed for tract s in the 2010 dece nni al census. For the purposes of thi s repor t , ther e ar e 73,767 census tract s becaus e we excl ude cens us tract s deli neat ed specif i call y to cover lar ge bodi es of wat er . About 110 of the census tract s have populati on but no house hol ds becaus e the popul at i on resi des in group livi ng quart er s. For the purpose of est i mati ng resi dent ial subscr i ber shi p rat es by census tract , we ass ume these census tract s have no repor t abl e residential Int ernet access ser vi ce becaus e per sons resi di ng in group quart er s woul d have Int er net access over a busi nes s connecti on provi ded to the operat or of the group quart er s. Therefore, these census tracts are included in the “]ero” column. Ratios of residential fixed-location connections to households that exceed 100% We esti mat e the shar e of house hol ds wit h fixed -l oca ti on connecti ons in indi vi dual census tract s by taki ng the rati o of the repor t ed number of fixed -l oca ti on residenti al ser vi ce connecti o ns to the esti mat ed number of households. :e continue to find “outlier” estimates at or above 1 and to find that the number of out li er s is subst ant i al l y reduce d when est i mat es are made for indi vi dual count ies rat her than for indi vi dual census tract s. Possibl e expl anat ions of rati os at or above 100% incl ude (1) geoc odi ng misa l l ocati ons of ser vi ce locati ons to census tract s; (2) proper al locat i on of connecti ons to the count y level by some fil ers, but impr oper al locat i on of all connect i ons to a singl e tract in the count y; (3) possi bl e overest i mat i on of resi denti al conne ct ions in ser vi ce plans for whi ch the cust omer base is pri mar i l y resi denti al ; and (4) connect i ons at seas onall y or occa si onall y occupi ed housi ng uni ts, such as vacat i on homes , whi le the ho use hol d is counted else wher e. The number s of house hol ds in census tract s that wer e use d to gene r ate the est i mat ed rati os are themse l ves esti mat es (fr om Cens us 2010 -2014 ACS 5-yea r esti mat es ), whi ch coul d have an 57 i ndepende nt effec t. Maps showing residential subscribership rates by census tract The two maps based on est imat ed Int er net access connec ti ons over 200 kbps in at least one dir ecti on per 1,000 house hol ds (that is, est i mat ed household subsc riber shi p rat es) excl ude all connect i ons ident if i ed as busi nes s connecti ons and necessa ri l y excl ude resident ial mobi l e wirel ess connections (whi ch ar e report ed for the st at e but not for indivi dual cens us tract s) . 58 Glossary Term Definition aDSL Asymmet r i c Digi tal Subscri ber Line: A digi t al local loop typi cal l y usi ng copper faci li ti es and provi di ng grea ter bandwidth in one dir ecti on than the other . Cabl e modem ser vi ce A ser vi ce whi ch off ers customer s access to the Int er net over a cabl e syst em. Downst rea m spe ed Speed of transmi ss i on from the Int er net t o the end user. End user s Res i denti al , busi ness , inst itut i onal , or gover nment entiti es who use ser vi ces for thei r own pur pose s and who do not rese ll suc h ser vi ces to other ent it ies . Facil it ies - bas ed provi der Entit y that owns the port i on of the physical facil it y that ter mi nates at the end - use r locati on, obt ai ns an unbundl ed net wor k el ement (UNE), spe ci al acces s line, or other lease d faci li t y that ter mi nates at the end - use r locat ion and provi si ons/ equi ps it as a connecti on that trans fer s inf or mat i on at rat es over 200 kbps in at least one dir ecti on, or provi sions/ equi ps a wireless channel that transfer s inf or mat i on at rat es over 200 kbps in at leas t one dir ect i on to the end - use r loca ti on over licens ed spec tr um or over spec tr um that the provi der use s on an un l ice nsed bas is. Fixe d wir el ess A radio communi ca ti on servi ce bet wee n speci fi ed fixed poi nt s. Fixe d technologi es All technol ogi es other than terr est ri al mobi l e wir el ess . FTT H or FTT P Fibe r to the Home (Premi ses) : A net wor k access archi tec t ur e in which optical fiber is deployed all the way to the customer’s home (premises). Inter net access ser vi ce Ser vi ce that provi des end use r s acces s to the Int er net . ISPs Int er net Ser vi ce Provi der s: Compani es or organi zati ons that provi de Int er net access ser vi ce (see above) . Mobil e wir el ess ser vi ce A radio communi ca ti on servi ce bet wee n mobi l e and fixed stati ons, or bet ween mobi l e stat ions. Mobil e wir el ess provi der Provi der of mobi l e wireles s ser vi ce (see above) . Other wir eli ne All copper - wi r e base d technol ogi es other than DSL technol ogi es; Ethe rnet over copper and T - 1 ar e exampl es . Power line Int er net access ser vi ce del iver ed over elect ri c power trans mi ss i on lines. Sat el li te communi ca t i ons A telec ommuni ca ti ons ser vi ce provi ded via one or mor e sat ell it e rel ays and their associ at ed upli nks and downl i nks. sDSL Symmet r i c Digi tal Subscr iber Line: DSL technol ogy that provi des equa l bandwi dth for bot h upl oads and downl oads . Speed tier s Sub - gr oupi ngs defi ned by ranges of upstr ea m spe eds and downst r eam spe eds. Upst rea m spe ed Speed of transmi ss i on from the end user to the Int er net. Wi - Fi hot spot Wi reles s Fidel it y: Gener ic ter m referr i ng to any type of IEEE 802.11 wir el ess net wor k. A hot spot is a smal l geogr aphi c ar ea in which user s 59 ca n gai n access to a Wi - Fi net wor k whi ch in tur n connec t s to the Int er net . Wi reles s ser vi ce Tel ephone, Int er net , data, and other ser vi ces provi ded to cust omer s thr ough the transmi ss i on of si gnal s over net wor ks of radi o towers. Wi reles s ser vi ce provi der Provi der of wir el ess ser vi ce (se e above) . WISP Wi reles s ISP: A company that provi des end use rs wit h wir el ess acce ss to the Int er net , most commonl y by usi ng radio spectr um des i gnat ed for unl ice nsed use . 60 Customer Response Publication: Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2015 Y ou can help us provide the best possible information to the public by completing this form and returning it to the Industry Analysis and Technology Division of the FCC's Wireline Competition Bureau. 1. Please check the category that best describes you: ____ press ____ current telecommunications carrier ____ potential telecommunications carrier ____ business customer evaluating vendors/service options ____ consultant, law firm, lobbyi st ____ other business customer ____ academic/student ____ residential customer ____ FCC employee ____ other federal government employee ____ state or local government employee ____ Other (please specify) 2. 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