Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2016 Industry Analysis and Technology Division Wireline Competition Bureau February 2018 This report is available for reference in the FCC’s Reference Information Center, Courtyard Level, 445 12th Street, SW, Washington, DC. Copies may be purchased by contacting Best Copy and Printing, Inc., 445 12th Street, SW, Room CY-B402, Washington, DC 20554, telephone (800) 378-3160, or via their website at www.bcpiweb.com. The report can also be downloaded from the Internet Access Services Reports webpage at https://www.fcc.gov/general/iatd-data-statistical-reports. Table of Contents SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS .....................................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 Total Connections ....................................................................................................................2 Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections by Speed 2013-2016 .....................................2 Connections by Speed ..............................................................................................................3 Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed.............................3 Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Upstream Speed .................................4 Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Speed 2013-2016 ........................................................5 Number of Providers by Census Block ..................................................................................6 Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Report Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband .....................................6 Internet Access Subscribership ..............................................................................................7 Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2001-2016 ........................................................................7 Other Report Highlights..........................................................................................................8 SECTION 2: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE NATION ..............................................10 SECTION 3: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE STATES ...............................................28 SECTION 4: SUMMARY STATISTICS - COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS .......38 SECTION 5: CORRELATION RESULTS - DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES ..............48 Technical Notes ......................................................................................................................56 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................59 SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS Introduction This report summarizes information about Internet access connections in the United States as of December 31, 2016 as collected by FCC Form 477. For purposes of this report, Internet access connections are those in service, over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction, and reported to the FCC through Form 477.1 The report includes data on total and residential Internet access connections by downstream and upstream speed, by technology, by geography, and over time. Section 2 of the report presents nationwide statistics, Section 3 provides state-level data, and Section 4 includes data on the subscribership differences among counties and census tracts.2 In addition, Section 5 of the report includes an analysis of the correlations between subscribership ratios and various demographic measures.3 Maps depicting the number of fixed connections per 1,000 households by census tract and the number of fixed providers by census block are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/internet-access-services-reports/internet- access-services-reports. 1 See the Technical Notes and Glossary at the end of this report for more-detailed information about the Form 477 data collection and the meaning of terms used in this report. Note that the Form 477 data for the June 30, 2014 filing period were not subject to typical quality checks. See Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2014 (March 2016) at 2, available at https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-338630A1.pdf. In addition, the figures on mobile broadband subscribership by speed tier (formerly Figures 4(a), 4(b), and 12) have been removed to maintain firm confidentiality. 2 The Commission began collecting census tract-level data for data as of December 31, 2008. See High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2008 (February 2010) (December 2008 High-Speed Report) at 1-4, available at http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/high-speed-services-internet-access-reports. 3 Publicly-available data that are too voluminous to include in this report are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/general/fcc-form-477-additional-data. 1 Total Connections ? As shown in Figure 1, the total number of Internet connections increased by about 6% between December 2015 and December 2016 to 376 million. ? Most of the growth in total Internet connections is attributable to increased mobile Internet access subscribership. The number of mobile Internet connections increased 7% year-over-year to 270 million in December 2016, while the number of fixed connections grew to 106 million – up about 3% from December 2015. Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections 2013-2016 Connections include both residential and business connections. Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). Fixed Mobile 197.4 96.0 293.4 215.3 96.0 311.3 223.5 97.8 321.3 242.0 100.1 342.1 253.0 102.2 355.2 265.4 104.1 369.4 270.5 105.7 376.2 C o n n e c t i o n s i n M i l l i o n s 0 100 200 300 400 Dec 2013 Jun 2014* Dec 2014 Jun 2015 Dec 2015 Jun 2016 Dec 2016 2 Connections by Speed Fixed connections – downstream speeds. Figure 2(a) illustrates how the 106 million fixed connections reported for December 2016 were distributed across the five groups of downstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 3 Mbps, 10 Mbps, 25 Mbps, and 100 Mbps. ? In December 2016, 4% of fixed connections (or 4 million connections) were slower than 3 Mbps downstream, 14% (or 15 million connections) were at least 3 Mbps downstream but slower than 10 Mbps, 22% (or 23 million connections) were at least 10 Mbps downstream but slower than 25 Mbps, 37% (or 39 million connections) were at least 25 Mbps downstream but slower than 100 Mbps, and 23% (or 25 million connections) were at least 100 Mbps.4 4 See Figure 9. Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections (105.7 million) by Downstream Speed as of December 31, 2016 Downstream Speed Less than 3 Mbps (3.9 million) At least 3 Mbps & less than 10 Mbps (15.0 million) At least 10 Mbps & less than 25 Mbps (23.4 million) At least 25 Mbps & less than 100 Mbps (38.9 million) At least 100 Mbps (24.5 million) 3.7% 14.2% 22.1% 36.8% 23.2% 3 Fixed connections – upstream speeds. Figure 2(b) illustrates how the 106 million fixed connections reported for December 2016 were distributed across the four groups of upstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 1 Mbps, 3 Mbps, and 6 Mbps. ? In December 2016, 13% of fixed connections (or 14 million connections) were slower than 1 Mbps upstream, 22% (or 24 million connections) were at least 1 Mbps upstream but slower than 3 Mbps, 32% (or 34 million connections) were at least 3 Mbps upstream but slower than 6 Mbps, and 32% (or 34 million connections) were at least 6 Mbps upstream.5 Fixed connections by downstream speed over time. Figure 3 illustrates how the composition of total fixed Internet connections by different speed groups has changed from 2013 to 2016. 5 Ibid. Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections (105.7 million) by Upstream Speed as of December 31, 2016 Upstream Speed Less than 1 Mbps (13.8 million) At least 1 Mbps & less than 3 Mbps (23.5 million) At least 3 Mbps & less than 6 Mbps (34.2 million) At least 6 Mbps (34.3 million) 13.1% 22.2% 32.3% 32.4% 4 ? The percentage of fixed connections with a downstream speed of at least 25 Mbps has grown from 33% (or 31 million connections) in December 2013 to 60% (or 63 million connections) in December 2016. Over the same period, the percentage of fixed connections with slower downstream speeds of less than 3 Mbps has decreased from 10% (or 10 million connections) in December 2013 to 4% (or 4 million connections) in December 2016. Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2013-2016 Connections include both residential and business connections. Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). At least 100 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps Less than 3 Mbps 10.0 21.8 33.0 30.4 96.0 9.1 20.2 29.9 31.9 4.8 96.0 8.1 18.8 27.4 34.0 9.5 97.8 6.5 18.0 25.8 37.5 12.3 100.1 5.8 16.6 25.1 39.2 15.5 102.2 5.0 15.7 24.1 40.8 18.4 104.1 3.9 15.0 23.4 38.9 24.5 105.7 C o n n e c t i o n s i n M i l l i o n s 0 25 50 75 100 Dec 2013 Jun 2014* Dec 2014 Jun 2015 Dec 2015 Jun 2016 Dec 2016 5 Number of Providers by Census Block In Figure 4, we show the percentage of “developed” census blocks – blocks that contain housing units – with zero, one, two, or three or more fixed broadband providers offering residential Internet access service at different speeds in December 2016. This information is taken from the block-level Form 477 fixed broadband deployment data that the Commission began collecting in 2014. A provider that reports offering service in a particular census block may not offer service, or service at that speed, to all locations in the census block. Accordingly, the number of providers shown in Figure 4 does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household and does not purport to measure competition. Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Reported the Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband as of December 31, 2016 census. Column figures may not sum to 100% due to rounding. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2010 in 99.1% of developed census blocks * Satellite service providers report offering Internet access at bandwidths of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream 0 Providers 1 Provider 2 Providers 3+ Providers 9 91 16 82 13 30 30 26 44 41 13 P e r c e n t a g e o f C e n s u s B l o c k s w i t h H o u s i n g U n i t s 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 At least 3 Mbps downstream and at least 768 kbps upstream* At least 10 Mbps downstream and at least 1 Mbps upstream* At least 25 Mbps downstream and at least 3 Mbps upstream At least 100 Mbps downstream and at least 10 Mbps upstream 6 Internet Access Subscribership Figure 5 illustrates the number of total and residential fixed Internet access connections (connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction except mobile wireless connections), as well as the number of total fixed connections per 100 persons and the number of residential fixed connections per 100 households, since 2001.6 Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2001-2016 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) ? Between December 2006 and December 2016, total (business and residential) fixed connections grew from 60 million connections to 106 million connections – at a compound annual growth rate of 6% per year.7 6 For data through December 2004, only those providers with at least 250 connections in a state were required to report. Historical fixed-location connection counts not included in this report may be found in June 2008 High- Speed Report at Tables 1 and 3, available in Excel format at https://www.fcc.gov/general/reports-high-speed- services-internet-access. 7 The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a smoothed rate of growth calculated in three steps. First, divide the ending value by the beginning value. Second, raise the result of that division to a power equal to one divided by the number of years in the period (in this case, 10 years, so the power is 1/10). Third, subtract the number one from the result of the second step. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 110,000 C o n n ec ti o n s p er 1 0 0 U n it s C o n n ec ti o n s in T h o u sa n d s Residential Fixed Connections (left axis) Total Fixed Connections (left axis) Residential Fixed Connections per 100 Households (right axis) Total Fixed Connections per 100 Population (right axis) 7 ? Over the same ten-year period, residential fixed connections grew from 56 million connections to 97 million connections – also at a compound annual growth rate of 6% per year. ? From June 2006 to June 2016, the number of residential fixed connections per 100 U.S. households increased from 42 to 74.8 Other Report Highlights Average speeds ? The median downstream speed of all reported fixed connections was 40 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 5 Mbps. For residential fixed connections, the median downstream speed was 50 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 5 Mbps. Residential connections ? Residential fixed Internet access connections increased by about 3% between December 2015 and December 2016, to 97 million. See Figure 7. ? Residential (non-business) mobile wireless Internet access connections on mobile devices with data plans for full Internet access increased by 7%, to 226 million, between December 2015 and December 2016. See Figure 7. ? Approximately 81% of residential fixed connections had a speed of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream in December 2016, while 62% had a speed of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream. About 24% percent of all residential fixed connections had a downstream speed of at least 100 Mbps. See Figures 10 and 27. ? As a national average in December 2016, there were 66 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream per 100 households.9 See Figure 32. 8 We calculate residential fixed connections per 100 households using, in the denominator, U.S. household estimates from the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS) for July of each year and, for Puerto Rico and the other inhabited island areas, Census 2010 households for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 households for the earlier years. (The CPS also estimates U.S. households for March and November of each year.) Figure 5 also shows total (business and residential) fixed connections per 100 population, which we calculate using U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for the United States and Puerto Rico – which are as of July 1 each year – and, for the remaining inhabited island areas, Census 2010 population for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 population for the earlier years. This statistic incorporates connections to business locations into a comparison to persons. (We note that the ratio of accurately-measured residential fixed connections to population has a maximum value for any given country and point in time – the value when every household is connected – if we assume that no household would have more than one fixed connection to its premises. For the United States in June, for example, the maximum value would be 39 because there were about 128 million households in the United States and inhabited insular areas and a population of about 327 million according to the sources used for Figure 5.) 9 Increases over time in the ratio of residential fixed connections to households indicate that increasing shares of households are connected at home. The ratio is somewhat different from the “take rate” of offered service (which may also be called an “adoption rate”) because some households may be located in areas where no fixed-location service is offered. These methodological differences are discussed in greater detail in Inquiry Concerning the Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, 8 Census tract and county shares of households with reportable connections ? We estimate the share of households with fixed Internet access connections in individual census tracts and counties as of December 31, 2016.10 We continue to observe substantial variation among these estimates. See Figures 37 and 39. Household subscribership rates and demographics ? The report includes charts that illustrate correlations between household subscribership rates and demographic measures. We update charts based on income, household density, education, age, and race. The data indicate that some demographic variables are correlated with Internet access subscribership rates. See Figures 44-50. Amended by the Broadband Data Improvement Act, GN Docket No.11-121, Eighth Broadband Progress Report, 27 FCC Rcd 10342, 10386, para. 94 (2012). 10 For both census tracts and counties, we continue to find estimates above 100% for the share of households with fixed Internet access connections. See p. 57 for more information. 9 SECTION 2 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE NATION Table of Contents Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2012-2016 .......................... 12 Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2012-2016 ................................................................................................ 12 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Speed 2013-2016 .............................................. 13 Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2016 ......................................................................... 14 Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2016 ................................................................. 15 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2012-2016 ................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 12 Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2016 ........................................... 16 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2012-2016 ................................................................................................................ 17 Figure 14 Residential Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2016 ........................ 17 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2012-2016 ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 16 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2012-2016 ...................................................................... 18 Figure 17 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2016 ............................................................................................ 19 Figure 18 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2016 ..................................................................... 19 Figure 19 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2016 ...................................................................... 20 Figure 20 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2016 ................................................ 20 Figure 21 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2016 ............................................................................................ 21 Figure 22 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2016 ..................................................................... 21 Figure 23 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2016 ....................................................................................... 22 Figure 24 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2016 ................................................................ 22 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2012-2016 (Shares of Selected Technologies) .................................... 23 10 Figure 26 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2012-2016 (Net Adds for Selected Technologies) .............................. 23 Figure 27 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2016 (Shares of Selected Technologies for Selected Speeds) ......................................... 24 Figure 28 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2016 ................................................................................................. 25 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2016 ................................................................................................. 26 Figure 30 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2012-2016 ...................................................................... 27 Figure 31 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction - Selected Technologies 2012-2016 ....................................................... 27 11 Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2012-2016 (In thousands) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 262, 564 284, 692 293, 397 311,284 321,305 342,096 355,229 369,431 376,221 Total Fixed 92, 511 93, 986 96, 032 95,998 97,810 100,134 102,212 104,056 105,727 Mobil e W ireles s 170, 053 190, 706 197, 365 215,286 223,495 241,962 253,017 265,375 270,494 Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2012-2016 (In thousands) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 215, 817 235, 273 246, 797 264,343 273,950 292,279 303,655 316,467 322,364 Total Fixed 84, 392 85, 277 87, 599 87,360 89,196 91,419 93,430 94,979 96,616 Mobil e W irel es s 131, 425 149, 996 159, 197 176,983 184,754 200,859 210,224 221,489 225,749 * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. 12 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2013-2016 p re vio us ly-p ub lis he d d ata may have b e e n re vis e d . F ig ure s may no t s um to to tals e ls e whe re in this re p o rt d ue to ro und ing . T he C o m m is s io n ap p ro ve d c hang e s to the F o rm 4 7 7 in J une 2 0 1 3 that af f e c t the d ata b e g inning in J une 2 0 1 4 (s e e T e c hnic al No te s ). S o m e * T he J une 2 0 1 4 d ata have no t b e e n s ub je c te d to the typ ic al q uality c he c ks (s e e T e c hnic al No te s ). A t l ea s t 100 Mbp s A t l ea s t 25 Mbp s and l es s tha n 100 Mbp s A t l ea s t 10 Mbp s and l es s tha n 25 Mbp s A t l ea s t 3 Mbp s and l es s tha n 10 Mbp s L e s s tha n 3 Mbp s 8.4 18.7 30.5 29.5 87.6 7.6 17.5 27.1 30.7 4.5 87.4 6.7 16.3 24.5 32.5 9.1 89.2 5.2 15.6 23.1 35.6 11.9 91.4 4.6 14.4 22.4 37.2 14.9 93.4 3.9 13.6 21.4 38.5 17.7 95.0 2.8 13.0 20.8 36.4 23.6 96.6 C o n n e c t i o n s i n M i l l i o n s 0 2 5 5 0 7 5 1 0 0 Dec 2 0 1 3 Ju n 2 0 1 4 * Dec 2 0 1 4 Ju n 2 0 1 5 Dec 2 0 1 5 Ju n 2 0 1 6 Dec 2 0 1 6 13 Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed Upstream Speed Less than 3 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 100 Mbps Total Less than 1 Mbps 2, 989 8, 0 63 2, 762 # # 13, 815 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 879 6, 566 15, 532 495 6 23, 477 At least 3 Mbps # 336 5, 113 38, 452 24, 535 68, 436 Tot al 3, 868 14, 964 23, 407 38, 946 24, 541 105,727 Percentages Less than 1 Mbps 2. 8 7. 6 2. 6 0. 0 0. 0 13. 1 At least 1 M bps & Less than 3 Mbps 0. 8 6. 2 14. 7 0. 5 0. 0 22. 2 At least 3 Mbps 0. 0 0. 3 4. 8 36. 4 23. 2 64. 7 Tot al 3. 7 14. 2 22. 1 36. 8 23. 2 100.0 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero. Source: FCC Form 477. Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2016 Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. D o wns tre am S p e e d < 3 Mb p s ; 3 .7 % >= 3 Mb p s & < 1 0 Mb p s ; 1 4 .2 % >= 1 0 Mb p s & < 2 5 Mb p s ; 2 2 .1 % >= 2 5 Mb p s & < 1 0 0 Mb p s ; 3 6 .8 % >= 1 0 0 Mb p s ; 2 3 .2 % < 1 Mb p s 2 .8 % >= 1 Mb p s & < 3 Mb p s 0 .8 % < 1 Mb p s 7 .6 % >= 1 Mb p s & < 3 Mb p s 6 .2 % >= 1 Mb p s & < 3 Mb p s 1 4 .7 % >= 3 Mb p s 4 .8 % < 1 Mb p s 2 .6 % >= 3 Mb p s 3 6 .4 % >= 1 Mb p s & < 3 Mb p s 0 .5 % >= 3 Mb p s 2 3 .2 % 14 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed Upstream Speed Less than 3 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 100 Mbps Total Less than 1 Mbps 2, 361 6, 756 2, 571 # # 11, 688 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 447 6, 108 14, 158 449 4 21, 166 At least 3 Mbps # 153 4, 068 35, 933 23, 608 63, 761 Tot al 2, 808 13, 018 20, 796 36, 382 23, 612 96, 616 Percentages Less than 1 Mbps 2. 4 7. 0 2. 7 0. 0 0. 0 12. 1 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 0. 5 6. 3 14. 7 0. 5 0. 0 21. 9 At least 3 Mbps 0. 0 0. 2 4. 2 37. 2 24. 4 66. 0 Tot al 2. 9 13. 5 21. 5 37. 7 24. 4 100.0 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero. Source: FCC Form 477. Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2016 Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. D o wns tre am S p e e d < 3 Mb p s ; 2 .9 % >= 3 Mb p s & < 1 0 Mb p s ; 1 3 .5 % >= 1 0 Mb p s & < 2 5 Mb p s ; 2 1 .5 % >= 2 5 Mb p s & < 1 0 0 Mb p s ; 3 7 .7 % >= 1 0 0 Mb p s ; 2 4 .4 % < 1 Mb p s 2 .4 % >= 1 Mb p s & < 3 Mb p s 0 .5 % < 1 Mb p s 7 .0 % >= 1 Mb p s & < 3 Mb p s 6 .3 % >= 1 Mb p s & < 3 Mb p s 1 4 .7 % >= 3 Mb p s 4 .2 % < 1 Mb p s 2 .7 % >= 3 Mb p s 3 7 .2 % >= 1 Mb p s & < 3 Mb p s 0 .5 % >= 3 Mb p s 2 4 .4 % 15 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2012-2016 (In thousands) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 262, 564 284, 692 293, 397 311,284 321,305 342,096 355,229 369,431 376,221 Total Fixed 92, 511 93, 986 96, 032 95,998 97,810 100,134 102,212 104,056 105,727 aDSL 30, 974 30, 657 30, 690 29,873 28,527 29,341 28,131 27,489 26,526 sDSL 132 117 108 96 85 75 60 56 42 Other W ireli ne 1 796 769 772 792 723 682 693 673 673 Cable Modem 51, 646 52, 760 54, 009 54,011 56,301 57,243 59,706 61,456 63,352 FTTP 2 6,733 7,250 7,745 8,326 9,180 9,687 10,499 11,125 12,041 Satelli t e 1,454 1,623 1,849 1,964 2,006 2,058 2,071 2,079 1,864 Fixed W ireles s 777 810 858 935 988 1,049 1,052 1,179 1,230 Mobil e W ireles s 170, 053 190, 706 197, 365 215,286 223,495 241,962 253,017 265,375 270,494 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 12 Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2016 aD S L 7.1% FT T P 3.2% C able M o dem 16.8% M o bi le W ireless 71.9% A ll Other 1.0% 16 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2012-2016 (In thousands) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 215, 817 235, 273 246, 797 264,343 273,950 292,279 303,655 316,467 322,364 Total Fixed 84, 392 85, 277 87, 59 9 87,360 89,196 91,419 93,430 94,979 96,616 aDSL 27, 391 26, 869 27, 248 26,678 25,603 26,154 25,137 24,488 23,691 sDSL 50 43 39 30 22 17 16 11 8 Other W ireli ne 1 34 22 22 57 59 52 54 51 52 Cable Modem 48, 716 49, 494 50, 709 50,389 52,467 53,543 55,799 57,357 59,158 FTTP 2 6,270 6,732 7,176 7,617 8,368 8,841 9,592 10,127 10,949 Satelli t e 1,242 1,407 1,643 1,760 1,803 1,875 1,891 1,897 1,676 Fixed W ireles s 689 710 763 829 874 937 942 1,047 1,082 Mobil e W ireles s 131, 425 1 49, 996 159, 197 176,983 184,754 200,859 210,224 221,489 225,749 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 14 Residential Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2016 aD S L 7.3% FT T P 3.4% C able M o dem 18.4% M o bi le W ireless 70.0% A ll Other 0.9% 17 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2012-2016 (In thousands) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 64, 657 68, 673 78, 175 78,981 83,872 88,985 92,352 95,492 98,781 aDSL 13, 108 14, 233 18, 540 17,246 18,557 20,939 20,741 21,150 21,042 sDSL 33 34 36 33 28 24 20 20 20 Other W ireli ne 1 276 284 308 310 308 296 330 336 347 Cable Modem 44, 133 46, 014 50, 236 51,304 53,853 55,807 58,423 60,343 62,881 FTTP 2 6,430 6,981 7,486 8,111 8,974 9,551 10,384 11,013 11,942 Satelli t e 394 791 1,181 1,424 1,558 1,690 1,744 1,775 1,609 Fixed W ireles s 284 337 388 553 594 677 710 856 939 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 16 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2012-2016 (In thousands) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 59, 914 63, 342 72, 476 73,042 77,540 82,300 85,435 88,179 91,272 aDSL 11, 669 12, 666 16, 715 15,673 16,867 18,985 18,863 19,210 19,133 sDSL 13 13 13 7 2 1 2 2 3 Other W ireli ne 1 20 21 20 45 50 45 47 49 50 Cable Modem 41, 561 43, 061 47, 258 47,924 50,308 52,241 54,650 56,353 58,796 FTTP 2 6,012 6,504 6,958 7,491 8,246 8,750 9,513 10,050 10,876 Satelli t e 393 788 1,177 1,419 1,552 1,682 1,734 1,764 1,596 Fixed W ireles s 245 289 335 483 516 596 626 751 817 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. 18 Figure 17 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2016 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 63,849 68,009 72,691 76,939 80,440 84,131 aDSL 7,573 8,310 9,463 9,799 10,352 10,811 sDSL 9 6 8 8 8 10 Other W ireli ne 1 169 183 182 203 210 237 Cable Modem 47,296 49,839 52,646 55,710 57,951 60,367 FTTP 2 7,615 8,341 8,873 9,575 10,126 10,990 Satelli t e 1,016 1,137 1,298 1,393 1,467 1,342 Fixed W ireles s 170 192 220 252 326 375 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 18 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2016 aD S L 12.8% FT T P 13.1% C able M o dem 71.8% A ll Other 2.3% 19 Figure 19 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2016 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 59,751 63,522 67,881 71,784 74,827 78,219 aDSL 7,035 7,741 8,740 9,069 9,529 9,963 sDSL 3 # # 1 2 2 Other W ireli ne 1 33 36 38 43 47 49 Cable Modem 44,480 46,767 49,475 52,294 54,274 56,549 FTTP 2 7,044 7,679 8,144 8,776 9,235 9,997 Satelli t e 1,014 1,133 1,293 1,386 1,460 1,333 Fixed W ireles s 142 166 190 213 280 326 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 20 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2016 aD S L 12.7% FT T P 12.8% C able M o dem 72.3% A ll Other 2.2% 20 Figure 21 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2016 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 Technology Jun+ Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 35,927 42,390 48,449 54,335 58,740 62,929 aDSL 420 598 761 938 1,240 1,476 sDSL 2 2 1 * * * Other W ireli ne 1 114 125 125 141 158 188 Cable Modem 30,769 36,095 40,646 45,530 48,696 51,755 FTTP 2 4,603 5,542 6,870 7,691 8,598 9,442 Satelli t e # # # * * * Fixed W ireles s 19 28 47 55 69 87 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. + The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 22 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2016 FT T P 15.0% aD S L 2.3% C able M o dem 82.2% A ll Other 0.5% 21 Figure 23 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2016 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 Technology Jun+ Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 34,439 40,595 46,198 51,788 55,685 59,485 aDSL 397 566 727 897 1,174 1,408 sDSL # # # * * * Other W ireli ne 1 22 26 26 31 41 45 Cable Modem 29,806 34,914 39,083 43,746 46,527 49,310 FTTP 2 4,201 5,068 6,323 7,089 7,908 8,670 Satelli t e 0 0 0 * * * Fixed W ireles s 14 22 40 46 55 72 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. + The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 24 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2016 FT T P 14.6% aD S L 2.4% C able M o dem 82.8% A ll Other 0.3% 22 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2012-2016 (Shares of selected technologies) data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). aD S L C able M o dem FT T P A ll Other Fixed 5 7 . 7 7 . 4 3 2 . 5 5 7 . 9 2 . 8 8 . 2 3 1 . 1 5 8 . 8 3 . 1 9 . 4 2 8 . 7 5 9 . 7 3 . 1 1 0 . 3 2 6 . 9 6 1 . 2 2 . 9 1 1 . 3 2 4 . 5 5 8 . 0 7 . 9 3 1 . 5 5 7 . 7 3 . 1 8 . 7 3 0 . 5 5 8 . 6 3 . 2 9 . 7 2 8 . 6 6 0 . 4 3 . 2 1 0 . 7 2 5 . 8 P e r c e n t a g e o f R e s i d e n t i a l F i x e d C o n n e c t i o n s 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0 D e c 2 0 1 2 J un 2 0 1 3 D e c 2 0 1 3 J un 2 0 1 4 * D e c 2 0 1 4 J un 2 0 1 5 D e c 2 0 1 5 J un 2 0 1 6 D e c 2 0 1 6 C o n n e c t i o n s i n T h o u s a n d s -2 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 D e c 2 0 1 2 to D e c 2 0 1 3 D e c 2 0 1 3 to D e c 2 0 1 4 D e c 2 0 1 4 to D e c 2 0 1 5 D e c 2 0 1 5 to D e c 2 0 1 6 Figure 26 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2012-2016 (Net adds for selected technologies) aD S L C able M o dem FT T P - 143 - 1645 - 466 - 1445 1993 1759 3332 3359 907 1192 1224 1357 23 Figure 27 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2016 (Shares of selected technologies for selected speeds, connections in thousands) aD S L C able M o dem FT T P A ll Other Fixed 2 4 . 5 6 1 . 2 1 1 . 3 2 . 9 2 1 . 0 6 4 . 4 1 1 . 9 2 . 7 1 2 . 7 7 2 . 3 1 2 . 8 2 . 2 2 . 4 8 2 . 8 1 4 . 6 8 7 . 1 1 2 . 6 E s t i m a t e d P e r c e n t a g e o f H o u s e h o l d s 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0 O ve r 2 0 0 kb p s in at le as t o ne d ire c tio n A t le as t 3 Mb p s d o wns tre am and at le as t 7 6 8 kb p s up s tre am A t le as t 1 0 Mb p s d o wns tre am and at le as t 1 Mb p s up s tre am A t le as t 2 5 Mb p s d o wns tre am and at le as t 3 Mb p s up s tre am A t le as t 1 0 0 Mb p s d o wns tre am and at le as t 1 0 Mb p s up s tre am Connect ions 96, 616 91, 272 78, 219 59, 540 17, 444 24 Figure 28 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2016 (In thousands) Downstream Speed Technology Less than 1.5 Mbps At least 1.5 Mbps and less than 3 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 100 Mbps Total aDS L 988 1,797 10, 635 11, 361 1,740 6 26, 526 sDS L 13 9 10 7 * * 42 Other W i reli ne 1 53 271 112 47 34 156 673 Cable Modem 74 100 2,688 8,549 30, 077 21, 864 63, 352 FTTP 29 40 637 1,848 7,000 2,486 12, 041 Sat ell it e 217 34 271 1,307 * * 1,864 Fixed W ireless 86 157 612 288 59 29 1,230 Total 1,460 2,408 14, 964 23, 407 38, 946 24, 541 105, 727 Percentages aDS L 0.9 1.7 10. 1 10. 7 1.6 0.0 25. 1 sDS L 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 Other W ireli ne 1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 Cable Modem 0.1 0.1 2.5 8.1 28. 4 20. 7 59. 9 FTTP 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.7 6.6 2.4 11. 4 Sat ell it e 0.2 0.0 0.3 1.2 * * 1.8 Fi xed W ireless 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.2 Total 1.4 2.3 14. 2 22. 1 36. 8 23. 2 100. 0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 25 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2016 (In thousands) Downstream Speed Technology Less than 1.5 Mbps At least 1.5 Mbps and less than 3 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 100 Mbps Total aDS L 876 1,457 9,256 10, 449 1,648 5 23, 691 sDS L 4 1 # 1 * * 8 Other W ireli ne 1 # 1 1 4 8 37 52 Cable Modem 68 57 2,393 7,162 28, 130 21, 349 59, 158 FTTP 17 29 566 1,628 6,511 2,198 10, 949 Sat el lit e 66 12 265 1,299 * * 1,676 Fixed W ireless 78 142 537 254 50 23 1,082 Total 1,109 1,698 13, 018 20, 796 36, 382 23, 612 96, 616 Percentages aDS L 0.9 1.5 9.6 10. 8 1.7 0.0 24. 5 sDS L 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 Other W ireli ne 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 . 1 Cable Modem 0.1 0.1 2.5 7.4 29. 1 22. 1 61. 2 FTTP 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.7 6.7 2.3 11. 3 Sat ell it e 0.1 0.0 0.3 1.3 * * 1.7 Fixed W ireless 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.1 Total 1.1 1.8 13. 5 21. 5 37. 7 24. 4 100. 0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 26 Figure 30 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2012-2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun+ Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec aDS L 865 852 851 794 792 790 775 766 772 s DS L 255 246 239 195 191 177 181 171 158 Ot her W ireli ne 1 262 246 245 270 245 239 250 241 234 Cable Modem 404 403 407 394 402 391 392 387 386 F T T P 666 692 744 878 906 929 990 1,010 1,062 S at ell it e 6 5 5 18 16 11 11 6 6 Fixed W ireless 765 771 825 870 916 943 977 1,004 1,047 Mobil e W ireles s 70 79 77 91 98 100 97 99 98 P ower Line and Other 1 * 0 * - - - - - - Total 1,722 1,714 1,773 1,813 1,865 1,874 1,911 1,932 1,977 1 For this Figure, the categories Power Line and All Other were combined with Other Wireline from June 2014 forward. + The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). Multiple Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider. * = 1-3 providers. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figure 31 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction Selected Technologies 2012-2016 aD S L C able M o dem FT T P M o bi le W ireless N u m b e r o f P r o v i d e r s 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 D ec 2012 Jun 2013 D ec 2013 Jun 2014 D ec 2014 Jun 2015 D ec 2015 Jun 2016 D ec 2016 27 SECTION 3 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE STATES Table of Contents Figure 32 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2016 ......................................................................................... 29 Figure 33 Connections by Type of End User by State as of December 31, 2016 .................... 31 Figure 34 Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2016 ............................. 32 Figure 35 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2016 .................................................................................................. 34 Figure 36 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2016 ......... 36 28 Figure 32 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2016 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in at least One Direction At least 10 Mbps Down and 1 Mbps Up At least 25 Mbps Down and 3 Mbps Up At least 100 Mbps Down and 10 Mbps Up State Households Connections Subscribership Ratio Connections Subscribership Ratio Connections Subscribership Ratio Connections Subscribership Ratio Alabam a 1, 848 1, 290 0. 70 955 0. 52 653 0. 35 68 0.04 Alask a 251 204 0. 81 146 0. 58 * * * * Americ an Sam oa 10 * * 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Arizona 2, 412 2, 044 0. 85 1,520 0. 63 1,237 0. 51 383 0. 1 6 Ark ansas 1, 138 742 0. 65 501 0. 44 270 0. 24 48 0.04 Calif ornia 12, 718 10, 986 0. 86 9,326 0. 73 7,081 0. 56 2,827 0. 22 Colorado 2, 024 1, 802 0. 89 1,333 0. 66 1, 223 0. 60 * * Connec t ic ut 1, 353 1, 185 0. 88 1,035 0. 77 837 0. 62 252 0. 19 Dela ware 344 318 0. 93 296 0. 86 284 0. 83 94 0.27 Dis trict of Colum bia 273 234 0. 86 211 0. 77 200 0. 73 * * Florida 7, 300 6, 864 0. 94 5,902 0. 81 4,564 0. 63 1,192 0. 16 Georgia 3, 574 2, 882 0. 81 2,260 0. 63 1,630 0. 46 296 0. 08 Guam 42 * * * * * * 0 0.00 Ha waii 451 408 0. 91 401 0. 89 * * * * Idaho 589 473 0. 80 255 0. 43 191 0. 32 14 0.02 Illinois 4, 786 3, 759 0. 79 3,108 0. 65 2,321 0. 48 438 0. 09 Indiana 2, 502 1, 893 0. 76 1,443 0. 58 992 0. 40 228 0. 09 Iowa 1, 236 917 0. 74 587 0. 47 469 0. 38 92 0.07 Kans as 1, 113 881 0. 79 658 0. 59 404 0. 36 174 0. 16 Kentuck y 1, 708 1, 297 0. 76 892 0. 52 465 0. 27 230 0. 13 Louis iana 1, 728 1, 212 0. 70 949 0. 55 620 0. 36 136 0. 08 Maine 553 486 0. 88 343 0. 62 154 0. 28 10 0.02 Maryland 2, 166 1, 853 0. 86 1,712 0. 79 1,594 0. 74 509 0. 24 Mass ac hus et ts 2, 550 2, 288 0. 90 2,111 0. 83 2,015 0. 79 709 0. 28 Mic higan 3, 841 2, 935 0. 76 2,442 0. 64 1,849 0. 48 206 0. 05 Minnes ota 2, 125 1, 703 0. 80 1,231 0. 58 1,081 0. 51 257 0. 12 Miss iss ippi 1, 097 646 0. 59 447 0. 41 240 0. 22 30 0.03 Miss ouri 2, 365 1, 781 0. 75 1,295 0. 55 870 0. 37 228 0. 10 Mont ana 409 325 0. 79 211 0. 51 181 0. 44 7 0.02 Nebras k a 737 575 0. 78 406 0. 55 283 0. 38 49 0.07 29 Figure 32 - Continued Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2016 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in at least One Direction At least 10 Mbps Down and 1 Mbps Up At least 25 Mbps Down and 3 Mbps Up At least 100 Mbps Down and 10 Mbps Up State Households Connections Subscribership Ratio Connections Subscribership Ratio Connections Subscribership Ratio Connections Subscribership Ratio Nev ada 1, 017 875 0. 86 708 0. 70 542 0. 53 * * Ne w Ham ps hire 520 479 0. 92 403 0. 77 359 0. 69 139 0. 27 Ne w Jers ey 3, 189 2, 903 0. 91 2,735 0. 86 2,639 0. 83 810 0. 25 Ne w Mexico 76 4 538 0. 70 306 0. 40 269 0. 35 71 0.09 Ne w York 7, 262 6, 249 0. 86 5,707 0. 79 4,760 0. 66 1,373 0. 19 Nort h Carolina 3, 776 3, 192 0. 85 2,393 0. 63 1,835 0. 49 942 0 . 25 Nort h Dak ot a 300 228 0. 76 193 0. 64 144 0. 48 24 0.08 Nort hern Mariana Is l 16 * * * * * * 0 0.00 Ohio 4, 585 3, 791 0. 83 2,959 0. 65 1,388 0. 30 76 0.02 Oklahom a 1, 455 1, 002 0. 69 711 0. 49 430 0. 30 115 0. 08 Oregon 1, 533 1, 289 0. 84 1,011 0. 66 886 0. 58 262 0. 17 Penns ylv ania 4, 959 3, 998 0. 81 3,226 0. 65 2,868 0. 58 944 0. 19 Puert o Ric o 1, 244 * * * * * * * * Rhode Is land 411 345 0. 84 331 0. 81 296 0. 72 * * South Carolina 1, 815 1, 445 0. 80 1,151 0. 63 615 0. 34 45 0.02 South Dak ot a 331 252 0. 76 210 0. 64 156 0. 47 13 0.04 Tennes see 2, 505 1, 816 0. 72 1,485 0. 59 1,110 0. 44 233 0. 09 Texas 9, 149 7, 122 0. 7 8 5,763 0. 63 3,724 0. 41 1,555 0. 17 Utah 906 783 0. 86 569 0. 63 496 0. 55 193 0. 21 Verm ont 257 239 0. 93 165 0. 64 131 0. 51 52 0.20 Virgin Is lands 43 22 0. 51 * * * * * * Virginia 3, 063 2, 497 0. 82 2,149 0. 70 1,889 0. 62 576 0. 19 W ashington 2, 669 2, 340 0. 88 1,865 0. 70 1,703 0. 64 633 0. 24 W es t Virginia 741 529 0. 71 360 0. 49 287 0. 39 61 0.08 W iscons in 2, 299 1, 856 0. 81 1,426 0. 62 816 0. 35 20 0.01 W yom ing 227 175 0. 77 123 0. 54 102 0. 45 1 0.00 Tot al 118,281 96, 616 0. 82 78, 219 0. 66 59, 540 0. 50 17, 444 0. 15 # = Rounds to Zero; * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477 (Connections); 2011-2015 ACS 5-year estimates; Census 2010. 30 Figure 33 Connections by Type of End User by State as of December 31, 2016 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Connections Percentages State Residential Business Residential Business Total Alabam a 4, 568 620 88. 1 11. 9 5, 188 Alask a 789 123 86. 5 13. 5 913 Am eric an Sam oa * * * * * Arizona 6, 374 996 86. 5 13. 5 7, 370 Ark ansas 2, 698 415 86. 7 13. 3 3, 113 Calif ornia 39, 783 7, 492 84. 2 15. 8 47, 275 Colorado 5, 639 901 86. 2 13. 8 6, 540 Connec t ic ut 3, 874 686 85. 0 15. 0 4, 559 Dela ware 992 149 87. 0 13. 0 1, 141 Dis trict of Colum bia 906 480 65. 4 34. 6 1, 385 Florida 19, 666 3, 460 85. 0 15. 0 23, 127 Georgia 9, 711 1, 583 86. 0 14. 0 11, 294 Guam 108 45 70. 4 29. 6 154 Ha waii 1, 588 207 88. 5 11. 5 1, 795 Idaho 1, 559 237 86. 8 13. 2 1, 796 Illinois 13, 180 2, 231 85. 5 14. 5 15, 410 Indiana 6, 265 868 87. 8 12. 2 7, 133 Iowa 2, 990 506 85. 5 14. 5 3, 496 Kans as 3, 708 463 88. 9 11. 1 4, 170 Kentuck y 4, 832 571 89. 4 10. 6 5, 403 Louis ia na 4, 657 652 87. 7 12. 3 5, 309 Maine 1, 304 207 86. 3 13. 7 1, 511 Maryland 6, 180 1, 021 85. 8 14. 2 7, 201 Mass ac hus et ts 7, 180 1, 222 85. 5 14. 5 8, 401 Mic higan 9, 143 1, 658 84. 7 15. 3 10, 801 Minnes ota 5, 499 940 85. 4 14. 6 6, 440 Miss iss ippi 2, 816 308 90. 2 9. 8 3, 124 Miss ouri 5, 858 976 85. 7 14. 3 6, 834 Mont ana 979 133 88. 0 12. 0 1, 112 Nebras k a 1, 721 342 83. 4 16. 6 2, 063 Nev ada 2, 901 394 88. 0 12. 0 3, 295 Ne w Ham ps hire 1, 390 208 87. 0 13. 0 1, 598 Ne w Jers ey 9, 906 1, 775 84. 8 15. 2 11, 681 Ne w Mexico 1, 829 262 87. 5 12. 5 2, 091 Ne w York 20, 668 3, 586 85. 2 14. 8 24, 253 Nort h Carolina 9, 626 1, 584 85. 9 14. 1 11, 210 Nort h Dak ot a 734 126 85. 4 14. 6 860 Nort hern Mariana Is l * * * * * Ohio 11, 625 1, 799 86. 6 13. 4 13, 424 Ok lahom a 3, 668 566 86. 6 13. 4 4, 234 Oregon 4, 095 658 86. 2 13. 8 4, 753 Penns ylv ania 12, 729 1, 969 86. 6 13. 4 14, 698 Puert o Ric o 3, 368 261 92. 8 7. 2 3, 629 Rhode Is land 1, 054 174 85. 9 14. 1 1, 228 South Carolina 4, 553 644 87. 6 12. 4 5, 197 South Dak ot a 795 106 88. 3 11. 7 901 Tennes see 6, 209 995 86. 2 13. 8 7, 204 Texas 25, 82 9 4, 727 84. 5 15. 5 30, 556 Ut ah 2, 760 465 85. 6 14. 4 3, 226 Verm ont 641 123 83. 9 16. 1 764 Virgin Is lands 105 15 87. 9 12. 1 120 Virginia 7, 895 1, 468 84. 3 15. 7 9, 363 W ashington 7, 618 1, 230 86. 1 13. 9 8, 847 W est Virginia 1, 582 187 89. 4 10. 6 1, 769 W iscons in 5 , 554 946 85. 4 14. 6 6, 500 W yom ing 590 76 88. 6 11. 4 666 Tot al 322,364 53, 857 85. 7 14. 3 376,221 # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 31 Figure 34 Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2016 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) State ADSL SDSL Other Wireline1 Cable Modem Fiber Satellite Fixed Wireless Mobile Wireless Total A labam a 526 # * 702 115 * 10 3,7 64 5,188 Alask a 78 # 3 * 4 * 5 674 913 Am eric an Samoa * * 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 565 # * 1,420 142 * 33 5,168 7,370 Ark ans as 350 * 3 383 21 * 7 2,299 3,113 Cali f ornia 3,463 8 * 7,353 894 * 85 35, 229 47, 275 Colorado * # 19 1,155 203 * 63 4,574 6,540 C onnec t ic ut * # 4 941 9 * * 3,259 4,559 Delawa re * * 4 207 * * * 796 1,141 Dis t ric t of Colum bia 35 * 7 * * * * 1,116 1,385 Florida 1,746 # * 4,893 698 * 12 15, 650 23, 127 Georgia 1,089 # * 1,753 233 * 2 8,129 11, 294 Guam * 0 * * * 0 0 113 154 Hawaii * * 1 * 34 * 4 1,354 1,795 Idaho 181 * 2 200 71 * 52 1,276 1,796 Ill inois 1,263 2 * 2,583 92 * 75 11, 321 15, 410 Indiana 697 # * 1,085 169 * 41 5,084 7,133 Iowa 305 1 * 469 165 * 31 2,493 3,496 Kans as 257 # * 470 170 * 39 3,208 4,170 Kent uck y 472 # * 78 3 93 * 18 3,994 5,403 Louis iana 423 * 7 774 70 * 6 3,971 5,309 Maine 129 1 * 381 8 * 3 975 1,511 Maryland * 1 16 1,035 * * 4 5,191 7,201 Mas s ac hus ett s * # 20 1,807 * * 3 5,899 8,401 Mic higan 878 3 * 2,132 30 * 45 7,609 10, 801 Minnes ot a 525 3 * 1,056 196 * 29 4,588 6,440 Mis s is sippi 336 # * 308 19 * 2 2,401 3,124 Mis s ouri 741 # * 898 177 * 39 4,896 6,834 Mont ana 106 # * 199 24 * 22 747 1,112 Nebras k a 162 # * 381 53 * 23 1,433 2,063 32 Figure 34 - Continued Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2016 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) State ADSL SDSL Other Wireline1 Cable Modem Fiber Satellite Fixed Wireless Mobile Wireless Total Nevada 239 # 6 * 14 * 13 2,337 3,295 New Ham ps hire 81 # * 415 26 * # 1,066 1,598 New Jers ey 200 # 27 2,017 * * 1 8,481 11, 681 New Me xic o 250 # * 269 36 * 20 1,501 2,091 New York 498 2 37 4,755 * * 5 17, 365 24, 253 Nort h Caroli na 952 # * 2,263 190 * 8 7,720 11, 210 Nort h Dak ot a 49 # * 126 75 * 5 602 860 Nort hern Mari ana Is l * 0 0 * * 0 0 * * Ohio 1,162 # * 2,662 177 * 44 9,319 13, 424 Oklahom a 386 # * 572 40 * 48 3,132 4,234 Oregon 278 1 * 890 177 * 25 3,342 4,753 Penns ylvania 696 1 26 2,675 * * 8 10, 332 14, 698 Puert o Ric o * 0 * * 6 * 2 2,942 3,629 Rhode Is land * * 2 * * * * 852 1,228 Sout h Caroli na 476 * 7 944 106 * 3 3,626 5,197 Sout h Dak ot a 48 * # 159 53 * 12 623 901 Tennes s ee 570 # * 1,137 218 * 10 5,200 7,204 Texas 2,631 1 * 3,849 870 * 211 22, 760 30, 556 Utah 185 # * 452 149 * 53 2,377 3,226 Verm ont 120 * 3 137 21 * 1 475 764 Virgin Is lands * 0 * * * * * * 120 Virginia 338 # * 1,406 866 * 16 6,632 9,363 W ashingt on 478 1 * 1,743 229 * 30 6,290 8,847 W est Virginia * * 1 347 10 * 2 1,188 1,769 W iscons in 647 5 5 * 79 * 32 4,482 6,500 W yom ing 52 # * 108 11 * 19 468 666 Total 26, 526 42 673 63, 352 12, 041 1,864 1,230 270, 494 376, 221 1 PowerLine and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 33 Figure 35 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2016 Over 200 kbps Upstream and State % over 200 kbps Downstream % at least 3 Mbps Downstream % at least 10 Mbps Downstream % at least 25 Mbps Downstream % at least 100 Mbps Downstream A labam a 99. 3 93.3 75.9 49.7 6.9 Alask a 97. 7 87.0 71.5 49.1 38.0 Am eric an Samoa * * * * * Arizona 99. 7 96.5 84.8 59.2 21.9 Ark ans as 99. 3 92.7 70.9 38.9 9.0 Cali f ornia 99. 7 97.2 82.8 61.7 32.8 Colorado 99. 7 95.1 86.0 65.5 41.9 Connec t ic ut 99. 4 98.9 8 6.0 68.7 29.5 Delawa re 99. 8 98.3 91.8 86.5 44.7 Dis t ric t of Colum bia 99. 8 97.1 86.8 80.9 44.4 Florida 99. 6 97.3 88.2 65.3 17.0 Georgia 99. 1 95.5 79.0 55.3 10.3 Guam * * * * * Hawaii 100. 0 99.0 96.8 42.4 20.0 Idaho 99. 5 93.6 69.3 39.7 25.7 Illinois 99. 7 97.2 81.8 59.5 14.5 Indiana 99. 3 96.4 77.2 50.7 11.6 Iowa 99. 6 92.6 72.4 49.5 11.0 Kans as 99. 7 95.4 75.4 44.1 19.9 Kent uck y 99. 1 94.2 69.6 35.4 16.8 Louis iana 99. 2 94.3 78.1 50.6 11.6 Maine 98. 9 94.8 69.4 30.4 3.9 Maryland 99. 8 98.0 90.6 83.6 38.2 Mas s ac hus ett s 99. 9 98.1 91.0 85.2 46.3 Mic higan 99. 3 96.9 82.4 61.2 7.2 Minnes ot a 99. 7 94.9 81.0 61.9 26.6 Mis s is sippi 98. 9 91.8 70.0 38.5 13.7 Mis s ouri 99. 4 94.0 76.8 48.8 35.0 Mont ana 99. 6 90.7 70.7 55.8 2.8 Nebras k a 99. 6 95.7 74.7 48.5 9.5 34 Figure 35 - Continued Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2016 Over 200 kbps Upstream and State % over 200 kbps Downstream % at least 3 Mbps Downstream % at least 10 Mbps Downstream % at least 25 Mbps Downstream % at least 100 Mbps Downstream Nevada 99. 8 97.8 86.5 62.2 15.2 New Ham ps hire 99. 1 95.9 82.5 70.9 44.1 New Jers ey 99. 7 98.3 93.3 88.8 36.5 New Me xic o 99. 7 91.9 72.6 48.2 27.7 New York 99. 6 98.3 89.7 74.1 21.0 Nort h Caroli na 99. 3 95.9 78.7 55.4 27.6 Nort h Dak ot a 99. 8 96.6 85.5 64.9 16.9 Nort hern Mariana Is l * * * * * Ohio 99. 7 97.0 78.3 35.7 2.7 Oklahom a 99. 6 96.0 70.9 42.5 14.4 Oregon 99. 7 95.6 84.3 67.3 34.7 Penns ylvania 99. 7 96.3 81.9 70.6 35.4 Puert o Ric o 99. 9 80.0 47.4 18.6 0.8 Rhode Is land 99. 6 98. 6 94.1 83.7 21.3 Sout h Caroli na 99. 5 95.7 80.1 42.8 3.7 Sout h Dak ot a 99. 6 96.6 84.9 6 1.2 6.3 Tennes s ee 99. 4 96.0 81.9 59.8 13.0 Texas 99. 7 97.0 80.3 50.8 26.3 Utah 99. 9 96.4 83.0 61.6 37.8 Verm ont 98. 7 84.8 64.8 48.8 31.4 Virgin Is lands 99. 9 85.1 42.7 13.6 0.7 Virginia 99. 6 96.7 85.7 73.0 29.3 W ashingt on 99. 5 96.0 85.3 70.8 45.9 W est Virginia 98. 9 97.2 66.4 52.9 22.6 W iscons in 99. 1 95.1 79.0 43.6 1.9 W yom ing 99. 6 91.8 76.0 57.1 1.2 Total 99. 6 96.3 82.2 60.0 23.2 35 Figure 36 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2016 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) State ADSL SDSL Other Wireline1 Cable Modem Fiber Satellite Fixed Wireless Mobile Wireless Total A labam a 25 6 * 20 38 * 22 6 92 Alask a 13 4 12 * 9 * 15 8 39 Am eric an Samoa * * 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 24 4 * 16 34 * 37 7 99 Ark ans as 24 * 17 19 31 * 21 5 76 Cali f ornia 39 14 * 28 63 * 92 6 182 Colorado * 7 30 18 51 * 58 9 132 Connec t ic ut * 7 19 10 20 * * 4 42 Delawa re * * 16 6 * * * 4 31 Dis t ric t of Colum bia 9 * 19 * * * * 4 42 Fl orida 25 10 * 23 59 * 29 5 112 Georgia 31 6 * 34 74 * 20 4 121 Guam * 0 * * * 0 0 4 4 Hawaii * * 7 * 9 * 5 5 22 Idaho 27 * 14 19 34 * 37 10 80 Ill inois 61 9 * 21 91 * 75 8 189 Indiana 41 7 * 14 59 * 60 5 124 Iowa 103 20 * 48 140 * 81 35 232 Kans as 29 11 * 28 60 * 51 9 116 Kent uck y 23 6 * 28 43 * 28 7 96 Louis iana 17 * 22 19 33 * 13 5 67 Maine 16 7 * 9 21 * 9 5 41 Maryland * 8 25 16 * * 16 5 72 Mas s ac hus ett s * 6 29 10 * * 16 5 68 Mic higan 37 11 * 24 55 * 38 6 117 Minnes ot a 49 11 * 22 71 * 47 5 129 Mis s is sippi 18 4 * 17 22 * 12 5 64 Mis s ouri 37 11 * 20 53 * 68 8 144 Mont ana 24 5 * 9 29 * 25 6 63 Nebras k a 31 4 * 20 48 * 38 9 92 36 Figure 36 - Continued Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2016 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) State ADSL SDSL Other Wireline1 Cable Modem Fiber Satellite Fixed Wireless Mobile Wireless Total Nevada 19 8 27 * 29 * 19 6 67 New Ham ps hire 14 7 * 6 21 * 5 6 41 New Jers ey 20 7 34 11 * * 10 4 68 New Me xic o 23 6 * 11 26 * 26 8 68 New York 40 8 34 21 * * 27 7 107 Nort h Caroli na 26 7 * 26 51 * 22 6 99 Nort h Dak ot a 26 9 * 8 31 * 17 6 53 Nort hern Mariana Is l * 0 0 * * 0 0 * * Ohio 41 7 * 30 67 * 57 4 149 Oklahom a 38 9 * 13 42 * 42 12 100 Oregon 44 12 * 18 55 * 44 6 107 Penns ylvania 32 9 35 26 * * 24 8 115 Puert o Ric o * 0 * * 6 * 5 5 15 Rhode Is land * * 9 * * * * 4 25 Sout h Caroli na 20 * 19 16 28 * 11 6 53 Sout h Dak ot a 24 * 13 7 34 * 26 8 78 Tennes s ee 26 7 * 23 42 * 29 7 101 Texas 67 14 * 3 8 100 * 135 9 246 Utah 23 4 * 14 28 * 28 9 72 Verm ont 13 * 9 6 19 * 4 6 34 Virgin Is lands * 0 * * * * * * 8 Virginia 30 10 * 20 53 * 29 6 106 W ashingt on 30 9 * 26 55 * 55 6 121 W est Virginia * * 15 17 17 * 12 6 54 W iscons in 49 11 27 * 62 * 46 6 124 W yom ing 17 5 * 7 19 * 26 8 55 Total 772 158 234 386 1,062 6 1,047 98 1,977 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 37 SECTION 4 SUMMARY STATISTICS: COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS Table of Contents Figure 37 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of December 31, 2016 ........... 39 Figure 38 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of December 31, 2016 ......................................................................................... 40 Figure 39 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of December 31, 2016 ...... 41 Figure 40 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of December 31, 2016 ......................................................................................... 42 Figure 41 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2016 ..................................................................... 43 Figure 42 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2016 ....................................................... 44 Figure 43 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2016 ....................................................... 46 38 Figure 37 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of December 31, 2016 S o urc e s : F C C F o rm 4 7 7 ; 2 0 1 1 -2 0 1 5 A C S 5 -ye ar e s tim ate s ; and C e ns us 2 0 1 0 . No te : R atio s o ve r 1 we re s e t to 1 . S e e T e c hnic al No te s at the e nd o f the re p o rt. 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 1 0 0 . 1 5 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0 0 . 3 5 0 . 4 0 0 . 4 5 0 . 5 0 0 . 5 5 0 . 6 0 0 . 6 5 0 . 7 0 0 . 7 5 0 . 8 0 0 . 8 5 0 . 9 0 0 . 9 5 M a x 0 % 2 % 4 % 6 % 8 % 1 0 % 1 2 % 1 4 % 1 6 % P e r c e n t a g e o f C o u n t i e s Nu m b er of Cou n t ies 3 , 2 3 4 Med ian 0 . 6 8 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households 4 1 2 2 20 42 52 114 171 213 313 381 429 441 326 227 201 134 161 39 Figure 38 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of December 31, 2016 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households Technology Zero Greater than 0 and no more than 5% Greater than 5 and no more than 10% Greater than 10 and no more than 20% Greater than 20 and no more than 30% Greater than 30 and no more than 40% Greater than 40 and no more than 50% Greater than 50 and no more than 60% Greater than 60 and no more than 80% Greater than 80 and no more than 100% 100% or more aDS L 0.9 5.5 5.8 25.3 30.5 17.9 8.8 3.3 1.5 0.3 0.1 sDSL 90.2 9.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other W irel i ne 92.4 7.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cabl e Mode m 11.6 7.3 6.8 14.9 13.9 14.0 11.8 10.2 8.2 1.0 0.3 FTTP 25.4 46.6 7.8 8.4 4.0 2.8 2.1 1.4 1.5 0.1 0.0 Satel l i te 1.1 67.0 22.0 8.8 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fix ed W irel ess 28.3 51.1 11.0 6.4 2.2 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 2.9 8.8 16.3 48.7 19 .6 2.7 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2011-2015 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 40 Figure 39 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of December 31, 2016 S o urc e s : F C C F o rm 4 7 7 ; 2 0 1 1 -2 0 1 5 A C S 5 -ye ar e s tim ate s ; and C e ns us 2 0 1 0 . No te : R atio s o ve r 2 we re s e t to 2 . S e e T e c hnic al No te s at the e nd o f the re p o rt. 0 0 . 1 0 0 . 2 0 0 . 3 0 0 . 4 0 0 . 5 0 0 . 6 0 0 . 7 0 0 . 8 0 0 . 9 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 1 0 1 . 2 0 1 . 3 0 1 . 4 0 1 . 5 0 1 . 6 0 1 . 7 0 1 . 8 0 1 . 9 0 M a x 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 P e r c e n t a g e o f T r a c t s Nu m b er of Tract s 7 3 , 7 6 7 Med ian 0 . 8 1 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households 41 Figure 40 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of December 31, 2016 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households Technology Zero Greater than 0 and no more than 5% Greater than 5 and no more than 10% Greater than 10 and no more than 20% Greater than 20 and no more than 30% Greater than 30 and no more than 40% Greater than 40 and no more than 50% Greater than 50 and no more than 60% Greater than 60 and no more than 80% Greater than 80 and no more than 100% 100% or more aDS L 2.0 18.0 11.9 24.5 20.4 13.1 5.9 2.5 1.3 0.3 0.2 sDSL 98.5 1.4 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other W irel i ne 98.7 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cabl e Mode m 4.7 3.1 1.8 4.4 7.7 12.9 17.0 17.9 22.5 6.2 1.8 FTTP 54.4 16.3 4.7 6.8 4.9 4.3 3.5 2.5 2.2 0.3 0.1 Satel l i te 28.6 62.0 5.1 3.2 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Fix ed W irel ess 75.6 18.7 2.5 2.0 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.9 2.2 4.8 8.2 30.6 39.7 12.2 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2011-2015 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 42 Figure 41 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Service by Technology as of December 31, 2016 (Internet Access Service over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Number of Providers Technology Zero One Two Three Four Five Six Seven or More aDS L 26.3 69.8 3.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 sDSL 99.3 0 .7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other W irel i ne 1 98.8 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cabl e Mode m 32.7 63.2 3.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 FTTP 81.2 18.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Satel l i te 0.1 0.9 0.2 98.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fix ed W irel ess 57.8 25.7 11.4 4.2 0.9 0.1 0.0 0 .0 aDS L and/or Cabl e Mode m and/ or FT TP 12.9 25.2 53.3 7.9 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 Any Tec hnol ogy 0.0 0.2 0.1 6.7 18.4 40.9 21.0 12.7 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. The number of providers in a census block does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household, and does not purport to measure competition. Providers may list a census block on Form 477 if service can be provided to at least one location in the block. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2010 census. Sources: FCC Form 477 and Census 2010. 43 Figure 42 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2016 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households State Counties Zero Greater than 0 and no more than 5% Greater than 5 and no more than 10% Greater than 10 and no more than 20% Greater than 20 and no more than 30% Greater than 30 and no more than 40% Greater than 40 and no more than 50% Greater than 50 and no more than 60% Greater than 60 and no more than 80% Greater than 80 and no more than 100% 100% or more A labam a 67 0 0 0 0 1 3 16 20 22 5 0 Alask a 29 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 3 10 7 1 Am eric an Samoa 5 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 Arizona 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 6 0 Ark ans as 75 0 0 0 0 0 6 25 26 17 1 0 Cali f ornia 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 34 3 Colorado 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 23 23 9 Connec t ic ut 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 Delawa re 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 Dis t ric t of Col um bia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Florida 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 17 25 17 Georgia 159 0 0 0 1 3 9 18 33 57 31 7 Guam 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Hawaii 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 Idaho 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 29 8 2 Illinois 102 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 17 70 11 0 Indiana 92 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 18 62 10 0 Iowa 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 82 6 1 Kans as 105 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 18 67 14 1 Kent uck y 120 0 0 0 0 1 2 11 25 66 14 1 Louis iana 64 0 0 0 0 1 6 14 11 30 2 0 Maine 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 1 Maryland 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 13 1 Mas s ac hus ett s 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 3 Mic higan 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 7 55 15 1 Minnes ot a 87 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 64 16 1 Mis s is sippi 82 0 0 0 1 2 15 35 16 10 3 0 Mis s ouri 115 0 0 0 0 2 3 13 23 64 10 0 Mont ana 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 30 17 1 Nebras k a 93 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 24 53 5 0 44 Figure 42 - Continued Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2016 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households State Counties Zero Greater than 0 and no more than 5% Greater than 5 and no more than 10% Greater than 10 and no more than 20% Greater than 20 and no more than 30% Greater than 30 and no more than 40% Greater than 40 and no more than 50% Greater than 50 and no more than 60% Greater than 60 and no more than 80% Greater than 80 and no more than 100% 100% or more Nevada 17 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 6 6 3 0 New Ham ps hire 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 2 New Jers ey 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 18 1 New Me xic o 33 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 9 15 3 0 New York 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 32 3 Nort h Caroli na 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 16 47 29 7 Nort h Dak ot a 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 35 10 1 Nort hern Mariana Is l 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Ohio 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 49 29 1 Okla hom a 77 0 0 0 0 1 7 12 24 31 2 0 Oregon 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 18 14 1 Penns ylvania 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 19 2 Puert o Ric o 78 0 0 0 0 2 16 31 23 6 0 0 Rhode Is land 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 Sout h Caroli na 46 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 11 16 7 3 Sout h Dak ot a 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 47 9 0 Tennes s ee 95 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 30 46 7 1 Texas 254 0 0 0 0 0 7 27 68 121 28 3 Utah 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 13 11 4 Verm ont 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 2 Virgin Is lands 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 Virginia 134 0 0 0 1 1 7 15 16 60 31 3 W ashingt on 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 15 19 1 W est Virginia 55 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 5 41 6 0 W iscons in 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 44 25 0 W yom ing 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 14 4 1 Total 3,234 4 0 0 3 22 94 285 527 1576 635 88 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2011-2015 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). 45 Figure 43 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2016 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households State Tracts Zero Greater than 0 and no more than 5% Greater than 5 and no more than 10% Greater than 10 and no more than 20% Greater than 20 and no more than 30% Greater than 30 and no more than 40% Greater than 40 and no more than 50% Greater than 50 and no more than 60% Greater than 60 and no more than 80% Greater than 80 and no more than 100% 100% or more A labam a 1,179 4 0 1 4 26 91 173 213 376 220 71 Alask a 167 2 0 0 2 7 4 4 11 50 73 14 Am eric an Samoa 18 2 1 0 0 6 6 0 1 1 1 0 Arizona 1,526 14 10 8 14 14 33 54 113 353 605 308 Ark ans as 686 1 0 0 8 22 57 133 128 218 93 26 Cali f ornia 8,036 53 3 5 14 20 57 104 335 2,112 4,453 880 Colorado 1,249 14 0 1 1 0 6 25 45 329 617 211 Connec t ic ut 829 2 0 0 0 2 1 7 36 172 487 1 22 Delawa re 215 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 11 54 99 45 Dis t ric t of Colum bia 179 0 0 0 1 0 1 5 14 53 73 32 Florida 4,199 38 0 1 3 1 33 89 180 817 1,772 1,265 Georgia 1,964 10 1 1 10 21 73 129 222 576 663 258 Guam 56 4 3 1 3 6 2 1 5 6 6 19 Hawaii 326 14 0 0 1 4 4 8 9 64 152 70 Idaho 298 0 0 0 2 2 5 4 12 145 104 24 Ill inois 3,121 7 1 0 5 12 49 177 314 1,165 1,251 140 Indiana 1,508 5 2 0 2 5 30 91 215 658 414 86 Iowa 825 3 1 0 1 2 8 26 94 508 155 27 Kans as 770 11 0 0 0 4 9 33 102 310 230 71 Kent uck y 1,115 9 2 1 9 15 29 65 161 409 302 113 Louis iana 1,136 12 1 0 4 22 83 117 180 397 275 45 Maine 351 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 9 103 164 69 Maryland 1,394 8 0 0 0 2 27 48 74 337 718 180 Mas s ac hus ett s 1,471 12 1 0 0 1 6 12 34 317 863 225 Mic higan 2,767 28 1 0 14 43 124 208 256 855 1,095 143 Minnes ot a 1,335 4 0 0 3 2 10 33 73 565 567 78 Mis s is sippi 661 4 0 0 5 32 103 145 116 165 74 17 Mis s ouri 1,393 5 0 0 4 11 46 128 191 476 416 116 Mont ana 271 2 0 0 1 0 2 7 26 115 97 21 Nebras k a 532 4 0 0 0 0 5 26 48 243 157 49 46 Figure 43 - Continued Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2016 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households State Tracts Zero Greater than 0 and no more than 5% Greater than 5 and no more than 10% Greater than 10 and no more than 20% Greater than 20 and no more than 30% Greater than 30 and no more than 40% Greater than 40 and no more than 50% Greater than 50 and no more than 60% Greater than 60 and no more than 80% Greater than 80 and no more than 100% 100% or more Nevada 683 5 0 1 4 4 8 21 49 163 296 132 New Ham ps hire 294 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 37 199 53 New Jers ey 2,004 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 12 55 418 1,148 356 New Me xic o 499 2 4 4 7 10 18 41 82 182 124 25 New York 4,900 78 1 0 13 15 22 55 162 1,480 2,408 666 Nort h Caroli na 2,183 19 3 0 2 7 14 69 188 711 714 456 Nort h Dak ot a 205 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 24 113 44 16 Nort hern Mariana Is l 22 2 0 0 1 3 4 2 5 2 1 2 Ohio 2,946 6 0 0 3 11 47 152 226 997 1,109 395 Oklahom a 1,046 2 2 3 11 38 50 141 182 334 199 84 Oregon 827 2 0 0 0 0 3 21 27 255 451 68 Penns ylvania 3,217 22 0 0 3 16 13 72 222 1,313 1,312 244 Puert o Ric o 903 24 26 28 101 130 144 144 94 96 33 83 Rhode Is land 241 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 72 135 22 Sout h Caroli na 1,097 11 0 0 1 12 34 106 133 337 300 163 Sout h Dak ot a 222 0 0 1 0 0 4 9 17 128 53 10 Tennes s ee 1,497 22 1 0 7 28 75 120 235 536 366 107 Texas 5,253 41 0 1 15 87 211 496 725 1,577 1,490 610 Utah 588 4 1 2 2 0 0 3 17 170 316 73 Verm ont 184 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 47 91 43 Virgin Is lands 29 0 0 0 2 3 5 4 4 9 1 1 Virginia 1,895 23 0 0 5 21 53 100 179 453 804 257 W ashingt on 1,446 3 0 0 2 4 10 27 30 324 827 219 W est Virginia 484 0 1 2 3 5 18 34 72 214 102 33 W iscons in 1,393 3 1 0 2 2 5 38 94 569 556 123 W yom ing 132 1 0 0 0 1 1 5 10 65 42 7 Total 73, 767 558 67 61 295 685 1,650 3,539 6,071 22, 551 29, 317 8,973 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2011-2015 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). 47 SECTION 5 CORRELATED RESULTS: DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES Table of Contents Figure 44 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of December 31, 2016 .. 49 Figure 45 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of December 31, 2016 .. 50 Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2016 ..................................................................... 51 Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2016 ..................................................................... 52 Figure 48 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of White Alone (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2016 .................................................................................................. 53 Figure 49 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of December 31, 2016 .................................................................................................. 54 Figure 50 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of December 31, 2016 .................................................................................................. 55 48 Max Q 1 Q 3 Median Min Figure 44 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of December 31, 2016 S o urc e s : F C C F o rm 4 7 7 ; 2 0 1 1 -2 0 1 5 A C S 5 -ye ar E s tim ate s ; C e ns us 2 0 1 0 . o b s e rvatio n b e lo w Q 3 +1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ); and is any d ata p o int b e yo nd Q 1 -1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ) o r Q3 +1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ). Ratio s g re ate r than 1 we re s e t to 1 . b ut no te als o that + d e no te s the p o s itio n o f the ave rag e re s id e ntial s ub s c rib e rs hip ratio take n ac ro s s all c o untie s in the d e c ile ; is the minim um o b s e rvatio n ab o ve Q 1 -1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ); T is the maxim um No te : E ac h b o x p lo t s ho ws the d is trib utio n o f re s id e ntial s ub s c rib e rs hip to c o nne c tio ns o ve r 2 0 0 kb p s in at le as t o ne d ire c tio n f o r c o untie s in the inc o m e d e c ile . S o m e o f the f e ature s are lab e le d , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 . 0 S u b s c r i b e r s h i p R a t i o Lower Income Median Household Income by Decile Higher Income S u b s c ri b e rs h i p Rati o A ve ra g e 0 . 5 0 M e d i a n 0 . 5 0 0 . 5 8 0 . 5 8 0 . 6 2 0 . 6 3 0 . 6 6 0 . 6 6 0 . 6 9 0 . 6 8 0 . 7 0 0 . 7 0 0 . 7 2 0 . 7 2 0 . 7 4 0 . 7 4 0 . 7 8 0 . 7 8 0 . 8 6 0 . 8 8 49 Max Q 1 Q 3 Median Min Figure 45 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of December 31, 2016 S o urc e s : F C C F o rm 4 7 7 ; 2 0 1 1 -2 0 1 5 A C S 5 -ye ar E s tim ate s ; C e ns us 2 0 1 0 . o b s e rvatio n b e lo w Q 3 +1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ); and is any d ata p o int b e yo nd Q 1 -1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ) o r Q3 +1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ). Ratio s g re ate r than 1 we re s e t to 1 . b ut no te als o that + d e no te s the p o s itio n o f the ave rag e re s id e ntial s ub s c rib e rs hip ratio take n ac ro s s all c o untie s in the d e c ile ; is the minim um o b s e rvatio n ab o ve Q 1 -1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ); T is the maxim um No te : E ac h b o x p lo t s ho ws the d is trib utio n o f re s id e ntial s ub s c rib e rs hip to c o nne c tio ns o ve r 2 0 0 kb p s in at le as t o ne d ire c tio n f o r c o untie s in the d e ns ity d e c ile . S o m e o f the f e ature s are lab e le d , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 . 0 S u b s c r i b e r s h i p R a t i o Lower Density County Household Density by Decile Higher Density S u b s c ri b e rs h i p Rati o A ve ra g e 0 . 6 7 M e d i a n 0 . 6 7 0 . 6 6 0 . 6 6 0 . 6 0 0 . 6 1 0 . 6 0 0 . 6 0 0 . 6 3 0 . 6 2 0 . 6 5 0 . 6 5 0 . 6 9 0 . 6 9 0 . 7 5 0 . 7 4 0 . 8 0 0 . 8 1 0 . 7 8 0 . 8 5 50 Max Q 1 Q 3 Median Min Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2016 S o urc e s : F C C F o rm 4 7 7 ; 2 0 1 1 -2 0 1 5 A C S 5 -ye ar E s tim ate s ; C e ns us 2 0 1 0 . o b s e rvatio n b e lo w Q 3 +1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ); and is a d ata p o int b e yo nd Q 1 -1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ) o r Q3 +1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ). Ratio s g re ate r than 1 we re s e t to 1 . b ut no te als o that + d e no te s the p o s itio n o f the ave rag e re s id e ntial s ub s c rib e rs hip ratio take n ac ro s s all c o untie s in the d e c ile ; is the minim um o b s e rvatio n ab o ve Q 1 -1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ); T is the maxim um No te : E ac h b o x p lo t s ho ws the d is trib utio n o f re s id e ntial s ub s c rib e rs hip to c o nne c tio ns o ve r 2 0 0 kb p s in at le as t o ne d ire c tio n f o r c o untie s in the s hare d e c ile . S o m e o f the f e ature s are lab e le d , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 . 0 S u b s c r i b e r s h i p R a t i o Lower Share County Share of College Graduates by Decile Higher Share S u b s c ri b e rs h i p Rati o A ve ra g e 0 . 5 3 M e d i a n 0 . 5 5 0 . 5 8 0 . 5 8 0 . 6 0 0 . 6 1 0 . 6 4 0 . 6 5 0 . 6 5 0 . 6 5 0 . 6 8 0 . 6 9 0 . 7 1 0 . 7 2 0 . 7 5 0 . 7 5 0 . 8 1 0 . 8 2 0 . 8 8 0 . 8 9 51 Max Q 1 Q 3 Median Min Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2016 S o urc e s : F C C F o rm 4 7 7 ; 2 0 1 1 -2 0 1 5 A C S 5 -ye ar E s tim ate s ; C e ns us 2 0 1 0 . o b s e rvatio n b e lo w Q 3 +1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ); and is a d ata p o int b e yo nd Q 1 -1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ) o r Q3 +1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ). Ratio s g re ate r than 1 we re s e t to 1 . b ut no te als o that + d e no te s the p o s itio n o f the ave rag e re s id e ntial s ub s c rib e rs hip ratio take n ac ro s s all c o untie s in the d e c ile ; is the minim um o b s e rvatio n ab o ve Q 1 -1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ); T is the maxim um No te : E ac h b o x p lo t s ho ws the d is trib utio n o f re s id e ntial s ub s c rib e rs hip to c o nne c tio ns o ve r 2 0 0 kb p s in at le as t o ne d ire c tio n f o r c o untie s in the ave rag e ag e d e c ile . S o m e o f the f e ature s are lab e le d , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 . 0 S u b s c r i b e r s h i p R a t i o Lower Average Age County Average Age by Decile Higher Average Age S u b s c ri b e rs h i p Rati o A ve ra g e 0 . 7 4 M e d i a n 0 . 7 6 0 . 7 3 0 . 7 5 0 . 6 8 0 . 7 0 0 . 6 7 0 . 6 7 0 . 6 5 0 . 6 6 0 . 6 6 0 . 6 6 0 . 6 5 0 . 6 6 0 . 6 5 0 . 6 6 0 . 6 8 0 . 6 7 0 . 7 2 0 . 7 2 52 Max Q 1 Q 3 Median Min Figure 48 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share White Alone (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2016 S o urc e s : F C C F o rm 4 7 7 ; 2 0 1 1 -2 0 1 5 A C S 5 -ye ar E s tim ate s ; C e ns us 2 0 1 0 . is a d ata p o int b e yo nd Q 1 -1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ) o r Q3 +1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ). Ratio s g re ate r than 1 we re s e t to 1 . re s id e ntial s ub s c rib e rs hip ratio take n ac ro s s all c o untie s in the d e c ile ; is the minim um o b s e rvatio n ab o ve Q 1 -1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ); T is the maxim um o b s e rvatio n b e lo w Q 3 +1 .5 (Q 3 -Q 1 ); and d e c ile s b as e d o n the s hare o f the c o unty p o p ulatio n that re p o rte d the ir rac e as white alo ne . S o m e o f the f e ature s are lab e le d , b ut no te als o that + d e no te s the p o s itio n o f the ave rag e No te : E ac h b o x p lo t s ho ws the d is trib utio n o f re s id e ntial s ub s c rib e rs hip to c o nne c tio ns o ve r 2 0 0 kb p s in at le as t o ne d ire c tio n f o r c o untie s in e ac h rac e d e c ile . Co untie s we re g ro up e d into 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 . 0 S u b s c r i b e r s h i p R a t i o Lower Share County Share White Alone by Decile Higher Share S u b s c ri b e rs h i p Rati o A ve ra g e 0 . 5 7 M e d i a n 0 . 5 4 0 . 6 5 0 . 6 4 0 . 7 0 0 . 7 0 0 . 7 2 0 . 7 2 0 . 7 3 0 . 7 3 0 . 7 2 0 . 7 1 0 . 7 2 0 . 7 2 0 . 7 0 0 . 7 0 0 . 6 8 0 . 6 7 0 . 6 5 0 . 6 6 53 Low est Densit y Highest Densit y Figure 49 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of December 31, 2016 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) S o urc e s : F C C F o rm 4 7 7 ; 2 0 1 1 -2 0 1 5 A C S 5 -ye ar e s tim ate s ; and C e ns us 2 0 1 0 . c o nne c tio ns to ho us e ho ld s ac ro s s trac ts in the p e rc e ntile . e s tim ate d trac t ho us e ho ld s to trac t land are a f ro m the C e ns us B ure au. F o r e ac h p e rc e ntile , the he ig ht o f the b ar re p re s e nts the ho us e ho ld -we ig hte d ave rag e ratio o f re s id e ntial f ixe d T his c hart s ho ws s ub s c rib e rs hip ratio s b y te c hno lo g y and ho us e ho ld d e ns ity. T rac ts we re g ro up e d into 1 0 0 d e ns ity p e rc e ntile s b as e d o n ho us e ho ld s p e r s q uare mile , c alc ulate d as the ratio o f aD S L C able M o dem FT T P S atelli te Fi xed W ireless P e r c e n t a g e o f R e s i d e n t i a l F i x e d H i g h - S p e e d C o n n e c t i o n s 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 54 Richest Poor est Low est Densit y Highest Densit y 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Figure 50 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of December 31, 2016 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction by Tract) S o urc e s : F C C F o rm 4 7 7 ; 2 0 1 1 -2 0 1 5 A C S 5 -ye ar e s tim ate s ; and C e ns us 2 0 1 0 . re s id e ntial f ixe d c o nne c tio ns to ho us e ho ld s ac ro s s trac ts in the d e c ile . e s tim ate d trac t ho us e ho ld s to trac t land are a, and me d ian ho us e ho ld inc o m e . F o r e ac h q uantile , the he ig ht o f the g rid re p re s e nts the ho us e ho ld -we ig hte d ave rag e ratio o f T his c hart s ho ws s ub s c rib e rs hip ratio s b y ho us e ho ld d e ns ity and inc o m e q uantile s . T rac ts we re g ro up e d into 4 0 0 d e ns ity/inc o m e q uantile s b as e d o n ho us e ho ld s p e r s q uare mile , c alc ulate d as the ratio o f 55 Technical Notes General The information presented in this report is based on data from FCC Form 477. Through Form 477, facilities-based broadband providers submit information to the FCC about where they offer and have subscribers to Internet access services over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction. In June 2013, the Commission adopted several changes to Form 477.1 Detailed information about those changes and about the Form 477 reporting requirements in general is available at www.fcc.gov/form477. Due to technical difficulties in 2014 with the redesigned Form 477 filing interface, the filing deadline for Form 477 data as of June 30, 2014 was moved to December 11, 2014. Because of that delay, the Commission staff were not able to perform their typical process of identifying anomalies or errors in the data, following up with filers, and requesting updates to the data where appropriate – a process which usually generates a significant number of corrections and hence a more accurate Form 477 data set. Form 477 collects information about Internet access connections in service to end-user locations that are advertised to deliver information to and/or from the end user – that is, in at least one direction – at transfer rates (speeds) above 200 kilobits per second (kbps). Information is collected about the number of connections by the advertised speeds associated with each product subscribed to in the relevant geographic area, census tracts for fixed and states for mobile. Fixed providers report connections by the maximum advertised upload and download speeds, while mobile providers report connections by minimum advertised upload and download speeds. Fixed connections are further categorized by the technology employed by the part of the connection that terminates at the end-user location. Wherever a number of providers is cited in this report, multiple Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider. “(nd users” are residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based providers report information about connections they provide directly to their own end-user customers and also connections that they provide to Internet Service Providers for resale to end users. For Form 477 purposes, the facilities-based provider of a connection is the entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis. The mutually exclusive Form 477 technology categories are: asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (aDSL in this report), symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (sDSL), other copper wireline, cable modem, optical carrier / fiber to the end user, satellite, terrestrial fixed wireless (using licensed or unlicensed spectrum), mobile wireless, and all other (which is included to capture deployment of additional technologies over time). In the Form 477 data collection, aDSL-based services delivered over fiber-to-the-node architecture are reported in the aDSL category. The other wireline category comprises T1/DS1, T3/DS3, and other copper-based connections, not elsewhere categorized, that deliver Internet access service at the end-user 1 Modernizing the FCC Form 477 Data Program , WC Docket No. 11-10, Report and Order, 28 FCC Rcd 9887 (2013). See also High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2014 (March 2016) at 1-2, available at https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/internet-access-services-reports/internet-access-services- reports. 56 location. Ethernet connections delivering Internet access service are reported in the other wireline category if the connection terminates over copper and in the FTTP category if the connection terminates over fiber. Connections deployed over hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) architecture are reported in the cable modem category. Wireless ISPs (WISPs) report in the fixed wireless category if providing service to dispersed, fixed end-user locations and report in the mobile wireless category if providing a commercial service that can be received at any location within a service footprint. Wireless local area networks (such as Wi-Fi hotspots) that only enable local distribution and sharing of a premises connection are not included, although the shared premises connection is included. Numbers of connections presented in this report are not adjusted for the number of persons at a single end-user location who have access to, or who use, the Internet access services delivered over the connection to that location. Numbers of residential connections are estimated based on the total connections and percentage- residential connections information reported on Form 477. Census tracts Since the collection of data as of December 31, 2008, facilities-based providers of reportable fixed- location Internet access connections have been reporting connection counts at the census tract level of detail. Facilities-based mobile wireless providers report connection counts by state rather than census tract. The census tract-level data summarized in this report were collected for tracts in the 2010 decennial census. For the purposes of this report, there are 73,767 census tracts because we exclude census tracts delineated specifically to cover large bodies of water. About 110 of the census tracts have population but no households because the population resides in group living quarters. For the purpose of estimating residential subscribership rates by census tract, we assume these census tracts have no reportable residential Internet access service because persons residing in group quarters would have Internet access over a business connection provided to the operator of the group quarters. Therefore, these census tracts are included in the “]ero” column. Ratios of residential fixed-location connections to households that exceed 100% We estimate the share of households with fixed-location connections in individual census tracts by taking the ratio of the reported number of fixed-location residential service connections to the estimated number of households. :e continue to find “outlier” estimates at or above 1 and to find that the number of outliers is substantially reduced when estimates are made for individual counties rather than for individual census tracts. Possible explanations of ratios at or above 100% include (1) geocoding misallocations of service locations to census tracts; (2) proper allocation of connections to the county level by some filers, but improper allocation of all connections to a single tract in the county; (3) possible overestimation of residential connections in service plans for which the customer base is primarily residential; and (4) connections at seasonally or occasionally occupied housing units, such as vacation homes, while the household is counted elsewhere. The numbers of households in census tracts that were used to generate the estimated ratios are themselves estimates (from Census 2011-2015 ACS 5-year estimates), which could have an independent effect. 57 Maps showing residential subscribership rates by census tract The two maps based on estimated Internet access connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction per 1,000 households (that is, estimated household subscribership rates) exclude all connections identified as business connections and necessarily exclude residential mobile wireless connections (which are reported for the state but not for individual census tracts). 58 Glossary Term Definition aDSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line: A digital local loop typically using copper facilities and providing greater bandwidth in one direction than the other. Cable modem service A service which offers customers access to the Internet over a cable system. Downstream speed Speed of transmission from the Internet to the end user. End users Residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based provider Entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis. Fixed wireless A radio communication service between specified fixed points. Fixed technologies All technologies other than terrestrial mobile wireless. FTTH or FTTP Fiber to the Home (Premises): A network access architecture in which optical fiber is deployed all the way to the customer’s home (premises). Internet access service Service that provides end users access to the Internet. ISPs Internet Service Providers: Companies or organizations that provide Internet access service (see above). Mobile wireless service A radio communication service between mobile and fixed stations, or between mobile stations. Mobile wireless provider Provider of mobile wireless service (see above). Other wireline All copper-wire based technologies other than DSL technologies; Ethernet over copper and T-1 are examples. Power line Internet access service delivered over electric power transmission lines. Satellite communications A telecommunications service provided via one or more satellite relays and their associated uplinks and downlinks. sDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line: DSL technology that provides equal bandwidth for both uploads and downloads. Speed tiers Sub-groupings defined by ranges of upstream speeds and downstream speeds. Upstream speed Speed of transmission from the end user to the Internet. Wi-Fi hotspot Wireless Fidelity: Generic term referring to any type of IEEE 802.11 wireless network. A hotspot is a small geographic area in which users 59 can gain access to a Wi-Fi network which in turn connects to the Internet. Wireless service Telephone, Internet, data, and other services provided to customers through the transmission of signals over networks of radio towers. Wireless service provider Provider of wireless service (see above). WISP Wireless ISP: A company that provides end users with wireless access to the Internet, most commonly by using radio spectrum designated for unlicensed use. 60 Customer Response Publication: Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2016 You can help us provide the best possible information to the public by completing this form and returning it to the Industry Analysis and Technology Division of the FCC's Wireline Competition Bureau. 1. Please check the category that best describes you: ____ press ____ current telecommunications carrier ____ potential telecommunications carrier ____ business customer evaluating vendors/service options ____ consultant, law firm, lobbyist ____ other business customer ____ academic/student ____ residential customer ____ FCC employee ____ other federal government employee ____ state or local government employee ____ Other (please specify) 2. 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