Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2017 Industry Analysis Division Office of Economics & Analytics August 2019 This report is available for reference in the FCC s Reference Information Center, Courtyard Level, 445 12th Street, SW, Washington, DC. Copies may be purchased by contacting Best Copy and Printing, Inc., 445 12th Street, SW, Room CY-B402, Washington, DC 20554, telephone (800) 378-3160, or via their website at www.bcpiweb.com. The report can also be downloaded from the Internet Access Services Reports webpage at https://www.fcc.gov/economics-analytics/industry-analysis-division/iad-data-statistical-reports. TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS .....................................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 Total Connections ....................................................................................................................2 Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections by Speed 2014-2017 .....................................2 Connections by Speed ..............................................................................................................3 Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed .............................3 Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Upstream Speed .................................4 Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Speed 2014-2017 ........................................................5 Number of Providers by Census Block ..................................................................................6 Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Report Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband .....................................6 Internet Access Subscribership ..............................................................................................7 Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2002-2017 ........................................................................7 Other Report Highlights..........................................................................................................8 SECTION 2: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE NATION ..............................................10 SECTION 3: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE STATES ...............................................28 SECTION 4: SUMMARY STATISTICS - COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS .......38 SECTION 5: CORRELATION RESULTS - DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES ..............48 Technical Notes ......................................................................................................................55 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................58 SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS Introduction This report summarizes information about Internet access connections in the United States as of December 31, 2017 as collected by FCC Form 477. For purposes of this report, Internet access connections are those in service, over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction, and reported to the FCC through Form 477.1 The report includes data on total and residential Internet access connections by downstream and upstream speed, by technology, by geography, and over time. Section 2 of the report presents nationwide statistics, Section 3 provides state-level data, and Section 4 includes data on the subscribership differences among counties and census tracts.2 In addition, Section 5 of the report includes an analysis of the correlations between subscribership ratios and various demographic measures.3 Maps depicting the number of fixed connections per 1,000 households by census tract are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/reports- research/reports/internet-access-services-reports/internet-access-services-reports. 1 See the Technical Notes and Glossary at the end of this report for more-detailed information about the Form 477 data collection and the meaning of terms used in this report. Note that the Form 477 data for the June 30, 2014 filing period were not subject to typical quality checks. See Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2014 (March 2016) at 2, available at https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-338630A1.pdf. In addition, the figures on mobile broadband subscribership by speed tier (formerly Figures 4(a), 4(b), and 12) have been removed to maintain firm confidentiality. 2 The Commission began collecting census tract-level data for data as of December 31, 2008. See High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2008 (February 2010) at 1-4, available at http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/high-speed-services-internet-access-reports (December 2008 High-Speed Report). 3 Publicly-available data that are too voluminous to include in this report are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/general/fcc-form-477-additional-data. 1 Total Connections " As shown in Figure 1, total Internet connections increased by about 4% between December 2016 and December 2017 to 421 million. Mobile Internet connections increased 4.5% year-over-year to 313 million in December 2017, while fixed connections grew to 108 million  up about 2% from December 2016. " Although Mobile Internet connections were revised upward for our last report, we believe this number remains underreported by as much as 5% through December 2017. Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections 2014-2017 421.0 405.0 408.8 108.2 395.6 400 105.7 106.3 104.1 375.9 102.2 357.6 100.2 350 338.2 98.2 312.8 300 299.3 302.6 291.5 273.7 250 257.4 240.0 200 Connections Millions in 150 100 50 0 Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 Fixed Mobile The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. Connections include both residential and business connections. 2 Connections by Speed Fixed connections  downstream speeds. Figure 2(a) illustrates how the 108 million fixed connections reported for Decmeber 2017 were distributed across the five groups of downstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 3 Mbps, 10 Mbps, 25 Mbps, and 100 Mbps. Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections (108.2 million) by Downstream Speed as of December 31, 2017 2.8% 37.5% 11.2% 16.9% 31.5% Downstream Speed Less than 3 Mbps (3.1 million) At least 3 Mbps & less than 10 Mbps (12.1 million) At least 10 Mbps & less than 25 Mbps (18.3 million) At least 25 Mbps & less than 100 Mbps (34.1 million) At least 100 Mbps (40.6 million) " In December 2017, 3% of fixed connections (or 3 million connections) were slower than 3 Mbps downstream, 11% (or 12 million connections) were at least 3 Mbps downstream but slower than 10 Mbps, 17% (or 18 million connections) were at least 10 Mbps downstream but slower than 25 Mbps, 32% (or 34 million connections) were at least 25 Mbps downstream but slower than 100 Mbps, and 38% (or 41 million connections) were at least 100 Mbps.4 4 See Figure 9. 3 Fixed connections  upstream speeds. Figure 2(b) illustrates how the 108 million fixed connections reported for December 2017 were distributed across the four groups of upstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 1 Mbps, 3 Mbps, and 6 Mbps. Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections (108.2 million) by Upstream Speed as of December 31, 2017 10.1% 45.0% 17.6% 27.3% Upstream Speed Less than 1 Mbps (10.9 million) At least 1 Mbps & less than 3 Mbps (19.1 million) At least 3 Mbps & less than 6 Mbps (29.5 million) At least 6 Mbps (48.7 million) " In December 2017, 10% of fixed connections (or 11 million connections) were slower than 1 Mbps upstream, 18% (or 19 million connections) were at least 1 Mbps upstream but slower than 3 Mbps, 27% (or 30 million connections) were at least 3 Mbps upstream but slower than 6 Mbps, and 45% (or 49 million connections) were at least 6 Mbps upstream.5 Fixed connections by downstream speed over time. Figure 3 illustrates how the composition of total fixed Internet connections by different speed groups has changed from 2014 to 2017. 5 Ibid. 4 Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2014-2017 108.2 105.7 106.3 104.1 40.6 102.2 24.5 29.4 100.2 18.4 98.2 15.5 100 12.4 9.5 34.0 37.5 39.2 40.8 38.9 39.5 34.1 27.5 50 25.8 25.1 24.1 Connections Millions in 23.4 20.6 18.3 19.3 18.0 16.6 15.7 15.0 13.3 12.1 7.9 6.6 5.8 5.0 3.9 3.4 0 3.1 Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 At least 100 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps Less than 3 Mbps The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. Connections include both residential and business connections. " The percentage of fixed connections with a downstream speed of at least 25 Mbps has grown from 44% (or 44 million connections) in December 2014 to 69% (or 75 million connections) in December 2017. Over the same period, the percentage of fixed connections with slower downstream speeds of less than 3 Mbps has decreased from 8% (or 8 million connections) in December 2014 to 3% (or 3 million connections) in December 2017. 5 Number of Providers by Census Block In Figure 4, we show the percentage of  developed census blocks  blocks that contain housing units  with zero, one, two, or three or more fixed broadband providers offering residential Internet access service at different speeds in December 2017. This information is taken from the block-level Form 477 fixed broadband deployment data that the Commission began collecting in 2014.6 A provider that reports offering service in a particular census block may not offer service, or service at that speed, to all locations in the census block. Accordingly, the number of providers shown in Figure 4 does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household and does not purport to measure competition. Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Reported the Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband as of December 31, 2017 100 92 84 73 5 21 90 80 44 70 60 50 40 30 31 23 Percentage of Census Blocks with Housing Units 20 14 10 7 5 0 At least 3 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps At least 100 Mbps downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least 768 kbps upstream* 1 Mbps upstream* 3 Mbps upstream 10 Mbps upstream 0 Providers 1 Provider 2 Providers 3+ Providers * Satellite service providers are included in this analysis. Satellite service providers report offering Internet access at bandwidths of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream in 99.8% of developed census blocks Column figures may not sum to 100% due to rounding. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2010 census. 6 Download these data and explore the interactive map at https://broadbandmap.fcc.gov/#/. 6 Internet Access Subscribership Figure 5 illustrates the number of total and residential fixed Internet access connections (connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction except mobile wireless connections), as well as the number of total fixed connections per 100 persons and the number of residential fixed connections per 100 households, since 2002.7 Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2002-2017 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) 110,000 100 100,000 90 90,000 80 80,000 70 70,000 60 60,000 50 50,000 40 40,000 30 30,000 Connections per per Connections 100 Units Connections in in Connections Thousands 20 20,000 10,000 10 0 0 Residential Fixed Connections (left axis) Total Fixed Connections (left axis) Residential Fixed Connections per 100 Households (right axis) Total Fixed Connections per 100 Population (right axis) " Between December 2007 and December 2017, total (business and residential) fixed connections grew from 70 million connections to 108 million connections  at a compound annual growth rate of 4% per year.8 7 For data through December 2004, only those providers with at least 250 connections in a state were required to report. Historical fixed-location connection counts not included in this report may be found in June 2008 High- Speed Report at Tables 1 and 3, available in Excel format at https://www.fcc.gov/general/reports-high-speed- services-internet-access. 8 The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a smoothed rate of growth calculated in three steps: divide the ending value by the beginning value; raise the result of that division to a power equal to one divided by the number of years in the period (in this case, 10 years, so the power is 1/10); subtract the number one from the result of the second step. 7 " Over the same ten-year period, residential fixed connections grew from 65 million connections to 99 million connections  also at a compound annual growth rate of 4% per year. " From June 2007 to June 2017, the number of residential fixed connections per 100 U.S. households increased from 51 to 75.9 Other Report Highlights Typical speeds " The median downstream speed of all reported fixed connections was 60 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 5 Mbps. For residential fixed connections, the median downstream speed was 60 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 5 Mbps. Residential connections " Residential fixed Internet access connections increased by about 2% between December 2016 and December 2017, to 99 million. See Figure 7. " Residential (non-business) mobile wireless Internet access connections on mobile devices with data plans for full Internet access increased by 5%, to 266 million, between December 2016 and December 2017. See Figure 7. " Approximately 85% of residential fixed connections had a speed of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream in December 2017, while 70% had a speed of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream. About 39% percent of all residential fixed connections had a downstream speed of at least 100 Mbps. See Figures 10 and 27. " As a national average in December 2017, there were 71 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream per 100 households; 58 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream per 100 households; and 27 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 100 Mbps downstream and 10 Mbps upstream per 100 households.10 See Figure 32. 9 We calculate residential fixed connections per 100 households using, in the denominator, U.S. household estimates from the Census Bureau s Current Population Survey (CPS) for July of each year and, for Puerto Rico and the other inhabited island areas, Census 2010 households for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 households for the earlier years. (The CPS also estimates U.S. households for March and November of each year.) Figure 5 also shows total (business and residential) fixed connections per 100 population, which we calculate using U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for the United States and Puerto Rico  which are as of July 1 each year  and, for the remaining inhabited island areas, Census 2010 population for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 population for the earlier years. This statistic incorporates connections to business locations into a comparison to persons. (We note that the ratio of accurately-measured residential fixed connections to population has a maximum value for any given country and point in time  the value when every household is connected  if we assume that no household would have more than one fixed connection to its premises. For the United States in June, for example, the maximum value would be 39 because there were about 129 million households in the United States and inhabited insular areas and a population of about 329 million according to the sources used for Figure 5.) 10 Increases over time in the ratio of residential fixed connections to households indicate that increasing shares of households are connected at home. The ratio is somewhat different from the  take rate of offered service (which may also be called an  adoption rate ) because some households may be located in areas where no fixed-location service is offered. These methodological differences are discussed in greater detail in Inquiry Concerning the 8 Census tract and county shares of households with reportable connections " We estimate the share of households with fixed Internet access connections in individual census tracts and counties as of December 31, 2017.11 We continue to observe substantial variation among these estimates. See Figures 37 and 39. Household subscribership rates and demographics " The report includes charts that illustrate correlations between household subscribership rates and demographic measures. We update charts based on income, household density, education and age. The data indicate that some demographic variables are correlated with Internet access subscribership rates. See Figures 44-49. Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Amended by the Broadband Data Improvement Act, GN Docket No.11-121, Eighth Broadband Progress Report, 27 FCC Rcd 10342, 10386, para. 94 (2012). 11 For both census tracts and counties, we continue to find estimates above 100% for the share of households with fixed Internet access connections. See p. 57 for more information. 9 SECTION 2 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE NATION Table of Contents Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2013-2017 .......................... 12 Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2013-2017 ................................................................................................ 12 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Speed 2013-2017 .............................................. 13 Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2017 ......................................................................... 14 Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2017 ................................................................. 15 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2013-2017 ................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 12 Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2017 ........................................... 16 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2013-2017 ................................................................................................................ 17 Figure 14 Residential Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2017 ........................ 17 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2013-2017 ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 16 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2013-2017 ...................................................................... 18 Figure 17 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2017 ............................................................................................ 19 Figure 18 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2017 ..................................................................... 19 Figure 19 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2017 ...................................................................... 20 Figure 20 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2017 ................................................ 20 Figure 21 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2017 ............................................................................................ 21 Figure 22 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2017 ..................................................................... 21 Figure 23 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2017 ....................................................................................... 22 Figure 24 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2017 ................................................................ 22 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2013-2017 (Shares of Selected Technologies) .................................... 23 10 Figure 26 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2013-2017 (Net Adds for Selected Technologies) .............................. 23 Figure 27 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2017 (Shares of Selected Technologies for Selected Speeds) ......................................... 24 Figure 28 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2017 ................................................................................................. 25 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2017 ................................................................................................. 26 Figure 30 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2013-2017 ...................................................................... 27 Figure 31 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction - Selected Technologies 2013-2017 ....................................................... 27 11 Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2013-2017 (In thousands) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Technology Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 293,397 324,471 338,202 357,613 375,895 395,603 404,971 408,816 420,966 Total Fixed 96,032 95,982 98,245 100,179 102,216 104,087 105,715 106,254 108,188 Mobile Wireless 197,365 228,489 239,957 257,434 273,679 291,516 299,256 302,562 312,778 Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2013-2017 (In thousands) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Technology Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 246,797 277,551 290,696 306,292 322,557 341,537 349,607 353,057 365,040 Total Fixed 87,599 87,345 89,530 91,439 93,434 95,001 96,607 97,071 98,832 Mobile Wireless 159,197 190,205 201,166 214,853 229,122 246,537 253,000 255,986 266,208 * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. 12 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2014-2017 100 98.8 96.6 97.1 95.0 39.0 93.4 23.6 28.2 91.4 17.7 89.5 14.9 11.9 9.2 32.5 35.6 37.2 75 38.5 36.4 36.8 31.2 50 24.7 23.1 22.4 Connections in Millions 21.4 20.8 18.0 16.2 25 16.7 15.6 14.4 13.6 13.0 11.6 10.3 6.4 5.2 4.6 3.9 2.8 0 Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 At least 100 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps Less than 3 Mbps The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. 13 Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2017 >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 11.1% >= 3 Mbps 3.7% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 5.1% < 1 Mbps 2.2% < 1 Mbps 5.8% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 0.7% < 1 Mbps 2.1% >= 3 Mbps 30.8% >= 3 Mbps 37.5% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 0.7% Downstream Speed < 3 Mbps; 2.8% >= 3 Mbps & < 10 Mbps; 11.2% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 16.9% >= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 31.5% >= 100 Mbps; 37.5% Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 3 At least 10 At least 25 Mbps Mbps Mbps and less and less and less Less than 3 than 10 than 25 than 100 At least 100 Upstream Speed Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Total Less than 1 Mbps 2,298 6,278 2,334 # # 10,910 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 762 5,517 11,969 798 6 19,052 At least 3 Mbps 4 301 4,003 33,305 40,612 78,226 Total 3,064 12,096 18,306 34,104 40,618 108,188 Percentages Less than 1 Mbps 2.1 5.8 2.2 0.0 0.0 10.1 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 0.7 5.1 11.1 0.7 0.0 17.6 At least 3 Mbps 0.0 0.3 3.7 30.8 37.5 72.3 Total 2.8 11.2 16.9 31.5 37.5 100.0 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero. Source: FCC Form 477. 14 Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2017 >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 10.7% >= 3 Mbps 3.4% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 4.8% < 1 Mbps 2.2% < 1 Mbps 5.4% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 0.4% < 1 Mbps 1.8% >= 3 Mbps 30.8% >= 3 Mbps 39.5% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 0.8% Downstream Speed < 3 Mbps; 2.3% >= 3 Mbps & < 10 Mbps; 10.4% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 16.3% >= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 31.6% >= 100 Mbps; 39.5% Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 3 At least 10 At least 25 Mbps Mbps Mbps and less and less and less Less than 3 than 10 than 25 than 100 At least 100 Upstream Speed Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Total Less than 1 Mbps 1,809 5,315 2,194 # 0 9,318 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 417 4,789 10,600 742 5 16,554 At least 3 Mbps 4 148 3,361 30,445 39,002 72,960 Total 2,230 10,253 16,155 31,187 39,007 98,832 Percentages Less than 1 Mbps 1.8 5.4 2.2 0.0 0.0 9.4 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 0.4 4.8 10.7 0.8 0.0 16.7 At least 3 Mbps 0.0 0.1 3.4 30.8 39.5 73.8 Total 2.3 10.4 16.3 31.6 39.5 100.0 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero. Source: FCC Form 477. 15 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2013-2017 (In thousands) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Technology Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 293,397 324,471 338,202 357,613 375,895 395,603 404,971 408,816 420,966 Total Fixed 96,032 95,982 98,245 100,179 102,216 104,087 105,715 106,254 108,188 aDSL 30,690 29,870 29,533 29,351 28,134 27,488 26,527 25,506 24,193 sDSL 108 96 72 77 60 55 42 44 28 Other Wireline1 772 792 773 706 694 674 655 668 631 Cable Modem 54,009 54,011 55,785 57,244 59,706 61,456 63,325 64,059 66,195 FTTP2 7,745 8,312 9,077 9,688 10,498 11,143 12,053 12,906 13,978 Satellite 1,849 1,964 2,006 2,058 2,071 2,079 1,864 1,826 1,872 Fixed Wireless 858 935 999 1,056 1,054 1,192 1,250 1,245 1,292 Mobile Wireless 197,365 228,489 239,957 257,434 273,679 291,516 299,256 302,562 312,778 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 12 Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2017 Cable Modem 15.7% FTTP 3.3% aDSL 5.7% All Other 0.9% Mobile Wireless 74.3% 16 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2013-2017 (In thousands) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Technology Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 246,797 277,551 290,696 306,292 322,557 341,537 349,607 353,057 365,040 Total Fixed 87,599 87,345 89,530 91,439 93,434 95,001 96,607 97,071 98,832 aDSL 27,248 26,675 26,442 26,157 25,139 24,486 23,691 22,775 21,653 sDSL 39 30 19 18 16 10 8 12 9 Other Wireline1 22 57 59 59 54 51 32 74 68 Cable Modem 50,709 50,389 52,061 53,544 55,799 57,358 59,145 59,687 61,567 FTTP2 7,176 7,605 8,262 8,842 9,592 10,140 10,956 11,776 12,702 Satellite 1,643 1,760 1,803 1,875 1,891 1,897 1,676 1,637 1,688 Fixed Wireless 763 829 884 944 943 1,059 1,099 1,111 1,146 Mobile Wireless 159,197 190,205 201,166 214,853 229,122 246,537 253,000 255,986 266,208 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 14 Residential Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2017 Cable Modem 16.9% FTTP 3.5% aDSL 5.9% All Other 0.8% Mobile Wireless 72.9% 17 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2013-2017 (In thousands) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Technology Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 78,175 78,981 83,872 89,011 92,356 95,516 98,761 100,098 102,035 aDSL 18,540 17,246 18,557 20,947 20,744 21,147 21,042 20,621 19,257 sDSL 36 33 28 24 20 20 20 24 17 Other Wireline1 308 310 308 297 330 336 328 355 370 Cable Modem 50,236 51,304 53,853 55,819 58,423 60,343 62,855 63,719 65,905 FTTP2 7,486 8,111 8,974 9,552 10,383 11,030 11,953 12,813 13,870 Satellite 1,181 1,424 1,558 1,690 1,744 1,775 1,609 1,586 1,563 Fixed Wireless 388 553 594 681 712 865 954 981 1,054 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 16 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2013-2017 (In thousands) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Technology Dec Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 72,476 73,042 77,540 82,320 85,439 88,197 91,258 92,354 93,977 aDSL 16,715 15,673 16,867 18,988 18,866 19,207 19,133 18,719 17,480 sDSL 13 7 2 1 2 2 3 7 6 Other Wireline1 20 45 50 45 47 49 31 73 67 Cable Modem 47,258 47,924 50,308 52,254 54,650 56,353 58,784 59,410 61,334 FTTP2 6,958 7,491 8,246 8,750 9,512 10,063 10,883 11,704 12,616 Satellite 1,177 1,419 1,552 1,682 1,734 1,764 1,596 1,571 1,545 Fixed Wireless 335 483 516 599 628 759 829 870 929 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. 18 Figure 17 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2017 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 63,823 68,238 72,713 76,939 80,458 84,112 86,967 90,694 aDSL 7,561 8,560 9,471 9,799 10,349 10,810 11,321 11,596 sDSL 9 6 9 8 8 10 14 9 Other Wireline1 169 186 182 203 210 217 253 273 Cable Modem 47,296 49,837 52,658 55,710 57,951 60,349 61,704 63,977 FTTP2 7,601 8,320 8,874 9,575 10,142 11,000 11,884 12,954 Satellite 1,016 1,136 1,298 1,393 1,467 1,342 1,373 1,402 Fixed Wireless 170 193 221 252 330 383 418 484 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 18 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2017 FTTP 14.3% aDSL 12.8% All Other 2.4% Cable Modem 70.5% 19 Figure 19 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2017 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 59,729 63,732 67,898 71,784 74,840 78,202 80,671 84,156 aDSL 7,025 7,970 8,743 9,069 9,526 9,963 10,415 10,657 sDSL 3 # # 1 2 2 6 5 Other Wireline1 33 36 38 43 47 30 71 64 Cable Modem 44,480 46,772 49,487 52,294 54,274 56,538 57,617 59,863 FTTP2 7,032 7,653 8,144 8,776 9,248 10,004 10,835 11,762 Satellite 1,014 1,133 1,293 1,386 1,460 1,333 1,362 1,387 Fixed Wireless 142 167 191 213 283 332 365 418 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 20 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2017 FTTP 14.0% aDSL 12.7% All Other 2.2% Cable Modem 71.1% 20 Figure 21 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2017 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 Technology Jun+ Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 35,924 42,713 48,784 54,335 58,753 62,907 68,041 73,329 aDSL 421 587 762 938 1,239 1,476 2,530 3,586 sDSL 2 1 1 * * * * * Other Wireline1 114 125 125 141 158 170 207 224 Cable Modem 30,769 36,383 40,979 45,530 48,696 51,740 54,829 57,869 FTTP2 4,600 5,589 6,871 7,691 8,608 9,449 10,374 11,525 Satellite # # # * * * * * Fixed Wireless 19 28 47 55 72 92 120 145 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. + The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 22 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2017 aDSL 4.9% FTTP Cable Modem 15.6% 78.3% All Other 1.3% 21 Figure 23 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2017 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 Technology Jun+ Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 34,437 40,916 46,532 51,788 55,694 59,463 64,253 68,869 aDSL 397 556 727 897 1,173 1,408 2,418 3,410 sDSL # # # * * * * * Other Wireline1 22 26 26 31 41 27 67 59 Cable Modem 29,806 35,202 39,416 43,746 46,527 49,300 52,154 54,747 FTTP2 4,198 5,111 6,323 7,089 7,916 8,674 9,532 10,553 Satellite 0 0 0 * * * * * Fixed Wireless 14 22 40 46 57 75 101 120 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. + The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. # = Rounds to zero. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 24 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2017 aDSL 4.9% FTTP Cable Modem 15.2% 78.8% All Other 1.1% 22 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2013-2017 (Shares of selected technologies) 100 31.1 30.5 29.5 28.6 26.9 25.8 24.5 23.5 21.9 90 80 12.9 12.1 11.3 10.7 10.3 70 9.2 9.7 8.2 8.7 2.9 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.1 62.3 60 3.1 3.1 3.2 61.2 61.5 2.8 59.7 60.4 57.9 57.7 58.1 58.6 50 40 30 20 Percentage of Residential Fixed Connections Fixed Residential of Percentage 10 0 Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec 2013 2014* 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 aDSL Cable Modem FTTP All Other Fixed * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 26 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2013-2017 (Net adds for selected technologies) 4000 3739 3345 3000 2422 2000 1746 1352 1330 1364 1086 1000 0 -1000 -806 Connections in ThousandsConnections in -1302 -1448 -2000 -2038 -3000 Dec 2013 to Dec 2014 to Dec 2015 to Dec 2016 to Dec 2014 Dec 2015 Dec 2016 Dec 2017 aDSL Cable Modem FTTP 23 Figure 27 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2017 (Shares of selected technologies for selected speeds, connections in thousands) Connections 98,832 93,977 84,156 69,447 32,040 100 2.9 2.7 2.2 13.6 15.2 12.9 13.4 14.0 90 85.9 62.3 65.3 71.1 78.8 80 70 60 50 40 Estimated Percentage of Households of Percentage Estimated 30 20 21.9 18.6 12.7 10 4.9 0 Over 200 kbps in at At least 3 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps At least 100 Mbps least one direction downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least 768 kbps upstream 1 Mbps upstream 3 Mbps upstream 10 Mbps upstream aDSL Cable Modem FTTP All Other Fixed 24 Figure 28 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2017 (In thousands) Downstream Speed At least 1.5 Mbps At least 3 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps Less than and less than and less than and less than and less than At least 100 Technology 1.5 Mbps 3 Mbps 10 Mbps 25 Mbps 100 Mbps Mbps Total aDSL 717 1,376 8,557 9,513 3,958 72 24,193 sDSL 6 6 7 6 * * 28 Other Wireline1 30 228 100 48 29 195 631 Cable Modem 60 64 2,051 5,834 22,688 35,499 66,195 FTTP 45 35 602 1,736 6,746 4,814 13,978 Satellite 282 23 165 837 * * 1,872 Fixed Wireless 62 130 615 332 115 37 1,292 Total 1,202 1,862 12,096 18,306 34,104 40,618 108,188 Percentages aDSL 0.7 1.3 7.9 8.8 3.7 0.1 22.4 sDSL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 Other Wireline1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 Cable Modem 0.1 0.1 1.9 5.4 21.0 32.8 61.2 FTTP 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.6 6.2 4.4 12.9 Satellite 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.8 * * 1.7 Fixed Wireless 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.2 Total 1.1 1.7 11.2 16.9 31.5 37.5 100.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 25 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2017 (In thousands) Downstream Speed At least 1.5 Mbps At least 3 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps Less than and less than and less than and less than and less than At least 100 Technology 1.5 Mbps 3 Mbps 10 Mbps 25 Mbps 100 Mbps Mbps Total aDSL 640 1,124 7,418 8,653 3,755 64 21,653 sDSL 2 1 1 4 * * 9 Other Wireline1 # 1 3 5 6 53 68 Cable Modem 54 35 1,573 4,856 20,561 34,488 61,567 FTTP 34 26 543 1,515 6,207 4,376 12,702 Satellite 133 8 160 830 * * 1,688 Fixed Wireless 54 118 554 291 101 27 1,146 Total 917 1,313 10,253 16,155 31,187 39,007 98,832 Percentages aDSL 0.6 1.1 7.5 8.8 3.8 0.1 21.9 sDSL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 Other Wireline1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Cable Modem 0.1 0.0 1.6 4.9 20.8 34.9 62.3 FTTP 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.5 6.3 4.4 12.9 Satellite 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.8 * * 1.7 Fixed Wireless 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.2 Total 0.9 1.3 10.4 16.3 31.6 39.5 100.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 26 Figure 30 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2013-2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Technology Dec Jun+ Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec aDSL 851 793 793 792 778 769 774 769 742 sDSL 239 192 187 177 180 171 161 161 151 Other Wireline1 245 270 245 240 250 244 236 243 236 Cable Modem 407 394 402 393 392 388 385 383 382 FTTP 744 879 910 931 990 1,016 1,067 1,103 1,148 Satellite 5 16 14 10 10 6 6 5 6 Fixed Wireless 825 872 922 948 982 1,025 1,068 1,093 1,153 Mobile Wireless 77 91 98 100 96 99 97 97 83 Power Line and Other1 * - - - - - - - - Total 1,773 1,816 1,872 1,881 1,917 1,955 1,999 2,028 2,083 1 For this Figure, the categories Power Line and All Other were combined with Other Wireline from June 2014 forward. + The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). Multiple Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider. * = 1-3 providers. The Commission approved changes to the Form 477 in June 2013 that affect the data beginning in June 2014 (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figure 31 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction Selected Technologies 2013-2017 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 Number Providers of 400 300 200 100 0 Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 aDSL Cable Modem FTTP Mobile Wireless 27 SECTION 3 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE STATES Table of Contents Figure 32 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2017 ......................................................................................... 29 Figure 33 Connections by Type of End User by State as of December 31, 2017 .................... 31 Figure 34 Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2017 ............................. 32 Figure 35 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2017 .................................................................................................. 34 Figure 36 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2017 ......... 36 28 Figure 32 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2017 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in At least 10 Mbps Down At least 25 Mbps Down At least 100 Mbps Down at least One Direction and 1 Mbps Up and 3 Mbps Up and 10 Mbps Up Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership State Households Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Alabama 1,857 1,331 0.72 1,050 0.57 791 0.43 266 0.14 Alaska 253 201 0.79 158 0.63 * * * * American Samoa 10 * * 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Arizona 2,482 2,116 0.85 1,667 0.67 1,361 0.55 655 0.26 Arkansas 1,147 770 0.67 562 0.49 362 0.32 112 0.10 California 12,888 11,251 0.87 9,977 0.77 8,215 0.64 4,175 0.32 Colorado 2,083 1,864 0.90 1,487 0.71 1,362 0.65 534 0.26 Connecticut 1,362 1,201 0.88 1,080 0.79 882 0.65 423 0.31 Delaware 352 327 0.93 311 0.88 300 0.85 116 0.33 District of Columbia 278 242 0.87 224 0.81 213 0.77 * * Florida 7,511 7,134 0.95 6,395 0.85 5,319 0.71 2,654 0.35 Georgia 3,663 2,983 0.81 2,493 0.68 1,942 0.53 733 0.20 Guam 42 * * * * * * 0 0.00 Hawaii 456 423 0.93 418 0.92 * * * * Idaho 609 495 0.81 302 0.50 236 0.39 48 0.08 Illinois 4,818 3,834 0.80 3,328 0.69 2,630 0.55 904 0.19 Indiana 2,537 1,934 0.76 1,572 0.62 1,195 0.47 525 0.21 Iowa 1,252 935 0.75 658 0.53 544 0.43 181 0.14 Kansas 1,122 883 0.79 696 0.62 489 0.44 255 0.23 Kentucky 1,725 1,272 0.74 958 0.56 673 0.39 449 0.26 Louisiana 1,738 1,256 0.72 1,031 0.59 742 0.43 266 0.15 Maine 554 484 0.87 367 0.66 243 0.44 138 0.25 Maryland 2,181 1,897 0.87 1,787 0.82 1,678 0.77 659 0.30 Massachusetts 2,586 2,334 0.90 2,195 0.85 2,113 0.82 857 0.33 Michigan 3,889 3,021 0.78 2,610 0.67 2,108 0.54 602 0.15 Minnesota 2,153 1,740 0.81 1,344 0.62 1,177 0.55 318 0.15 Mississippi 1,104 675 0.61 500 0.45 310 0.28 78 0.07 Missouri 2,386 1,801 0.75 1,388 0.58 1,042 0.44 415 0.17 Montana 420 337 0.80 239 0.57 204 0.49 50 0.12 Nebraska 748 579 0.77 445 0.59 342 0.46 173 0.23 29 Figure 32 - Continued Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2017 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in At least 10 Mbps Down At least 25 Mbps Down At least 100 Mbps Down at least One Direction and 1 Mbps Up and 3 Mbps Up and 10 Mbps Up Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership State Households Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Nevada 1,052 909 0.86 778 0.74 612 0.58 * * New Hampshire 527 471 0.90 409 0.78 369 0.70 166 0.31 New Jersey 3,199 2,942 0.92 2,805 0.88 2,712 0.85 1,394 0.44 New Mexico 770 557 0.72 358 0.46 305 0.40 81 0.11 New York 7,303 6,244 0.85 5,842 0.80 5,282 0.72 3,287 0.45 North Carolina 3,874 3,248 0.84 2,629 0.68 2,273 0.59 1,456 0.38 North Dakota 312 250 0.80 223 0.72 194 0.62 51 0.16 Northern Mariana Isl 16 * * * * * * 0 0.00 Ohio 4,633 3,673 0.79 3,066 0.66 2,153 0.46 1,224 0.26 Oklahoma 1,469 1,025 0.70 770 0.52 519 0.35 211 0.14 Oregon 1,572 1,320 0.84 1,087 0.69 965 0.61 351 0.22 Pennsylvania 5,007 4,073 0.81 3,552 0.71 3,155 0.63 1,331 0.27 Puerto Rico 1,223 * * 293 0.24 * * * * Rhode Island 412 358 0.87 345 0.84 311 0.76 * * South Carolina 1,871 1,511 0.81 1,278 0.68 892 0.48 276 0.15 South Dakota 339 261 0.77 230 0.68 204 0.60 26 0.08 Tennessee 2,547 1,911 0.75 1,643 0.65 1,303 0.51 541 0.21 Texas 9,430 7,513 0.80 6,460 0.68 4,959 0.53 2,698 0.29 Utah 938 822 0.88 653 0.70 573 0.61 221 0.24 Vermont 259 232 0.90 176 0.68 141 0.55 56 0.22 Virgin Islands 43 * * * * * * * * Virginia 3,106 2,568 0.83 2,261 0.73 2,036 0.66 887 0.29 Washington 2,756 2,415 0.88 2,025 0.73 1,848 0.67 802 0.29 West Virginia 738 537 0.73 390 0.53 312 0.42 142 0.19 Wisconsin 2,329 1,808 0.78 1,459 0.63 1,061 0.46 371 0.16 Wyoming 230 179 0.78 135 0.58 111 0.48 17 0.07 Total 120,159 98,832 0.82 84,156 0.70 69,447 0.58 32,040 0.27 # = Rounds to Zero; * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477 (Connections); 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates; Census 2010. 30 Figure 33 Connections by Type of End User by State as of December 31, 2017 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Connections Percentages State Residential Business Residential Business Total Alabama 5,466 642 89.5 10.5 6,108 Alaska 839 120 87.4 12.6 959 American Samoa * * * * * Arizona 7,195 1,017 87.6 12.4 8,211 Arkansas 3,134 425 88.1 11.9 3,559 California 44,440 8,113 84.6 15.4 52,552 Colorado 6,252 919 87.2 12.8 7,171 Connecticut 4,114 732 84.9 15.1 4,847 Delaware 1,089 140 88.6 11.4 1,229 District of Columbia 989 444 69.0 31.0 1,433 Florida 23,940 3,900 86.0 14.0 27,840 Georgia 11,605 1,633 87.7 12.3 13,238 Guam 180 55 76.7 23.3 235 Hawaii 1,716 207 89.2 10.8 1,923 Idaho 1,766 237 88.2 11.8 2,003 Illinois 14,323 2,324 86.0 14.0 16,647 Indiana 7,015 908 88.5 11.5 7,923 Iowa 3,302 520 86.4 13.6 3,822 Kansas 4,420 483 90.1 9.9 4,903 Kentucky 4,938 590 89.3 10.7 5,529 Louisiana 5,147 671 88.5 11.5 5,818 Maine 1,542 213 87.9 12.1 1,754 Maryland 6,970 998 87.5 12.5 7,968 Massachusetts 8,282 1,258 86.8 13.2 9,540 Michigan 10,863 1,698 86.5 13.5 12,561 Minnesota 6,116 968 86.3 13.7 7,084 Mississippi 3,138 327 90.6 9.4 3,465 Missouri 6,494 1,003 86.6 13.4 7,497 Montana 1,165 135 89.6 10.4 1,300 Nebraska 1,978 354 84.8 15.2 2,332 Nevada 3,321 402 89.2 10.8 3,723 New Hampshire 1,545 215 87.8 12.2 1,760 New Jersey 10,441 1,714 85.9 14.1 12,154 New Mexico 2,126 244 89.7 10.3 2,370 New York 23,781 3,733 86.4 13.6 27,513 North Carolina 11,025 1,569 87.5 12.5 12,594 North Dakota 858 129 87.0 13.0 986 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * Ohio 12,941 1,805 87.8 12.2 14,747 Oklahoma 3,997 584 87.2 12.8 4,581 Oregon 4,597 679 87.1 12.9 5,276 Pennsylvania 14,337 2,007 87.7 12.3 16,344 Puerto Rico 3,510 269 92.9 7.1 3,778 Rhode Island 1,125 178 86.3 13.7 1,303 South Carolina 5,309 652 89.1 10.9 5,961 South Dakota 949 111 89.5 10.5 1,060 Tennessee 7,328 993 88.1 11.9 8,321 Texas 29,795 5,024 85.6 14.4 34,819 Utah 3,047 474 86.5 13.5 3,521 Vermont 715 110 86.7 13.3 824 Virgin Islands 127 12 91.5 8.5 139 Virginia 8,908 1,516 85.5 14.5 10,423 Washington 8,438 1,241 87.2 12.8 9,679 West Virginia 1,689 195 89.7 10.3 1,884 Wisconsin 5,975 956 86.2 13.8 6,931 Wyoming 683 74 90.2 9.8 757 Total 365,040 55,926 86.7 13.3 420,966 # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 31 Figure 34 Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2017 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Alabama 506 # * 784 100 * 6 4,647 6,108 Alaska 77 # 2 * 5 * 8 727 959 American Samoa * * 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 541 # * 1,509 150 * 37 5,931 8,211 Arkansas 346 # * 410 33 * 7 2,712 3,559 California 3,127 3 * 7,831 1,049 * 99 40,211 52,552 Colorado * # 19 1,256 227 * 62 5,134 7,171 Connecticut * # 4 979 12 * # 3,528 4,847 Delaware * * 3 220 * * # 874 1,229 District of Columbia * * 5 * * * 2 1,156 1,433 Florida 1,611 # * 5,190 834 * 13 20,071 27,840 Georgia 990 # * 1,853 350 * 4 9,956 13,238 Guam * 0 * * * 0 0 190 235 Hawaii * 2 1 * * * 2 1,463 1,923 Idaho 167 # * 219 87 * 48 1,463 2,003 Illinois 1,176 1 * 2,700 183 * 74 12,438 16,647 Indiana 645 # * 1,138 221 * 40 5,823 7,923 Iowa 283 1 * 477 189 * 42 2,798 3,822 Kansas 248 # * 472 181 * 40 3,940 4,903 Kentucky 424 # * 764 138 * 16 4,144 5,529 Louisiana 410 * 6 808 101 * 6 4,431 5,818 Maine 125 1 * 382 12 * 4 1,217 1,754 Maryland * # 16 1,089 * * 6 5,905 7,968 Massachusetts * # 21 1,880 * * 5 6,981 9,540 Michigan 841 2 * 2,229 68 * 46 9,273 12,561 Minnesota 484 2 * 1,118 220 * 30 5,190 7,084 Mississippi 340 # * 322 32 * 2 2,712 3,465 Missouri 679 # * 917 241 * 43 5,536 7,497 Montana 100 # * 204 32 * 26 922 1,300 Nebraska 146 # * 394 60 * 26 1,695 2,332 32 Figure 34 - Continued Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2017 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Nevada 219 # 6 * 24 * 18 2,730 3,723 New Hampshire 74 # * 412 29 * 1 1,235 1,760 New Jersey 160 # 27 2,076 * * 1 8,907 12,154 New Mexico 234 # * 294 43 * 23 1,759 2,370 New York 410 # 38 4,798 * * 8 20,624 27,513 North Carolina 842 # * 2,278 329 * 7 9,060 12,594 North Dakota 42 # * 149 84 * 4 704 986 Northern Mariana Isl * * 0 * * 0 * * * Ohio 1,062 # * 2,565 242 * 44 10,772 14,747 Oklahoma 375 # * 582 74 * 48 3,449 4,581 Oregon 247 # * 940 192 * 25 3,831 5,276 Pennsylvania 569 # 28 2,832 * * 7 11,905 16,344 Puerto Rico * 0 * * 7 * 8 3,100 3,778 Rhode Island * * 2 * * * * 912 1,303 South Carolina 453 # * 998 144 * 4 4,319 5,961 South Dakota 45 * # 169 58 * 10 772 1,060 Tennessee 542 # * 1,176 302 * 11 6,223 8,321 Texas 2,291 1 * 4,272 1,224 * 205 26,592 34,819 Utah 168 # * 492 175 * 48 2,627 3,521 Vermont 88 # * 144 25 * 1 559 824 Virgin Islands * 0 * * * * * * 139 Virginia 300 # * 1,480 908 * 19 7,607 10,423 Washington 432 # * 1,839 246 * 35 7,050 9,679 West Virginia * * 1 362 11 * 2 1,296 1,884 Wisconsin 617 8 5 * 109 * 40 4,960 6,931 Wyoming 50 # * 110 12 * 22 555 757 Total 24,193 28 631 66,195 13,978 1,872 1,292 312,778 420,966 1 PowerLine and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 33 Figure 35 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2017 Over 200 kbps Upstream and % over 200 kbps % at least 3 Mbps % at least 10 Mbps % at least 25 Mbps % at least 100 Mbps State Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Alabama 99.5 94.9 80.6 59.3 21.6 Alaska 98.4 92.0 78.3 58.6 41.9 American Samoa * * * * * Arizona 99.8 97.4 87.5 64.1 34.2 Arkansas 99.5 94.2 76.2 48.7 16.9 California 99.7 97.8 87.0 70.8 44.2 Colorado 99.8 96.4 88.7 71.6 45.4 Connecticut 99.5 99.2 88.2 71.5 45.3 Delaware 99.9 98.7 93.3 88.9 53.4 District of Columbia 99.9 98.0 89.7 84.1 57.1 Florida 99.7 98.1 91.2 74.0 35.8 Georgia 99.3 96.5 83.5 64.2 26.2 Guam * * * * * Hawaii 100.0 99.7 97.8 88.8 54.3 Idaho 99.6 95.3 75.0 48.1 32.5 Illinois 99.8 97.7 85.7 66.9 25.6 Indiana 99.5 97.2 81.9 60.7 26.0 Iowa 99.7 94.4 77.8 56.8 20.8 Kansas 99.7 95.8 79.6 53.6 28.5 Kentucky 99.2 95.1 75.9 52.8 33.6 Louisiana 99.4 95.4 82.1 58.8 23.0 Maine 99.1 95.4 74.6 49.2 28.8 Maryland 99.9 98.5 92.3 86.1 48.8 Massachusetts 99.9 98.6 92.1 87.4 54.9 Michigan 99.5 97.3 85.3 68.4 20.5 Minnesota 99.8 96.2 84.3 66.8 31.1 Mississippi 99.2 93.0 74.3 47.1 20.1 Missouri 99.6 95.4 80.8 58.1 40.4 Montana 99.7 93.1 76.6 60.7 14.9 Nebraska 99.7 96.7 80.3 58.5 29.5 34 Figure 35 - Continued Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2017 Over 200 kbps Upstream and % over 200 kbps % at least 3 Mbps % at least 10 Mbps % at least 25 Mbps % at least 100 Mbps State Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Nevada 99.9 98.4 89.6 68.8 30.8 New Hampshire 99.2 96.6 84.5 75.0 51.7 New Jersey 99.8 98.7 94.3 90.1 56.1 New Mexico 99.8 93.9 77.6 54.5 30.7 New York 99.7 98.7 92.2 82.9 50.0 North Carolina 99.4 96.8 84.0 68.7 43.4 North Dakota 99.9 97.6 90.2 77.6 25.3 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * Ohio 99.8 97.3 83.3 57.9 32.5 Oklahoma 99.7 96.6 75.6 50.1 23.2 Oregon 99.8 96.6 87.0 72.2 40.4 Pennsylvania 99.8 97.3 87.0 76.2 46.1 Puerto Rico 99.9 84.7 51.8 30.5 3.8 Rhode Island 99.6 98.8 95.3 85.5 40.9 South Carolina 99.6 96.8 84.8 60.0 22.2 South Dakota 99.7 97.5 89.6 77.8 10.7 Tennessee 99.5 96.8 85.8 67.4 28.9 Texas 99.8 97.6 85.5 64.7 39.4 Utah 99.9 97.6 86.9 69.1 43.3 Vermont 98.8 93.9 73.3 58.3 39.1 Virgin Islands 99.8 85.7 53.8 * * Virginia 99.5 97.2 87.8 77.0 42.0 Washington 99.6 96.9 88.1 74.9 52.6 West Virginia 99.1 97.4 71.4 56.9 34.3 Wisconsin 99.2 95.9 82.8 58.3 22.5 Wyoming 99.7 94.0 80.5 61.3 9.5 Total 99.7 97.2 86.0 69.1 37.5 35 Figure 36 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2017 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Alabama 26 6 * 19 42 * 29 6 93 Alaska 13 4 12 * 9 * 17 7 40 American Samoa * * 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 24 4 * 16 39 * 44 7 109 Arkansas 26 5 * 20 38 * 23 5 83 California 35 16 * 33 82 * 110 6 203 Colorado * 7 28 17 59 * 63 9 137 Connecticut * 5 16 10 23 * 7 4 44 Delaware * * 11 6 * * 4 4 28 District of Columbia * * 12 * * * 7 4 39 Florida 23 9 * 24 69 * 36 5 118 Georgia 26 5 * 31 85 * 28 4 130 Guam * 0 * * * 0 0 4 4 Hawaii * 4 7 * * * 5 5 24 Idaho 23 5 * 18 34 * 40 10 77 Illinois 52 8 * 20 96 * 90 7 196 Indiana 37 6 * 13 61 * 59 5 118 Iowa 98 17 * 42 150 * 94 22 240 Kansas 27 8 * 28 62 * 50 9 111 Kentucky 19 4 * 28 44 * 33 8 102 Louisiana 17 * 22 19 37 * 16 5 70 Maine 13 6 * 9 20 * 12 5 41 Maryland * 5 18 19 * * 25 5 78 Massachusetts * 4 21 11 * * 24 5 69 Michigan 35 10 * 25 63 * 46 6 129 Minnesota 45 8 * 22 77 * 47 5 124 Mississippi 17 4 * 14 26 * 11 5 57 Missouri 39 10 * 18 62 * 70 8 146 Montana 21 5 * 7 30 * 31 7 67 Nebraska 31 4 * 20 54 * 44 8 101 36 Figure 36 - Continued Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2017 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Nevada 17 7 21 * 34 * 24 5 74 New Hampshire 9 6 * 5 20 * 7 6 37 New Jersey 13 4 32 12 * * 15 4 72 New Mexico 19 5 * 10 30 * 31 8 73 New York 35 6 31 21 * * 35 7 121 North Carolina 22 7 * 26 55 * 22 6 99 North Dakota 24 7 * 9 31 * 15 6 48 Northern Mariana Isl * * 0 * * 0 * * * Ohio 35 5 * 33 66 * 59 4 145 Oklahoma 39 8 * 15 50 * 47 12 112 Oregon 40 10 * 16 55 * 45 6 103 Pennsylvania 25 6 29 26 * * 31 8 114 Puerto Rico * 0 * * 7 * 6 5 17 Rhode Island * * 9 * * * * 4 22 South Carolina 19 4 * 17 32 * 14 6 57 South Dakota 23 * 13 8 31 * 19 8 72 Tennessee 22 5 * 22 54 * 29 7 103 Texas 63 19 * 35 121 * 150 9 259 Utah 20 4 * 12 30 * 32 9 73 Vermont 12 4 * 6 20 * 6 6 36 Virgin Islands * 0 * * * * * * 7 Virginia 23 7 * 17 64 * 39 6 111 Washington 26 7 * 23 62 * 55 6 123 West Virginia * * 11 16 21 * 15 6 56 Wisconsin 47 7 25 * 66 * 49 6 127 Wyoming 16 5 * 5 17 * 26 8 49 Total 742 151 236 382 1,148 6 1,153 83 2,083 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 37 SECTION 4 SUMMARY STATISTICS: COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS Table of Contents Figure 37 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of December 31, 2017 ........... 39 Figure 38 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of December 31, 2017 ......................................................................................... 40 Figure 39 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of December 31, 2017 ...... 41 Figure 40 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of December 31, 2017 ......................................................................................... 42 Figure 41 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2017 ..................................................................... 43 Figure 42 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2017 ....................................................... 44 Figure 43 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2017 ....................................................... 46 38 Figure 37 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of December 31, 2017 16% Number of Counties 3,234 463 Median 0.69 14% 437 12% 370 331 10% 287 262 8% 206 191 6% 173 Percentage Counties of 167 142 4% 92 61 2% 26 13 5 1 3 4 0% 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 Max Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households Note: Ratios over 1 were set to 1. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 39 Figure 38 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of December 31, 2017 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 5 than 10 than 20 than 30 than 40 than 50 than 60 than 80 than 0 and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no more more more more more more more more more than than than than than than than than 100% Technology Zero than 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% or more aDSL 1.2 5.9 7.6 27.4 29.9 16.0 7.6 2.6 1.4 0.2 0.2 sDSL 93.2 6.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline 92.0 7.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 11.3 7.1 6.1 14.5 14.2 13.4 12.0 11.4 8.4 1.3 0.3 FTTP 24.9 43.4 9.2 9.0 4.7 3.0 2.1 1.9 1.6 0.2 0.1 Satellite 1.4 66.0 22.3 9.2 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Fixed Wireless 24.8 54.3 10.9 7.1 1.8 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 Total 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 2.7 8.0 15.3 49.5 20.6 3.1 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 40 Figure 39 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of December 31, 2017 12 Number of Tracts 73,767 Median 0.82 10 8 6 Percentage of Tracts of Percentage 4 2 0 0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 Max Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households Note: Ratios over 2 were set to 2. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 41 Figure 40 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of December 31, 2017 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 5 than 10 than 20 than 30 than 40 than 50 than 60 than 80 than 0 and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no more more more more more more more more more than than than than than than than than 100% Technology Zero than 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% or more aDSL 2.5 20.9 13.5 25.2 19.0 11.1 4.7 1.9 1.0 0.2 0.2 sDSL 99.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline 98.4 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 4.7 2.8 1.7 4.0 6.6 12.0 17.0 18.9 23.8 6.6 1.9 FTTP 44.8 19.7 6.5 9.2 6.0 4.9 3.8 2.5 2.2 0.3 0.1 Satellite 35.4 55.2 5.0 3.1 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 74.2 19.9 2.6 2.1 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.8 1.8 4.1 7.9 30.9 41.5 11.6 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 42 Figure 41 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Service by Technology as of December 31, 2017 (Internet Access Service over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Number of Providers Seven or Technology Zero One Two Three Four Five Six More aDSL 24.4 72.8 2.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 sDSL 99.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline1 98.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 54.6 42.7 2.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 FTTP 78.1 19.8 2.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Satellite 0.0 0.1 1.0 98.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 56.7 27.6 11.2 3.7 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 aDSL and/or Cable Modem and/or FTTP 13.3 42.6 37.2 6.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Any Technology 0.0 0.1 0.2 5.6 18.1 40.7 23.3 12.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. The number of providers in a census block does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household, and does not purport to measure competition. Providers may list a census block on Form 477 if service can be provided to at least one location in the block. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2010 census. Sources: FCC Form 477 and Census 2010. 43 Figure 42 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2017 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Counties Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Alabama 67 0 0 0 0 0 2 16 19 23 7 0 Alaska 29 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 2 9 9 3 American Samoa 5 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 Arizona 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 6 0 Arkansas 75 0 0 0 0 0 5 20 28 20 2 0 California 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 35 3 Colorado 64 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 21 22 10 Connecticut 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 Delaware 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 District of Columbia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Florida 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 17 28 15 Georgia 159 0 0 0 1 2 10 20 29 59 31 7 Guam 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Hawaii 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 Idaho 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 27 10 3 Illinois 102 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 18 68 13 0 Indiana 92 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 20 59 12 0 Iowa 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 83 5 1 Kansas 105 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 12 72 16 0 Kentucky 120 0 0 0 0 1 1 10 22 74 12 0 Louisiana 64 0 0 0 0 0 5 12 11 29 7 0 Maine 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 2 Maryland 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 14 1 Massachusetts 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 3 Michigan 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 53 18 1 Minnesota 87 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 63 20 1 Mississippi 82 0 0 0 1 1 14 28 22 13 3 0 Missouri 115 0 0 0 0 3 6 11 20 63 10 2 Montana 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 32 16 1 Nebraska 93 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 22 57 3 0 44 Figure 42 - Continued Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2017 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Counties Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Nevada 17 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 7 5 0 New Hampshire 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6 2 New Jersey 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 19 1 New Mexico 33 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 6 17 3 1 New York 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 24 2 North Carolina 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 46 31 7 North Dakota 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 31 13 1 Northern Mariana Isl 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 Ohio 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 60 18 0 Oklahoma 77 0 0 0 0 1 4 13 24 33 2 0 Oregon 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 19 14 1 Pennsylvania 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 38 23 4 Puerto Rico 78 0 0 0 0 3 14 25 30 6 0 0 Rhode Island 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 South Carolina 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 11 17 9 2 South Dakota 66 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 5 45 9 1 Tennessee 95 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 23 53 10 0 Texas 254 0 1 0 0 0 5 28 62 112 37 9 Utah 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 12 6 Vermont 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 10 1 Virgin Islands 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 Virginia 134 0 0 0 1 0 7 14 16 60 34 2 Washington 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 14 21 1 West Virginia 55 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 42 8 0 Wisconsin 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 49 20 2 Wyoming 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 13 6 1 Total 3,234 4 1 0 4 17 87 259 494 1600 667 101 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). 45 Figure 43 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2017 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Tracts Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Alabama 1,179 4 0 1 5 17 78 137 204 413 252 68 Alaska 167 2 0 0 3 6 2 5 12 51 69 17 American Samoa 18 2 0 0 1 8 5 0 0 0 1 1 Arizona 1,526 14 7 8 9 17 22 42 120 375 589 323 Arkansas 686 1 0 1 5 12 62 106 124 226 122 27 California 8,036 54 3 5 9 22 46 96 313 1,943 4,589 956 Colorado 1,249 14 1 0 0 4 9 20 38 299 648 216 Connecticut 829 2 0 0 0 2 1 8 34 154 509 119 Delaware 215 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 11 53 97 50 District of Columbia 179 1 0 0 0 1 0 4 11 57 74 31 Florida 4,199 38 0 1 4 3 19 70 161 768 1,835 1,300 Georgia 1,964 11 2 0 3 13 63 132 202 594 687 257 Guam 56 8 0 2 4 1 3 3 3 11 6 15 Hawaii 326 14 0 0 3 0 6 6 12 59 131 95 Idaho 298 0 0 0 1 2 2 5 23 136 102 27 Illinois 3,121 6 0 1 3 10 34 142 298 1,176 1,289 162 Indiana 1,508 4 1 1 3 8 19 82 198 656 457 79 Iowa 825 3 0 0 1 2 4 20 84 510 184 17 Kansas 770 11 0 0 0 1 11 37 92 323 226 69 Kentucky 1,115 10 2 0 11 11 30 61 161 446 340 43 Louisiana 1,136 12 1 0 3 17 67 91 169 416 306 54 Maine 351 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 113 173 57 Maryland 1,394 9 0 0 0 1 15 39 74 308 748 200 Massachusetts 1,471 11 1 0 0 2 1 9 34 303 897 213 Michigan 2,767 28 1 1 10 24 98 185 273 839 1,145 163 Minnesota 1,335 4 0 1 1 3 5 33 57 564 594 73 Mississippi 661 4 0 0 4 23 87 126 130 184 90 13 Missouri 1,393 4 0 1 7 15 39 111 197 463 481 75 Montana 271 2 0 0 1 0 2 7 20 109 110 20 Nebraska 532 4 0 0 0 0 5 23 49 246 172 33 46 Figure 43 - Continued Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2017 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Tracts Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Nevada 683 5 0 2 2 4 5 18 40 179 313 115 New Hampshire 294 2 0 0 0 0 4 9 5 43 170 61 New Jersey 2,004 11 0 0 0 1 3 9 33 397 1,145 405 New Mexico 499 2 3 2 9 13 17 25 78 194 128 28 New York 4,900 74 1 3 11 17 15 45 170 1,574 2,389 601 North Carolina 2,183 21 1 0 1 4 16 59 168 763 818 332 North Dakota 205 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 20 104 54 18 Northern Mariana Isl 22 2 0 0 0 1 6 6 2 5 0 0 Ohio 2,946 7 0 0 1 10 31 113 299 1,157 1,173 155 Oklahoma 1,046 2 2 2 12 34 41 130 177 357 220 69 Oregon 827 2 0 0 0 0 6 17 30 261 446 65 Pennsylvania 3,217 21 0 1 4 10 13 56 189 1,295 1,374 254 Puerto Rico 903 21 31 34 124 149 142 138 63 73 32 96 Rhode Island 241 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 62 142 32 South Carolina 1,097 12 0 0 1 9 23 88 132 366 318 148 South Dakota 222 0 0 0 2 0 4 11 13 118 62 12 Tennessee 1,497 21 1 0 6 14 54 105 210 557 433 96 Texas 5,253 40 1 1 19 61 158 390 695 1,595 1,656 637 Utah 588 4 2 3 0 0 1 3 7 146 349 73 Vermont 184 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 51 98 33 Virgin Islands 29 0 0 0 2 1 2 7 5 8 2 2 Virginia 1,895 23 0 0 5 18 42 85 166 458 816 282 Washington 1,446 2 1 0 0 4 8 19 32 304 885 191 West Virginia 484 0 1 1 2 6 12 32 50 221 129 30 Wisconsin 1,393 3 1 3 16 13 8 30 91 640 523 65 Wyoming 132 1 0 0 1 0 1 6 9 60 47 7 Total 73,767 556 64 75 309 595 1,348 3,014 5,798 22,783 30,645 8,580 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). 47 SECTION 5 CORRELATED RESULTS: DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES Table of Contents Figure 44 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of December 31, 2017 .. 49 Figure 45 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of December 31, 2017 .. 50 Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2017 ..................................................................... 51 Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2017 ..................................................................... 52 Figure 48 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of December 31, 2017 .................................................................................................. 53 Figure 49 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of December 31, 2017 .................................................................................................. 54 48 Figure 44 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of December 31, 2017 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.51 0.59 0.63 0.67 0.69 0.70 0.73 0.74 0.78 0.86 Median 0.51 0.59 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74 0.79 0.89 1.0 Max 0.9 0.8 Q3 Median 0.7 Q1 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio 0.4 0.3 0.2 Min 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Income Median Household Income by Decile Higher Income Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the income decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2013-2017 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. 49 Figure 45 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of December 31, 2017 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.67 0.67 0.61 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.79 Median 0.68 0.68 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.81 0.85 1.0 Max 0.9 0.8 Q3 Median 0.7 Q1 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio 0.4 0.3 Min 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Density County Household Density by Decile Higher Density Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the density decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2013-2017 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. 50 Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2017 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.55 0.58 0.62 0.63 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.75 0.82 0.88 Median 0.55 0.59 0.63 0.64 0.68 0.70 0.73 0.75 0.82 0.89 1.0 Max 0.9 Q3 0.8 Median 0.7 Q1 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio 0.4 Min 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Share County Share of College Graduates by Decile Higher Share Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the share decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2013-2017 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. 51 Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2017 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.74 0.73 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.70 0.74 Median 0.77 0.75 0.70 0.68 0.68 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.72 1.0 Max 0.9 0.8 Q3 0.7 Median 0.6 Q1 0.5 Subscribership Ratio 0.4 0.3 0.2 Min 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Average Age County Average Age by Decile Higher Average Age Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the average age decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2013-2017 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. 52 Figure 48 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of December 31, 2017 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percentage High-Speed Fixed of Residential Connections 10 0 Lowest Density Highest Density aDSL Cable Modem FTTP Satellite Fixed Wireless This chart shows subscribership ratios by technology and household density. Tracts were grouped into 100 density percentiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of estimated tract households to tract land area from the Census Bureau. For each percentile, the height of the bar represents the household-weighted average ratio of residential fixed connections to households across tracts in the percentile. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 53 Figure 49 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of December 31, 2017 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction by Tract) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Richest Highest Density Poorest Lowest Density This chart shows subscribership ratios by household density and income quantiles. Tracts were grouped into 400 density/income quantiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of estimated tract households to tract land area, and median household income. For each quantile, the height of the grid represents the household-weighted average ratio of residential fixed connections to households across tracts in the decile. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 54 Technical Notes General The information presented in this report is based on data from FCC Form 477. Through Form 477, facilities-based broadband providers submit information to the FCC about where they offer and have subscribers to Internet access services over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction. In June 2013, the Commission adopted several changes to Form 477.1 Detailed information about those changes and about the Form 477 reporting requirements in general is available at www.fcc.gov/form477. Due to technical difficulties in 2014 with the redesigned Form 477 filing interface, the filing deadline for Form 477 data as of June 30, 2014 was moved to December 11, 2014. Because of that delay, the Commission staff were not able to perform their typical process of identifying anomalies or errors in the data, following up with filers, and requesting updates to the data where appropriate  a process which usually generates a significant number of corrections and hence a more accurate Form 477 data set. Form 477 collects information about Internet access connections in service to end-user locations that are advertised to deliver information to and/or from the end user  that is, in at least one direction  at transfer rates (speeds) above 200 kilobits per second (kbps). Information is collected about the number of connections by the advertised speeds associated with each product subscribed to in the relevant geographic area, census tracts for fixed and states for mobile. Fixed providers report connections by the maximum advertised upload and download speeds, while mobile providers report connections by minimum advertised upload and download speeds. Fixed connections are further categorized by the technology employed by the part of the connection that terminates at the end-user location. Wherever a number of providers is cited in this report, multiple Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider.  End users are residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based providers report information about connections they provide directly to their own end-user customers and also connections that they provide to Internet Service Providers for resale to end users. For Form 477 purposes, the facilities-based provider of a connection is the entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis. The mutually exclusive Form 477 technology categories are: asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (aDSL in this report); symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (sDSL); other copper wireline; cable modem; optical carrier / fiber to the end user; satellite; terrestrial fixed wireless (using licensed or unlicensed spectrum); mobile wireless; and all other (which is included to capture deployment of additional technologies over time). In the Form 477 data collection, aDSL-based services delivered over fiber-to-the-node architecture are reported in the aDSL category. The other wireline category comprises T1/DS1, T3/DS3, and other copper-based connections, not elsewhere categorized, that deliver Internet access service at the end-user 1 Modernizing the FCC Form 477 Data Program, WC Docket No. 11-10, Report and Order, 28 FCC Rcd 9887 (2013). See also High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2014 (March 2016) at 1-2, available at https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/internet-access-services-reports/internet-access-services- reports. 55 location. Ethernet connections delivering Internet access service are reported in the other wireline category if the connection terminates over copper and in the FTTP category if the connection terminates over fiber. Connections deployed over hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) architecture are reported in the cable modem category. Wireless ISPs (WISPs) report in the fixed wireless category if providing service to dispersed, fixed end-user locations and report in the mobile wireless category if providing a commercial service that can be received at any location within a service footprint. Wireless local area networks (such as Wi-Fi hotspots) that only enable local distribution and sharing of a premises connection are not included, although the shared premises connection is included. Numbers of connections presented in this report are not adjusted for the number of persons at a single end-user location who have access to, or who use, the Internet access services delivered over the connection to that location. Numbers of residential connections are estimated based on the total connections and percentage- residential connections information reported on Form 477. Census tracts Since the collection of data as of December 31, 2008, facilities-based providers of reportable fixed- location Internet access connections have been reporting connection counts at the census tract level of detail. Facilities-based mobile wireless providers report connection counts by state rather than census tract. The census tract-level data summarized in this report were collected for tracts in the 2010 decennial census. For the purposes of this report, there are 73,767 census tracts because we exclude census tracts delineated specifically to cover large bodies of water. About 110 of the census tracts have population but no households because the population resides in group living quarters. For the purpose of estimating residential subscribership rates by census tract, we assume these census tracts have no reportable residential Internet access service because persons residing in group quarters would have Internet access over a business connection provided to the operator of the group quarters. Therefore, these census tracts are included in the  zero column. Ratios of residential fixed-location connections to households that exceed 100% We estimate the share of households with fixed-location connections in individual census tracts by taking the ratio of the reported number of fixed-location residential service connections to the estimated number of households. We continue to find  outlier estimates at or above 100% and to find that the number of outliers is substantially reduced when estimates are made for individual counties rather than for individual census tracts. Possible explanations of ratios at or above 100% include: (1) geocoding misallocations of service locations to census tracts; (2) proper allocation of connections to the county level by some filers, but improper allocation of all connections to a single tract in the county; (3) possible overestimation of residential connections in service plans for which the customer base is primarily residential; and (4) connections at seasonally or occasionally occupied housing units, such as vacation homes, while the household is counted elsewhere. The numbers of households in census tracts that were used to generate the estimated ratios are themselves estimates (from Census 2011-2015 ACS 5-year estimates), which could have an independent effect. 56 Maps showing residential subscribership rates by census tract The two maps based on estimated Internet access connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction per 1,000 households (that is, estimated household subscribership rates) exclude all connections identified as business connections and necessarily exclude residential mobile wireless connections (which are reported for the state but not for individual census tracts). 57 Glossary Term Definition aDSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line: A digital local loop typically using copper facilities and providing greater bandwidth in one direction than the other. Cable modem service A service which offers customers access to the Internet over a cable system. Downstream speed Speed of transmission from the Internet to the end user. End users Residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based provider Entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis. Fixed wireless A radio communication service between specified fixed points. Fixed technologies All technologies other than terrestrial mobile wireless. FTTH or FTTP Fiber to the Home (Premises): A network access architecture in which optical fiber is deployed all the way to the customer s home (premises). Internet access service Service that provides end users access to the Internet. ISPs Internet Service Providers: Companies or organizations that provide Internet access service (see above). Mobile wireless service A radio communication service between mobile and fixed stations, or between mobile stations. Mobile wireless provider Provider of mobile wireless service (see above). Other wireline All copper-wire based technologies other than DSL technologies; Ethernet over copper and T-1 are examples. Power line Internet access service delivered over electric power transmission lines. Satellite communications A telecommunications service provided via one or more satellite relays and their associated uplinks and downlinks. sDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line: DSL technology that provides equal bandwidth for both uploads and downloads. Speed tiers Sub-groupings defined by ranges of upstream speeds and downstream speeds. Upstream speed Speed of transmission from the end user to the Internet. Wi-Fi hotspot Wireless Fidelity: Generic term referring to any type of IEEE 802.11 wireless network. A hotspot is a small geographic area in which users 58 can gain access to a Wi-Fi network which in turn connects to the Internet. Wireless service Telephone, Internet, data, and other services provided to customers through the transmission of signals over networks of radio towers. Wireless service provider Provider of wireless service (see above). WISP Wireless ISP: A company that provides end users with wireless access to the Internet, most commonly by using radio spectrum designated for unlicensed use. 59 Customer Response Publication: Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2017 You can help us provide the best possible information to the public by completing this form and returning it to the Industry Analysis Division of the FCC's Office of Economics and Analytics. 1. Please check the category that best describes you: ____ press ____ current telecommunications carrier ____ potential telecommunications carrier ____ business customer evaluating vendors/service options ____ consultant, law firm, lobbyist ____ other business customer ____ academic/student ____ residential customer ____ FCC employee ____ other federal government employee ____ state or local government employee ____ Other (please specify) 2. 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