Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2018 Industry Analysis Division Office of Economics & Analytics September 2020 This report is available for reference in the FCC s Reference Information Center, Courtyard Level, 445 12th Street, SW, Washington, DC. Copies may be purchased by contacting Best Copy and Printing, Inc., 445 12th Street, SW, Room CY-B402, Washington, DC 20554, telephone (800) 378-3160, or via their website at www.bcpiweb.com. The report can also be downloaded from the Internet Access Services Reports webpage at https://www.fcc.gov/economics-analytics/industry-analysis-division/iad-data-statistical-reports. TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS .....................................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 Total Connections ....................................................................................................................2 Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections by Speed 2015-2018 .....................................2 Connections by Speed ..............................................................................................................3 Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed.............................3 Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Upstream Speed .................................4 Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Speed 2015-2018 ........................................................5 Number of Providers by Census Block ..................................................................................6 Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Report Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband .....................................6 Internet Access Subscribership ..............................................................................................7 Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2003-2018 ........................................................................7 Other Report Highlights..........................................................................................................8 SECTION 2: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE NATION ..............................................10 SECTION 3: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE STATES ...............................................28 SECTION 4: SUMMARY STATISTICS - COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS .......38 SECTION 5: CORRELATION RESULTS - DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES ..............48 Technical Notes ......................................................................................................................55 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................58 SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS Introduction This report summarizes information about Internet access connections in the United States as of June 30, 2018 as collected by FCC Form 477. For purposes of this report, Internet access connections are those in service, over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction, and reported to the FCC through Form 477.1 The report includes data on total and residential Internet access connections by downstream and upstream speed, by technology, by geography, and over time. Section 2 of the report presents nationwide statistics, Section 3 provides state-level data, and Section 4 includes data on the subscribership differences among counties and census tracts.2 In addition, Section 5 of the report includes an analysis of the correlations between subscribership ratios and various demographic measures.3 Maps depicting the number of fixed connections per 1,000 households by census tract are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/reports- research/reports/internet-access-services-reports/internet-access-services-reports. 1 See the Technical Notes and Glossary at the end of this report for more-detailed information about the Form 477 data collection and the meaning of terms used in this report. Note that the Form 477 data for the June 30, 2014 filing period were not subject to typical quality checks. See Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2014 (March 2016) at 2, available at https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-338630A1.pdf. In addition, the figures on mobile broadband subscribership by speed tier (formerly Figures 4(a), 4(b), and 12) have been removed to maintain firm confidentiality. 2 The Commission began collecting census tract-level data for data as of December 31, 2008. See High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2008 (February 2010) at 1-4, available at http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/high-speed-services-internet-access-reports (December 2008 High-Speed Report). 3 Publicly-available data that are too voluminous to include in this report are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/general/fcc-form-477-additional-data. 1 Total Connections " As shown in Figure 1, total Internet connections increased by about 4.9% between June 2017 and June 2018 to 429 million. Mobile Internet connections increased 5.7% year-over-year to 320 million in June 2018, while fixed connections grew to 109 million  up about 2.8% from June 2017. " We believe mobile Internet connections remain underreported by as much as 2% through June 2018 due to inadequate accounting of connections sold by downstream mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs). Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections 2015-2018 450 429.0 421.0 109.2 405.0 408.8 108.2 395.6 400 105.7 106.3 104.1 375.9 357.6 102.2 350 100.2 319.8 312.8 300 299.3 302.6 291.5 273.7 250 257.4 200 Connections Millions in 150 100 50 0 Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 Fixed Mobile Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. Connections include both residential and business connections. 2 Connections by Speed Fixed connections  downstream speeds. Figure 2(a) illustrates how the 109 million fixed connections reported for June 2018 were distributed across the five groups of downstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 3 Mbps, 10 Mbps, 25 Mbps, and 100 Mbps. See Figure 9 for more detail. Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections (109.2 million) by Downstream Speed as of June 30, 2018 2.4% 9.3% 47.8% 14.7% 25.7% Downstream Speed Less than 3 Mbps (2.7 million) At least 3 Mbps & less than 10 Mbps (10.2 million) At least 10 Mbps & less than 25 Mbps (16.1 million) At least 25 Mbps & less than 100 Mbps (28.1 million) At least 100 Mbps (52.2 million) 3 Fixed connections  upstream speeds. Figure 2(b) illustrates how the 109 million fixed connections reported for June 2018 were distributed across the four groups of upstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 1 Mbps, 3 Mbps, and 6 Mbps. See Figure 9 for more detail. Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections (109.2 million) by Upstream Speed as of June 30, 2018 8.9% 52.5% 15.3% 23.3% Upstream Speed Less than 1 Mbps (9.7 million) At least 1 Mbps & less than 3 Mbps (16.7 million) At least 3 Mbps & less than 6 Mbps (25.5 million) At least 6 Mbps (57.3 million) Fixed connections by downstream speed over time. Figure 3 illustrates how the composition of total fixed Internet connections by different speed groups has changed from 2015 to 2018. 4 Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2015-2018 108.2 109.2 105.7 106.3 52.2 104.1 40.6 102.2 24.5 29.4 100.2 18.4 15.5 100 12.4 37.5 39.2 40.8 38.9 39.5 34.1 28.1 50 25.8 25.1 24.1 Connections Millions in 23.4 20.6 18.3 16.1 18.0 16.6 15.7 15.0 13.3 12.1 10.2 6.6 5.8 5.0 3.9 3.4 0 3.1 Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 At least 100 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps Less than 3 Mbps Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. Connections include both residential and business connections. " The percentage of fixed connections with a downstream speed of at least 25 Mbps has grown from 50% (or 50 million connections) in June 2015 to 74% (or 80 million connections) in June 2018. Over the same period, the percentage of fixed connections with downstream speeds of less than 3 Mbps has decreased from 7% (or 7 million connections) in June 2015 to 2.4% (or about 2.6 million connections) in June 2018. 5 Number of Providers by Census Block In Figure 4, we show the percentage of  developed census blocks  blocks that contain housing units  with zero, one, two, or three or more fixed broadband providers offering residential Internet access service at different speeds in June 2018. This information is taken from the block-level Form 477 fixed broadband deployment data that the Commission began collecting in 2014.4 A provider that reports offering service in a particular census block may not offer service, or service at that speed, to all locations in the census block. Accordingly, the number of providers shown in Figure 4 does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household and does not purport to measure competition. Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Reported the Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband as of June 30, 2018 100 92 90 80 4 23 90 80 45 70 60 50 40 30 29 Percentage of Census Blocks with Housing Units 20 19 10 10 7 0 At least 3 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps At least 100 Mbps downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least 768 kbps upstream* 1 Mbps upstream* 3 Mbps upstream 10 Mbps upstream 0 Providers 1 Provider 2 Providers 3+ Providers * Satellite service providers are included in this analysis. Satellite service providers report offering Internet access at bandwidths of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream in 99.8% of developed census blocks. Column figures may not sum to 100% due to rounding. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2010 census. 4 Download these data and explore the interactive map at https://broadbandmap.fcc.gov/#/. 6 Internet Access Subscribership Figure 5 illustrates the number of total and residential fixed Internet access connections (connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction except mobile wireless connections), as well as the number of total fixed connections per 100 persons and the number of residential fixed connections per 100 households, since 2003.5 Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2003-2018 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) 110,000 100 100,000 90 90,000 80 80,000 70 70,000 60 60,000 50 50,000 40 40,000 30 30,000 Connections per 100 Units Connections in Thousands 20 20,000 10,000 10 0 0 Residential Fixed Connections (left axis) Total Fixed Connections (left axis) Residential Fixed Connections per 100 Households (right axis) Total Fixed Connections per 100 Population (right axis) " Between June 2008 and June 2018, total (business and residential) fixed connections grew from 73 million connections to 109 million connections  at a compound annual growth rate of 4% per year.6 5 For data through December 2004, only those providers with at least 250 connections in a state were required to report. Historical fixed-location connection counts not included in this report may be found in June 2008 High- Speed Report at Tables 1 and 3, available in Excel format at https://www.fcc.gov/general/reports-high-speed- services-internet-access. 6 The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a smoothed rate of growth calculated in three steps: divide the ending value by the beginning value; raise the result of that division to a power equal to one divided by the number of years in the period (in this case, 10 years, so the power is 1/10); subtract the number one from the result of the second step. 7 " Over the same ten-year period, residential fixed connections grew from 68 million connections to 100 million connections  also at a compound annual growth rate of 4% per year. " From June 2008 to June 2018, the number of residential fixed connections per 100 U.S. households increased from 57 to 76.7 Other Report Highlights Typical speeds " The median downstream speed of all reported fixed connections was 75 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 10 Mbps. For residential fixed connections, the median downstream speed was 90 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 10 Mbps. Residential connections " Residential fixed Internet access connections increased by about 3% between June 2017 and June 2018, to ~100 million. See Figure 7. " Residential (non-business) mobile wireless Internet access connections on mobile devices with data plans for full Internet access increased by 6%, to 260 million, between June 2017 and June 2018. See Figure 7. " Approximately 87% of residential fixed connections had a speed of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream in June 2018, while 73% had a speed of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream. About 44% percent of all residential fixed connections had a downstream speed of at least 100 Mbps. See Figures 10 and 27. " As a national average in June 2018, there were 72 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream per 100 households; 61 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream per 100 households; and 36 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 100 Mbps downstream and 10 Mbps upstream per 100 households.8 See Figure 32. 7 We calculate residential fixed connections per 100 households using, in the denominator, U.S. household estimates from the Census Bureau s Current Population Survey (CPS) for July of each year and, for Puerto Rico and the other inhabited island areas, Census 2010 households for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 households for the earlier years. (The CPS also estimates U.S. households for March and November of each year.) Figure 5 also shows total (business and residential) fixed connections per 100 population, which we calculate using U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for the United States and Puerto Rico  which are as of July 1 each year  and, for the remaining inhabited island areas, Census 2010 population for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 population for the earlier years. This statistic incorporates connections to business locations into a comparison to persons. (We note that the ratio of accurately-measured residential fixed connections to population has a maximum value for any given country and point in time  the value when every household is connected  if we assume that no household would have more than one fixed connection to its premises. For the United States in June, for example, the maximum value would be 39 because there were about 129 million households in the United States and inhabited insular areas and a population of about 329 million according to the sources used for Figure 5.) 8 Increases over time in the ratio of residential fixed connections to households indicate that increasing shares of households are connected at home. The ratio is somewhat different from the  take rate of offered service (which may also be called an  adoption rate ) because some households may be located in areas where no fixed-location service is offered. These methodological differences are discussed in greater detail in Inquiry Concerning the Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, 8 Census tract and county shares of households with reportable connections " We estimate the share of households with fixed Internet access connections in individual census tracts and counties as of June 30, 2018.9 We continue to observe substantial variation among these estimates. See Figures 37 and 39. Household subscribership rates and demographics " The report includes charts that illustrate correlations between household subscribership rates and demographic measures. We update charts based on income, household density, education and age. The data indicate that some demographic variables are correlated with Internet access subscribership rates. See Figures 44-49. and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Amended by the Broadband Data Improvement Act, GN Docket No.11-121, Eighth Broadband Progress Report, 27 FCC Rcd 10342, 10386, para. 94 (2012). 9 For both census tracts and counties, we continue to find estimates above 100% for the share of households with fixed Internet access connections. See p. 57 for more information. 9 SECTION 2 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE NATION Table of Contents Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2014-2018 .......................... 12 Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2014-2018 ................................................................................................ 12 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Speed 2015-2018 .............................................. 13 Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of June 30, 2018 .................................................................................. 14 Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of June 30, 2018........................................................................... 15 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2014-2018 ................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 12 Connections by Technology as of June 30, 2018 .................................................... 16 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2014-2018 ................................................................................................................ 17 Figure 14 Residential Connections by Technology as of June 30, 2018 ................................. 17 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2018 ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 16 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2018 ...................................................................... 18 Figure 17 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2018 ............................................................................................ 19 Figure 18 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2018 .............................................................................. 19 Figure 19 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2018 ...................................................................... 20 Figure 20 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2018 ......................................................... 20 Figure 21 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2018 ............................................................................................ 21 Figure 22 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2018 .............................................................................. 21 Figure 23 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2018 ....................................................................................... 22 Figure 24 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2018 ......................................................................... 22 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2014-2018 (Shares of Selected Technologies) .................................... 23 10 Figure 26 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2014-2018 (Net Adds for Selected Technologies) .............................. 23 Figure 27 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of June 30, 2018 (Shares of Selected Technologies for Selected Speeds) ......................................... 24 Figure 28 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of June 30, 2018 ........................................................................................................... 25 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of June 30, 2018 ........................................................................................................... 26 Figure 30 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2014-2018 ...................................................................... 27 Figure 31 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction - Selected Technologies 2014-2018 ....................................................... 27 11 Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2014-2018 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 324,471 338,202 357,613 375,895 395,604 404,971 408,816 420,973 428,983 Total Fixed 95,982 98,245 100,179 102,216 104,088 105,715 106,254 108,200 109,207 Mobile Wireless 228,489 239,957 257,434 273,679 291,516 299,256 302,562 312,773 319,776 Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2014-2018 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 277,551 290,696 306,292 322,557 330,987 337,978 341,094 351,964 358,851 Total Fixed 87,345 89,530 91,439 93,434 95,001 96,607 97,072 98,843 99,742 Mobile Wireless 190,205 201,166 214,853 229,122 235,985 241,371 244,022 253,121 259,109 * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. 12 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2015-2018 99.7 100 98.8 97.1 49.9 96.6 39.0 95.0 93.4 23.6 28.2 91.4 17.7 14.9 11.9 35.6 37.2 75 38.5 36.4 36.8 31.2 50 24.6 23.1 Connections in Millions 22.4 21.4 20.8 18.0 16.2 25 14.5 15.6 14.4 13.6 13.0 11.6 10.3 8.8 5.2 4.6 3.9 2.8 2.4 0 2.2 Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 At least 100 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps Less than 3 Mbps 13 Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction < 1 Mbps 2.0% as of June 30, 2018 >= 3 Mbps >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 3.2% 9.5% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 4.1% < 1 Mbps 5.0% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps >= 3 Mbps 0.5% 24.6% < 1 Mbps 1.9% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps >= 3 Mbps 1.2% 47.8% Downstream Speed < 3 Mbps; 2.4% >= 3 Mbps & < 10 Mbps; 9.3% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 14.7% >= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 25.7% >= 100 Mbps; 47.8% Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 3 At least 10 At least 25 Mbps Mbps Mbps and less and less and less Less than 3 than 10 than 25 than 100 At least 100 Upstream Speed Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Total Less than 1 Mbps 2,095 5,411 2,179 # # 9,685 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 571 4,506 10,391 1,265 6 16,739 At least 3 Mbps 3 293 3,492 26,832 52,162 82,783 Total 2,669 10,210 16,062 28,098 52,168 109,207 Percentages Less than 1 Mbps 1.9 5.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 8.9 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 0.5 4.1 9.5 1.2 0.0 15.3 At least 3 Mbps 0.0 0.3 3.2 24.6 47.8 75.8 Total 2.4 9.3 14.7 25.7 47.8 100.0 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero. Source: FCC Form 477. 14 Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction < 1 Mbps 2.1% as of June 30, 2018 >= 3 Mbps >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 3.1% 9.4% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 4.1% < 1 Mbps 4.6% >= 3 Mbps < 1 Mbps 23.5% 1.6% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 1.2% >= 3 Mbps 50.0% Downstream Speed < 3 Mbps; 1.9% >= 3 Mbps & < 10 Mbps; 8.9% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 14.6% >= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 24.7% >= 100 Mbps; 50.0% Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 3 At least 10 At least 25 Mbps Mbps Mbps and less and less and less Less than 3 than 10 than 25 than 100 At least 100 Upstream Speed Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Total Less than 1 Mbps 1,610 4,563 2,047 # # 8,219 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 292 4,119 9,380 1,201 5 14,998 At least 3 Mbps 2 150 3,089 23,434 49,849 76,525 Total 1,904 8,832 14,516 24,635 49,854 99,742 Percentages Less than 1 Mbps 1.6 4.6 2.1 0.0 0.0 8.2 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 0.3 4.1 9.4 1.2 0.0 15.0 At least 3 Mbps 0.0 0.2 3.1 23.5 50.0 76.7 Total 1.9 8.9 14.6 24.7 50.0 100.0 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero. Source: FCC Form 477. 15 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2014-2018 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 324,471 338,202 357,613 375,895 395,604 404,971 408,816 420,973 428,983 Total Fixed 95,982 98,245 100,179 102,216 104,088 105,715 106,254 108,200 109,207 aDSL 29,870 29,533 29,351 28,134 27,488 26,527 25,506 24,193 23,072 sDSL 96 72 77 60 55 42 44 28 28 Other Wireline1 792 773 706 694 674 655 668 630 610 Cable Modem 54,011 55,785 57,244 59,706 61,456 63,325 64,060 66,196 67,163 FTTP2 8,312 9,077 9,688 10,498 11,143 12,053 12,906 13,978 14,982 Satellite 1,964 2,006 2,058 2,071 2,079 1,864 1,826 1,872 1,939 Fixed Wireless 935 999 1,056 1,054 1,192 1,250 1,245 1,304 1,414 Mobile Wireless 228,489 239,957 257,434 273,679 291,516 299,256 302,562 312,773 319,776 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 12 Connections by Technology as of June 30, 2018 Cable Modem 15.7% FTTP 3.5% aDSL 5.4% All Other 0.9% Mobile Wireless 74.5% 16 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2014-2018 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 277,551 290,696 306,292 322,557 330,987 337,978 341,094 351,964 358,851 Total Fixed 87,345 89,530 91,439 93,434 95,001 96,607 97,072 98,843 99,742 aDSL 26,675 26,442 26,157 25,139 24,486 23,691 22,775 21,653 20,670 sDSL 30 19 18 16 10 8 12 9 9 Other Wireline1 57 59 59 54 51 32 74 67 74 Cable Modem 50,389 52,061 53,544 55,799 57,358 59,145 59,687 61,567 62,318 FTTP2 7,605 8,262 8,842 9,592 10,140 10,956 11,776 12,702 13,661 Satellite 1,760 1,803 1,875 1,891 1,897 1,676 1,637 1,688 1,751 Fixed Wireless 829 884 944 943 1,059 1,099 1,111 1,156 1,260 Mobile Wireless 190,205 201,166 214,853 229,122 235,985 241,371 244,022 253,121 259,109 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 14 Residential Connections by Technology as of June 30, 2018 Cable Modem 17.4% FTTP 3.8% aDSL 5.8% All Other 0.9% Mobile Wireless 72.2% 17 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2018 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 78,981 83,872 89,011 92,356 95,517 98,761 100,098 102,047 104,054 aDSL 17,246 18,557 20,947 20,744 21,147 21,042 20,621 19,257 18,874 sDSL 33 28 24 20 20 20 24 16 17 Other Wireline1 310 308 297 330 336 328 355 369 376 Cable Modem 51,304 53,853 55,819 58,423 60,343 62,855 63,719 65,906 66,959 FTTP2 8,111 8,974 9,552 10,383 11,030 11,953 12,813 13,870 14,889 Satellite 1,424 1,558 1,690 1,744 1,775 1,609 1,586 1,563 1,722 Fixed Wireless 553 594 681 712 865 954 981 1,065 1,216 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 16 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2018 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 73,042 77,540 82,320 85,439 88,198 91,258 92,355 93,987 95,741 aDSL 15,673 16,867 18,988 18,866 19,207 19,133 18,719 17,480 17,127 sDSL 7 2 1 2 2 2 7 6 6 Other Wireline1 45 50 45 47 49 31 73 66 72 Cable Modem 47,924 50,308 52,254 54,650 56,353 58,784 59,411 61,335 62,165 FTTP2 7,491 8,246 8,750 9,512 10,063 10,883 11,704 12,616 13,588 Satellite 1,419 1,552 1,682 1,734 1,764 1,596 1,571 1,545 1,700 Fixed Wireless 483 516 599 628 759 830 870 940 1,082 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. 18 Figure 17 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2018 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 63,823 68,238 72,713 76,939 80,458 84,112 86,967 90,703 94,148 aDSL 7,561 8,560 9,471 9,799 10,349 10,810 11,321 11,595 11,817 sDSL 9 6 9 8 8 10 14 9 11 Other Wireline1 169 186 182 203 210 217 253 273 282 Cable Modem 47,296 49,837 52,658 55,710 57,951 60,349 61,704 63,978 65,807 FTTP2 7,601 8,320 8,874 9,575 10,143 11,001 11,884 12,954 13,988 Satellite 1,016 1,136 1,298 1,393 1,467 1,342 1,373 1,402 1,595 Fixed Wireless 170 193 221 252 330 383 418 492 649 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 18 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2018 FTTP 14.9% aDSL 12.6% All Other 2.7% Cable Modem 69.9% 19 Figure 19 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2018 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Technology Jun* Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 59,729 63,732 67,898 71,784 74,841 78,202 80,671 84,164 86,959 aDSL 7,025 7,970 8,743 9,069 9,526 9,963 10,415 10,657 10,859 sDSL 3 # # 1 2 2 6 5 6 Other Wireline1 33 36 38 43 47 30 71 64 65 Cable Modem 44,480 46,772 49,487 52,294 54,274 56,538 57,617 59,864 61,141 FTTP2 7,032 7,653 8,144 8,776 9,248 10,004 10,835 11,762 12,739 Satellite 1,014 1,133 1,293 1,386 1,460 1,333 1,362 1,387 1,575 Fixed Wireless 142 167 191 213 283 332 365 426 574 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). # = Rounds to zero. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 20 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2018 FTTP 14.6% aDSL 12.5% All Other 2.6% Cable Modem 70.3% 20 Figure 21 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2018 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Technology Jun+ Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 35,924 42,713 48,784 54,335 58,753 62,907 68,041 73,331 78,175 aDSL 421 587 762 938 1,239 1,476 2,530 3,586 4,297 sDSL 2 1 1 * * * * * * Other Wireline1 114 125 125 141 158 170 207 224 209 Cable Modem 30,769 36,383 40,979 45,530 48,696 51,740 54,829 57,870 60,858 FTTP2 4,600 5,589 6,871 7,691 8,609 9,449 10,374 11,525 12,609 Satellite # # # * * * * * * Fixed Wireless 19 28 47 55 72 92 120 146 222 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. + The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. # = Rounds to zero. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 22 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2018 aDSL 5.4% FTTP Cable Modem 16.0% 77.0% All Other 1.6% 21 Figure 23 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2014-2018 (In thousands) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Technology Jun+ Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 34,437 40,916 46,532 51,788 55,694 59,463 64,253 68,871 72,480 aDSL 397 556 727 897 1,173 1,408 2,418 3,410 4,067 sDSL # # # * * * * * * Other Wireline1 22 26 26 31 41 27 67 59 54 Cable Modem 29,806 35,202 39,416 43,746 46,527 49,300 52,154 54,748 56,619 FTTP2 4,198 5,111 6,323 7,089 7,916 8,674 9,532 10,553 11,569 Satellite 0 0 0 * * * * * * Fixed Wireless 14 22 40 46 57 75 101 121 192 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. + The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. # = Rounds to zero. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 24 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2018 aDSL 5.5% FTTP Cable Modem 15.8% 77.3% All Other 1.4% 22 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2014-2018 (Shares of selected technologies) 100 30.5 29.5 28.6 26.9 25.8 24.5 23.5 21.9 20.7 90 80 13.7 12.9 12.1 11.3 10.7 10.3 70 9.2 9.7 8.7 3.0 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.1 62.3 62.5 60 3.1 3.2 61.2 61.5 3.1 59.7 60.4 57.7 58.1 58.6 50 40 30 20 Percentage of Residential Fixed Connections Fixed Residential of Percentage 10 0 Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun 2014* 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 aDSL Cable Modem FTTP All Other Fixed * The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 26 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2014-2018 (Net adds for selected technologies) 4000 3813 3156 3000 2630 2330 2000 1885 1636 1236 1298 1000 0 -518 -1000 Connections in ThousandsConnections in -2000 -1671 -1712 -2105 -3000 Jun 2014 to Jun 2015 to Jun 2016 to Jun 2017 to Jun 2015 Jun 2016 Jun 2017 Jun 2018 aDSL Cable Modem FTTP 23 Figure 27 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of June 30, 2018 (Shares of selected technologies for selected speeds, connections in thousands) Connections 99,742 95,741 86,959 73,283 43,634 100 3.1 3.0 2.6 12.8 15.8 13.7 14.2 14.6 90 86.8 62.5 64.9 70.3 77.3 80 70 60 50 40 Estimated Percentage of Households of Percentage Estimated 30 20 20.7 17.9 12.5 10 5.5 0 Over 200 kbps in at At least 3 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps At least 100 Mbps least one direction downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least 768 kbps upstream 1 Mbps upstream 3 Mbps upstream 10 Mbps upstream aDSL Cable Modem FTTP All Other Fixed 24 Figure 28 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of June 30, 2018 (In thousands) Downstream Speed At least 1.5 Mbps At least 3 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps Less than and less than and less than and less than and less than At least 100 Technology 1.5 Mbps 3 Mbps 10 Mbps 25 Mbps 100 Mbps Mbps Total aDSL 638 1,242 7,564 8,768 4,749 111 23,072 sDSL 5 6 6 7 * * 28 Other Wireline1 29 203 96 71 34 178 610 Cable Modem 44 56 1,222 4,319 15,797 45,724 67,163 FTTP 42 32 585 1,679 6,549 6,094 14,982 Satellite 190 23 131 799 * * 1,939 Fixed Wireless 53 105 607 418 172 59 1,414 Total 1,001 1,668 10,210 16,062 28,098 52,168 109,207 Percentages aDSL 0.6 1.1 6.9 8.0 4.3 0.1 21.1 sDSL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 Other Wireline1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.6 Cable Modem 0.0 0.1 1.1 4.0 14.5 41.9 61.5 FTTP 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.5 6.0 5.6 13.7 Satellite 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.7 * * 1.8 Fixed Wireless 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 1.3 Total 0.9 1.5 9.3 14.7 25.7 47.8 100.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 25 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of June 30, 2018 (In thousands) Downstream Speed At least 1.5 Mbps At least 3 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps Less than and less than and less than and less than and less than At least 100 Technology 1.5 Mbps 3 Mbps 10 Mbps 25 Mbps 100 Mbps Mbps Total aDSL 566 1,020 6,539 7,954 4,492 98 20,670 sDSL 2 1 1 4 * * 9 Other Wireline1 # 1 7 11 9 46 74 Cable Modem 38 29 1,078 3,909 13,207 44,057 62,318 FTTP 32 25 536 1,470 5,996 5,602 13,661 Satellite 42 7 126 794 * * 1,751 Fixed Wireless 46 94 546 375 149 50 1,260 Total 726 1,178 8,832 14,516 24,635 49,854 99,742 Percentages aDSL 0.6 1.0 6.6 8.0 4.5 0.1 20.7 sDSL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 Other Wireline1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Cable Modem 0.0 0.0 1.1 3.9 13.2 44.2 62.5 FTTP 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.5 6.0 5.6 13.7 Satellite 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 * * 1.8 Fixed Wireless 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 1.3 Total 0.7 1.2 8.9 14.6 24.7 50.0 100.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 26 Figure 30 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2014-2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Technology Jun+ Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun aDSL 793 793 792 778 769 774 769 743 738 sDSL 192 187 177 180 171 160 161 150 136 Other Wireline1 270 245 240 250 244 236 243 235 249 Cable Modem 394 402 393 392 388 385 384 383 371 FTTP 879 910 931 990 1,017 1,067 1,103 1,148 1,176 Satellite 16 14 10 10 6 6 5 6 6 Fixed Wireless 872 922 948 982 1,026 1,070 1,094 1,157 1,176 Mobile Wireless 91 98 100 96 99 98 98 83 73 Total 1,816 1,872 1,881 1,917 1,956 2,000 2,030 2,087 2,113 1 For this Figure, the categories Power Line and All Other were combined with Other Wireline. + The June 2014 data have not been subjected to the typical quality checks (see Technical Notes). Multiple Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider. * = 1-3 providers. Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figure 31 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction Selected Technologies 2014-2018 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 Number Providers of 400 300 200 100 0 Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun 2014 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 aDSL Cable Modem FTTP Mobile Wireless 27 SECTION 3 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE STATES Table of Contents Figure 32 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of June 30, 2018 .................................................................................................. 29 Figure 33 Connections by Type of End User by State as of June 30, 2018 ............................. 31 Figure 34 Connections by Technology by State as of June 30, 2018 ...................................... 32 Figure 35 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of June 30, 2018 ........................................................................................................... 34 Figure 36 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of June 30, 2018 .................. 36 28 Figure 32 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of June 30, 2018 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in At least 10 Mbps Down At least 25 Mbps Down At least 100 Mbps Down at least One Direction and 1 Mbps Up and 3 Mbps Up and 10 Mbps Up Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership State Households Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Alabama 1,860 1,351 0.73 1,099 0.59 850 0.46 477 0.26 Alaska 253 201 0.79 166 0.65 123 0.48 * * American Samoa 10 * * 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Arizona 2,524 2,116 0.84 1,753 0.69 1,505 0.60 1,007 0.40 Arkansas 1,152 783 0.68 606 0.53 407 0.35 187 0.16 California 12,965 11,331 0.87 10,241 0.79 8,678 0.67 5,173 0.40 Colorado 2,113 1,897 0.90 1,555 0.74 1,415 0.67 602 0.28 Connecticut 1,367 1,208 0.88 1,108 0.81 919 0.67 538 0.39 Delaware 358 336 0.94 321 0.90 310 0.87 132 0.37 District of Columbia 281 246 0.87 231 0.82 220 0.78 * * Florida 7,622 6,853 0.90 6,253 0.82 5,273 0.69 3,782 0.50 Georgia 3,709 3,039 0.82 2,631 0.71 2,067 0.56 1,376 0.37 Guam 42 * * * * * * 0 0.00 Hawaii 457 422 0.92 419 0.92 * * * * Idaho 618 508 0.82 331 0.54 256 0.41 60 0.10 Illinois 4,830 3,853 0.80 3,400 0.70 2,693 0.56 1,849 0.38 Indiana 2,554 1,951 0.76 1,630 0.64 1,266 0.50 870 0.34 Iowa 1,257 949 0.76 700 0.56 572 0.45 222 0.18 Kansas 1,125 888 0.79 738 0.66 548 0.49 355 0.32 Kentucky 1,729 1,295 0.75 1,032 0.60 753 0.44 534 0.31 Louisiana 1,736 1,280 0.74 1,096 0.63 846 0.49 529 0.30 Maine 557 510 0.92 397 0.71 290 0.52 195 0.35 Maryland 2,193 1,925 0.88 1,830 0.83 1,716 0.78 733 0.33 Massachusetts 2,602 2,351 0.90 2,227 0.86 2,147 0.83 982 0.38 Michigan 3,910 3,057 0.78 2,685 0.69 2,203 0.56 1,370 0.35 Minnesota 2,168 1,756 0.81 1,397 0.64 1,217 0.56 512 0.24 Mississippi 1,106 694 0.63 537 0.49 344 0.31 155 0.14 Missouri 2,396 1,815 0.76 1,446 0.60 1,119 0.47 627 0.26 Montana 423 336 0.79 249 0.59 210 0.50 * * Nebraska 754 589 0.78 481 0.64 392 0.52 275 0.36 29 Figure 32 - Continued Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of June 30, 2018 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in At least 10 Mbps Down At least 25 Mbps Down At least 100 Mbps Down at least One Direction and 1 Mbps Up and 3 Mbps Up and 10 Mbps Up Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership State Households Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Nevada 1,076 927 0.86 834 0.78 703 0.65 516 0.48 New Hampshire 528 498 0.94 442 0.84 401 0.76 176 0.33 New Jersey 3,213 2,986 0.93 2,870 0.89 2,775 0.86 1,651 0.51 New Mexico 776 568 0.73 382 0.49 319 0.41 100 0.13 New York 7,317 6,334 0.87 5,971 0.82 5,511 0.75 4,034 0.55 North Carolina 3,919 3,309 0.84 2,767 0.71 2,413 0.62 1,736 0.44 North Dakota 315 256 0.81 232 0.74 205 0.65 152 0.48 Northern Mariana Isl 16 * * * * * * 0 0.00 Ohio 4,654 3,707 0.80 3,184 0.68 2,409 0.52 1,554 0.33 Oklahoma 1,475 1,043 0.71 829 0.56 621 0.42 369 0.25 Oregon 1,592 1,330 0.84 1,117 0.70 994 0.62 415 0.26 Pennsylvania 5,025 4,088 0.81 3,626 0.72 3,246 0.65 1,454 0.29 Puerto Rico 1,205 592 0.49 299 0.25 213 0.18 * * Rhode Island 411 367 0.89 362 0.88 340 0.83 * * South Carolina 1,895 1,547 0.82 1,342 0.71 1,003 0.53 631 0.33 South Dakota 342 266 0.78 238 0.70 212 0.62 142 0.42 Tennessee 2,567 1,945 0.76 1,704 0.66 1,375 0.54 920 0.36 Texas 9,553 7,695 0.81 6,793 0.71 5,442 0.57 3,187 0.33 Utah 958 836 0.87 687 0.72 595 0.62 251 0.26 Vermont 260 230 0.89 173 0.67 141 0.54 61 0.23 Virgin Islands 43 * * * * * * * * Virginia 3,128 2,593 0.83 2,336 0.75 2,143 0.68 1,137 0.36 Washington 2,800 2,457 0.88 2,099 0.75 1,902 0.68 880 0.31 West Virginia 735 544 0.74 407 0.55 324 0.44 155 0.21 Wisconsin 2,343 1,825 0.78 1,515 0.65 1,154 0.49 644 0.27 Wyoming 231 180 0.78 139 0.60 120 0.52 * * Total 121,046 99,742 0.82 86,959 0.72 73,283 0.61 43,634 0.36 # = Rounds to Zero; * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477 (Connections); 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates; Census 2010. 30 Figure 33 Connections by Type of End User by State as of June 30, 2018 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Connections Percentages State Residential Business Residential Business Total Alabama 5,082 1,126 81.9 18.1 6,209 Alaska 862 125 87.4 12.6 987 American Samoa * * * * * Arizona 7,085 1,289 84.6 15.4 8,374 Arkansas 2,838 760 78.9 21.1 3,597 California 45,888 7,417 86.1 13.9 53,304 Colorado 6,114 1,195 83.7 16.3 7,309 Connecticut 4,031 911 81.6 18.4 4,942 Delaware 1,058 200 84.1 15.9 1,259 District of Columbia 950 509 65.1 34.9 1,458 Florida 23,892 4,233 84.9 15.1 28,125 Georgia 11,071 2,459 81.8 18.2 13,530 Guam 183 49 79.0 21.0 232 Hawaii 1,665 282 85.5 14.5 1,947 Idaho 1,713 348 83.1 16.9 2,060 Illinois 14,031 2,865 83.0 17.0 16,896 Indiana 6,659 1,402 82.6 17.4 8,061 Iowa 3,109 733 80.9 19.1 3,843 Kansas 4,465 686 86.7 13.3 5,152 Kentucky 4,757 791 85.7 14.3 5,547 Louisiana 4,999 896 84.8 15.2 5,895 Maine 1,394 404 77.5 22.5 1,798 Maryland 6,924 1,219 85.0 15.0 8,143 Massachusetts 8,226 1,534 84.3 15.7 9,760 Michigan 10,445 2,374 81.5 18.5 12,819 Minnesota 5,913 1,326 81.7 18.3 7,239 Mississippi 2,960 542 84.5 15.5 3,502 Missouri 6,282 1,339 82.4 17.6 7,621 Montana 1,039 277 79.0 21.0 1,316 Nebraska 1,855 532 77.7 22.3 2,387 Nevada 3,271 550 85.6 14.4 3,822 New Hampshire 1,464 349 80.8 19.2 1,812 New Jersey 10,395 1,997 83.9 16.1 12,392 New Mexico 2,058 369 84.8 15.2 2,426 New York 23,922 4,260 84.9 15.1 28,181 North Carolina 10,513 2,351 81.7 18.3 12,864 North Dakota 796 209 79.2 20.8 1,005 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * Ohio 12,371 2,713 82.0 18.0 15,084 Oklahoma 3,913 741 84.1 15.9 4,654 Oregon 4,459 926 82.8 17.2 5,384 Pennsylvania 13,772 2,819 83.0 17.0 16,591 Puerto Rico 3,623 313 92.0 8.0 3,936 Rhode Island 1,113 223 83.3 16.7 1,337 South Carolina 5,005 1,098 82.0 18.0 6,103 South Dakota 845 231 78.5 21.5 1,076 Tennessee 6,886 1,613 81.0 19.0 8,499 Texas 30,291 5,331 85.0 15.0 35,622 Utah 2,982 610 83.0 17.0 3,592 Vermont 658 173 79.2 20.8 831 Virgin Islands 127 13 90.5 9.5 140 Virginia 8,510 2,114 80.1 19.9 10,624 Washington 8,272 1,579 84.0 16.0 9,851 West Virginia 1,594 289 84.6 15.4 1,883 Wisconsin 5,796 1,272 82.0 18.0 7,067 Wyoming 619 149 80.6 19.4 768 Total 358,851 70,132 83.7 16.3 428,983 # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 31 Figure 34 Connections by Technology by State as of June 30, 2018 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Alabama 481 # * 791 134 * 6 4,728 6,209 Alaska 77 # 2 * 5 * 9 752 987 American Samoa * * 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 530 * 12 1,505 156 * 44 6,092 8,374 Arkansas 337 # * 417 47 * 8 2,736 3,597 California 2,940 3 * 8,006 1,155 * 122 40,865 53,304 Colorado * # 18 1,299 218 * 74 5,240 7,309 Connecticut * * 4 999 16 * # 3,615 4,942 Delaware * * 3 228 * * * 894 1,259 District of Columbia * * 6 * * * * 1,176 1,458 Florida 1,496 # * 4,963 892 * 18 20,639 28,125 Georgia 947 # * 1,883 416 * 5 10,192 13,530 Guam * 0 0 * * 0 0 190 232 Hawaii * * 1 * * * 2 1,491 1,947 Idaho 168 # * 224 90 * 51 1,506 2,060 Illinois 1,142 1 * 2,721 204 * 83 12,672 16,896 Indiana 614 * 6 1,157 247 * 42 5,944 8,061 Iowa 272 # * 484 204 * 44 2,804 3,843 Kansas 239 # * 472 191 * 40 4,186 5,152 Kentucky 404 * 4 779 164 * 19 4,138 5,547 Louisiana 399 * 5 823 121 * 6 4,485 5,895 Maine 125 1 * 405 14 * 6 1,234 1,798 Maryland * # 16 1,118 * * 6 6,050 8,143 Massachusetts * # 22 1,906 * * 5 7,180 9,760 Michigan 821 2 * 2,261 92 * 45 9,503 12,819 Minnesota 473 2 * 1,146 223 * 31 5,326 7,239 Mississippi 336 # * 325 47 * 3 2,731 3,502 Missouri 647 # * 932 271 * 44 5,645 7,621 Montana 99 * 2 * 30 * 23 939 1,316 Nebraska 144 # * 396 67 * 30 1,738 2,387 32 Figure 34 - Continued Connections by Technology by State as of June 30, 2018 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Nevada 209 # 6 * 30 * 21 2,810 3,822 New Hampshire 72 # * 440 31 * 1 1,259 1,812 New Jersey 146 * 27 2,116 * * # 9,097 12,392 New Mexico 223 # * 304 49 * 28 1,803 2,426 New York 407 * 40 4,871 1,621 * 6 21,178 28,181 North Carolina 799 # * 2,327 382 * 8 9,266 12,864 North Dakota 38 1 * 153 88 * 4 717 1,005 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * 0 0 * * Ohio 1,010 * 13 2,621 278 * 46 11,065 15,084 Oklahoma 363 # * 591 91 * 50 3,502 4,654 Oregon 234 # * 966 191 * 26 3,926 5,384 Pennsylvania 538 # 28 2,886 * * 6 12,105 16,591 Puerto Rico * 0 * * 7 * 10 3,280 3,936 Rhode Island * * 2 * * * * 936 1,337 South Carolina 434 # * 1,024 170 * 4 4,426 6,103 South Dakota 42 * # 173 63 * 10 781 1,076 Tennessee 516 # * 1,192 342 * 13 6,367 8,499 Texas 2,133 # * 4,400 1,407 * 225 27,205 35,622 Utah 160 # * 507 176 * 55 2,684 3,592 Vermont 87 * 3 143 26 * 1 568 831 Virgin Islands * 0 * * * * * * 140 Virginia 284 # * 1,506 921 * 18 7,781 10,624 Washington 420 # * 1,883 242 * 37 7,189 9,851 West Virginia * * 1 367 11 * 3 1,285 1,883 Wisconsin 602 7 5 * 126 * 34 5,079 7,067 Wyoming 47 * 1 111 12 * 24 563 768 Total 23,072 28 610 67,163 14,982 1,939 1,414 319,776 428,983 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 33 Figure 35 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of June 30, 2018 Over 200 kbps Upstream and % over 200 kbps % at least 3 Mbps % at least 10 Mbps % at least 25 Mbps % at least 100 Mbps State Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Alabama 99.6 95.7 83.1 64.2 35.3 Alaska 98.6 93.2 80.9 58.8 42.3 American Samoa * * * * * Arizona 99.8 97.7 90.8 70.9 49.9 Arkansas 99.6 95.2 80.4 54.1 26.1 California 99.8 98.1 89.1 74.9 51.2 Colorado 99.8 96.9 90.5 74.4 47.6 Connecticut 99.6 99.3 90.5 75.3 56.7 Delaware 99.9 98.9 94.7 91.4 56.8 District of Columbia 99.9 98.2 91.5 86.8 61.8 Florida 99.7 98.3 92.8 79.2 52.6 Georgia 99.4 97.0 86.9 70.1 43.3 Guam * * * * * Hawaii 100.0 99.9 98.8 90.7 59.4 Idaho 99.6 95.8 78.3 50.9 34.5 Illinois 99.8 98.0 87.6 72.1 46.3 Indiana 99.5 97.6 84.4 66.6 42.9 Iowa 99.7 95.3 81.0 61.1 24.0 Kansas 99.8 96.9 84.1 60.2 39.0 Kentucky 99.3 95.9 80.5 59.2 39.9 Louisiana 99.5 96.0 85.7 66.2 40.7 Maine 99.2 94.3 76.9 56.1 38.7 Maryland 99.9 98.7 93.7 88.2 52.1 Massachusetts 99.9 98.7 93.6 90.2 60.8 Michigan 99.5 97.9 87.4 73.6 42.9 Minnesota 99.8 96.9 86.4 69.5 39.0 Mississippi 99.3 94.1 77.8 53.0 29.5 Missouri 99.6 96.2 83.1 62.4 36.5 Montana 99.7 94.0 79.9 62.5 29.4 Nebraska 99.7 97.2 85.0 66.5 45.5 34 Figure 35 - Continued Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of June 30, 2018 Over 200 kbps Upstream and % over 200 kbps % at least 3 Mbps % at least 10 Mbps % at least 25 Mbps % at least 100 Mbps State Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Nevada 99.9 98.6 93.0 77.4 52.9 New Hampshire 99.3 95.7 87.1 78.8 54.6 New Jersey 99.8 98.8 95.4 91.9 64.6 New Mexico 99.8 94.8 80.4 57.1 30.8 New York 99.6 98.7 93.0 85.5 62.1 North Carolina 99.4 97.2 86.5 72.4 51.5 North Dakota 99.9 98.0 91.6 79.8 59.5 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * Ohio 99.8 97.7 86.0 64.8 41.7 Oklahoma 99.7 97.1 79.9 58.5 36.8 Oregon 99.8 97.1 88.9 75.1 45.7 Pennsylvania 99.8 97.7 89.1 79.4 48.9 Puerto Rico 99.9 87.0 53.3 34.8 13.2 Rhode Island 99.7 98.9 97.5 91.1 58.3 South Carolina 99.7 97.3 87.2 66.6 40.9 South Dakota 99.7 97.9 90.8 79.3 50.3 Tennessee 99.6 97.3 87.9 72.1 45.8 Texas 99.8 98.1 88.1 70.1 45.6 Utah 99.9 98.0 89.2 71.5 43.0 Vermont 98.9 91.3 73.9 60.7 42.7 Virgin Islands 99.9 98.9 62.0 * * Virginia 99.5 97.6 90.0 81.3 50.7 Washington 99.6 97.3 89.9 77.2 54.1 West Virginia 98.6 97.3 73.9 58.9 37.4 Wisconsin 99.3 96.5 85.0 63.3 35.0 Wyoming 99.7 94.5 81.7 65.5 25.1 Total 99.7 97.6 88.2 73.5 47.8 35 Figure 36 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of June 30, 2018 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Alabama 24 4 * 20 41 * 22 7 84 Alaska 13 4 12 * 12 * 15 8 38 American Samoa * * 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 24 * 26 14 41 * 45 6 105 Arkansas 24 4 * 21 40 * 21 5 81 California 35 11 * 29 84 * 115 5 202 Colorado * 7 25 15 63 * 67 9 140 Connecticut * * 14 8 20 * 7 4 38 Delaware * * 9 6 * * * 4 26 District of Columbia * * 12 * * * * 4 37 Florida 22 7 * 24 69 * 37 6 115 Georgia 25 4 * 30 84 * 26 5 127 Guam * 0 0 * * 0 0 4 4 Hawaii * * 8 * * * 5 5 25 Idaho 23 4 * 19 38 * 39 9 76 Illinois 52 7 * 19 95 * 94 6 193 Indiana 37 * 24 13 67 * 61 5 116 Iowa 95 15 * 42 154 * 91 9 232 Kansas 26 9 * 27 62 * 55 9 114 Kentucky 19 * 12 28 43 * 31 8 97 Louisiana 15 * 23 20 37 * 17 6 71 Maine 12 6 * 9 18 * 9 5 37 Maryland * 5 18 15 * * 18 5 69 Massachusetts * 4 17 10 * * 23 5 66 Michigan 33 8 * 25 66 * 49 6 130 Minnesota 44 8 * 21 78 * 47 5 122 Mississippi 18 4 * 15 28 * 13 6 59 Missouri 36 9 * 17 68 * 72 7 144 Montana 21 * 17 * 31 * 29 7 62 Nebraska 31 4 * 21 55 * 50 7 106 36 Figure 36 - Continued Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of June 30, 2018 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Nevada 15 7 17 * 32 * 26 5 71 New Hampshire 9 5 * 5 20 * 5 6 34 New Jersey 11 * 29 11 * * 16 4 70 New Mexico 19 5 * 10 30 * 34 8 71 New York 33 * 30 20 65 * 30 7 113 North Carolina 21 6 * 25 57 * 22 6 97 North Dakota 22 8 * 9 31 * 14 6 47 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * 0 0 * * Ohio 32 * 30 32 66 * 63 4 149 Oklahoma 38 8 * 14 54 * 51 12 114 Oregon 41 9 * 16 57 * 44 6 100 Pennsylvania 25 6 25 25 * * 26 8 105 Puerto Rico * 0 * * 6 * 7 5 17 Rhode Island * * 7 * * * * 4 23 South Carolina 18 4 * 17 34 * 16 6 56 South Dakota 22 * 15 8 32 * 20 8 70 Tennessee 22 4 * 23 61 * 36 7 114 Texas 64 16 * 34 127 * 158 10 269 Utah 18 4 * 12 28 * 34 9 71 Vermont 10 * 6 6 19 * 4 6 31 Virgin Islands * 0 * * * * * * 7 Virginia 24 6 * 19 64 * 40 7 111 Washington 26 6 * 22 61 * 52 6 113 West Virginia * * 10 16 22 * 15 6 55 Wisconsin 43 8 24 * 68 * 45 6 117 Wyoming 14 * 11 7 17 * 26 8 50 Total 738 136 249 371 1,176 6 1,176 73 2,113 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. 37 SECTION 4 SUMMARY STATISTICS: COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS Table of Contents Figure 37 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of June 30, 2018 .................... 39 Figure 38 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of June 30, 2018 .................................................................................................. 40 Figure 39 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of June 30, 2018 ............... 41 Figure 40 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of June 30, 2018 .................................................................................................. 42 Figure 41 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of June 30, 2018 .............................................................................. 43 Figure 42 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of June 30, 2018 ................................................................ 44 Figure 43 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of June 30, 2018 ................................................................ 46 38 Figure 37 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of June 30, 2018 16% Number of Counties 3,234 476 Median 0.71 14% 427 397 12% 343 10% 271 262 8% 208 193 6% 178 Percentage Counties of 153 153 4% 76 2% 46 26 11 4 2 1 4 3 0% 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 Max Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households Note: Ratios over 1 were set to 1. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 39 Figure 38 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of June 30, 2018 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 5 than 10 than 20 than 30 than 40 than 50 than 60 than 80 than 0 and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no more more more more more more more more more than than than than than than than than 100% Technology Zero than 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% or more aDSL 1.3 6.4 8.1 28.4 28.6 15.6 7.2 2.7 1.4 0.2 0.2 sDSL 93.8 6.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline 91.9 7.7 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 11.7 6.3 6.1 14.1 14.1 13.0 12.1 12.4 8.6 1.2 0.4 FTTP 23.7 42.4 9.6 9.8 4.9 3.2 2.4 1.9 1.9 0.2 0.0 Satellite 1.1 65.0 22.6 10.0 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 20.4 56.8 11.9 7.5 2.1 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Total 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 2.2 7.1 14.1 50.8 21.5 3.6 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 40 Figure 39 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of June 30, 2018 12 Number of Tracts 73,767 Median 0.82 10 8 6 Percentage of Tracts of Percentage 4 2 0 0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 Max Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households Note: Ratios over 2 were set to 2. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 41 Figure 40 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of June 30, 2018 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 5 than 10 than 20 than 30 than 40 than 50 than 60 than 80 than 0 and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no more more more more more more more more more than than than than than than than than 100% Technology Zero than 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% or more aDSL 2.6 22.3 14.2 25.4 18.4 10.0 4.1 1.6 0.9 0.2 0.2 sDSL 99.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline 98.7 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 4.7 2.7 1.7 3.9 6.3 11.6 16.9 19.4 24.5 6.6 1.7 FTTP 41.5 20.3 6.9 10.1 6.4 5.4 4.2 2.7 2.1 0.3 0.1 Satellite 35.4 54.9 5.1 3.2 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 72.8 20.9 2.7 2.2 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.8 1.7 3.5 7.3 31.2 43.4 10.8 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 42 Figure 41 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Service by Technology as of June 30, 2018 (Internet Access Service over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Number of Providers Seven or Technology Zero One Two Three Four Five Six More aDSL 24.0 73.2 2.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 sDSL 99.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline1 99.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 66.9 31.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 FTTP 77.8 21.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Satellite 0.0 0.1 0.9 98.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 59.6 26.8 9.9 3.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 aDSL and/or Cable Modem and/or FTTP 14.3 52.0 29.7 3.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Any Technology 0.0 0.1 0.2 5.7 18.4 43.7 21.8 10.2 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. The number of providers in a census block does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household, and does not purport to measure competition. Providers may list a census block on Form 477 if service can be provided to at least one location in the block. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2010 census. Sources: FCC Form 477 and Census 2010. 43 Figure 42 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of June 30, 2018 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Counties Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Alabama 67 0 0 0 0 0 3 11 18 29 6 0 Alaska 29 0 0 0 1 0 2 4 0 10 9 3 American Samoa 5 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Arizona 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 6 0 Arkansas 75 0 0 0 0 0 3 20 28 22 2 0 California 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 37 3 Colorado 64 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 21 22 13 Connecticut 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 Delaware 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 District of Columbia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Florida 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 19 31 10 Georgia 159 0 0 0 1 2 7 17 32 59 35 6 Guam 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Hawaii 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 Idaho 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 25 13 4 Illinois 102 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 15 69 14 0 Indiana 92 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 65 11 0 Iowa 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 83 5 1 Kansas 105 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 11 76 15 0 Kentucky 120 0 0 0 0 1 1 10 19 75 14 0 Louisiana 64 0 0 0 0 0 4 11 14 28 7 0 Maine 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 5 Maryland 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 14 1 Massachusetts 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 3 Michigan 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 53 16 4 Minnesota 87 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 61 22 1 Mississippi 82 0 0 0 1 0 11 27 26 13 4 0 Missouri 115 0 0 0 0 1 2 16 25 59 11 1 Montana 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 32 15 2 Nebraska 93 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 13 68 3 0 44 Figure 42 - Continued Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of June 30, 2018 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Counties Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Nevada 17 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 9 4 0 New Hampshire 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 New Jersey 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 2 New Mexico 33 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 6 17 3 1 New York 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 27 4 North Carolina 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 47 34 7 North Dakota 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 34 15 1 Northern Mariana Isl 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 Ohio 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 61 20 0 Oklahoma 77 0 0 0 0 0 4 11 26 34 2 0 Oregon 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 16 17 1 Pennsylvania 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 39 22 3 Puerto Rico 78 0 0 0 0 4 17 26 26 5 0 0 Rhode Island 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 South Carolina 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 13 18 9 2 South Dakota 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 46 11 1 Tennessee 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 21 58 10 0 Texas 254 0 0 0 0 1 5 14 58 122 42 12 Utah 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 12 5 Vermont 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 2 Virgin Islands 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 Virginia 134 0 0 0 1 0 7 11 14 66 32 3 Washington 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 13 22 1 West Virginia 55 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 43 7 0 Wisconsin 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 46 21 4 Wyoming 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 15 5 1 Total 3,234 4 0 2 5 14 72 229 455 1643 695 115 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). 45 Figure 43 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of June 30, 2018 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Tracts Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Alabama 1,179 5 0 0 3 19 66 117 195 435 282 57 Alaska 167 1 0 0 3 5 4 6 11 54 68 15 American Samoa 18 2 0 0 3 5 5 1 0 0 1 1 Arizona 1,526 15 5 8 12 9 27 40 114 417 615 264 Arkansas 686 1 0 0 4 11 61 87 141 222 130 29 California 8,036 55 3 4 8 21 49 88 281 1,908 4,696 923 Colorado 1,249 14 1 0 0 1 4 18 35 299 665 212 Connecticut 829 2 0 0 1 0 2 9 24 154 518 119 Delaware 215 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 9 50 104 49 District of Columbia 179 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 10 60 78 28 Florida 4,199 40 1 3 4 12 27 77 176 998 1,910 951 Georgia 1,964 11 2 0 2 15 58 107 205 590 738 236 Guam 56 6 0 2 3 2 6 3 2 9 6 17 Hawaii 326 15 0 0 3 2 2 9 10 60 130 95 Idaho 298 1 0 0 1 2 2 5 20 123 118 26 Illinois 3,121 6 1 0 3 8 33 112 321 1,162 1,301 174 Indiana 1,508 4 1 1 3 7 19 87 171 673 465 77 Iowa 825 3 0 0 1 1 1 25 63 515 196 20 Kansas 770 10 0 0 0 1 5 27 79 336 268 44 Kentucky 1,115 10 1 0 8 11 27 54 134 461 368 41 Louisiana 1,136 12 1 0 4 15 47 87 164 413 343 50 Maine 351 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 98 172 76 Maryland 1,394 9 0 0 0 1 10 36 72 272 811 183 Massachusetts 1,471 13 0 0 2 1 2 4 36 302 919 192 Michigan 2,767 29 1 1 11 27 90 173 282 831 1,141 181 Minnesota 1,335 4 0 0 2 5 4 34 47 554 619 66 Mississippi 661 4 0 0 3 20 72 125 130 189 93 25 Missouri 1,393 4 0 0 6 12 41 99 189 470 493 79 Montana 271 2 0 0 1 0 6 7 16 118 98 23 Nebraska 532 4 0 0 0 0 3 14 45 265 170 31 46 Figure 43 - Continued Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of June 30, 2018 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Tracts Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Nevada 683 5 0 1 3 3 5 15 40 173 331 107 New Hampshire 294 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 41 178 70 New Jersey 2,004 10 0 0 1 1 2 4 19 353 1,218 396 New Mexico 499 3 5 2 3 16 15 29 61 192 143 30 New York 4,900 80 1 2 10 15 18 37 134 1,454 2,495 654 North Carolina 2,183 19 1 0 1 2 10 45 150 749 889 317 North Dakota 205 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 115 61 16 Northern Mariana Isl 22 2 0 0 0 2 6 6 1 5 0 0 Ohio 2,946 7 0 0 2 9 30 79 271 1,189 1,215 144 Oklahoma 1,046 0 0 4 11 25 48 105 173 376 230 74 Oregon 827 2 0 0 0 0 4 17 26 271 453 54 Pennsylvania 3,217 22 0 0 6 9 19 52 155 1,286 1,459 209 Puerto Rico 903 21 30 48 140 150 143 123 64 55 30 99 Rhode Island 241 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 48 156 33 South Carolina 1,097 13 0 0 0 8 18 78 110 387 344 139 South Dakota 222 0 0 0 1 0 4 9 12 120 67 9 Tennessee 1,497 21 1 0 4 13 45 92 206 572 446 97 Texas 5,253 40 1 1 12 53 120 286 636 1,713 1,769 622 Utah 588 4 2 3 0 0 0 6 14 140 346 73 Vermont 184 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 55 94 32 Virgin Islands 29 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 10 4 7 Virginia 1,895 22 0 0 7 16 38 79 144 465 881 243 Washington 1,446 2 1 0 0 2 9 12 36 295 921 168 West Virginia 484 0 1 1 2 3 13 27 56 210 139 32 Wisconsin 1,393 3 1 2 12 18 10 27 94 622 539 65 Wyoming 132 1 0 0 0 1 2 4 9 52 54 9 Total 73,767 565 61 83 306 561 1,235 2,595 5,414 22,986 31,978 7,983 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). 47 SECTION 5 CORRELATED RESULTS: DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES Table of Contents Figure 44 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of June 30, 2018 ........... 49 Figure 45 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of June 30, 2018 ........... 50 Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of June 30, 2018............................................................................... 51 Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of June 30, 2018............................................................................... 52 Figure 48 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of June 30, 2018 ........................................................................................................... 53 Figure 49 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of June 30, 2018 ........................................................................................................... 54 48 Figure 44 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of June 30, 2018 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.52 0.61 0.65 0.68 0.70 0.71 0.74 0.74 0.80 0.87 Median 0.52 0.61 0.65 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.81 0.90 1.0 Max 0.9 Q3 0.8 Median 0.7 Q1 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio 0.4 0.3 Min 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Income Median Household Income by Decile Higher Income Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the income decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2014-2018 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. 49 Figure 45 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of June 30, 2018 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.69 0.69 0.62 0.62 0.65 0.68 0.71 0.76 0.80 0.79 Median 0.70 0.69 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.68 0.70 0.75 0.81 0.85 1.0 Max 0.9 Q3 0.8 Median 0.7 Q1 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio 0.4 0.3 Min 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Density County Household Density by Decile Higher Density Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the density decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2014-2018 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. 50 Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of June 30, 2018 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.56 0.59 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.82 0.87 Median 0.57 0.60 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.83 0.89 1.0 Max 0.9 Q3 0.8 Median 0.7 Q1 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio 0.4 0.3 0.2 Min 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Share County Share of College Graduates by Decile Higher Share Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the share decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2014-2018 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. 51 Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of June 30, 2018 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.75 0.74 0.70 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.65 0.67 0.71 0.75 Median 0.78 0.76 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.68 0.71 0.74 1.0 Max 0.9 0.8 Q3 0.7 Median 0.6 Q1 0.5 Subscribership Ratio 0.4 Min 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Average Age County Average Age by Decile Higher Average Age Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the average age decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2014-2018 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. 52 Figure 48 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of June 30, 2018 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage High-Speed Fixed of Residential Connections 20 10 0 Lowest Density Highest Density aDSL Cable Modem FTTP Satellite Fixed Wireless This chart shows subscribership ratios by technology and household density. Tracts were grouped into 100 density percentiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of estimated tract households to tract land area from the Census Bureau. For each percentile, the height of the bar represents the household-weighted average ratio of residential fixed connections to households across tracts in the percentile. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 53 Figure 49 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of June 30, 2018 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction by Tract) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Richest Highest Density Poorest Lowest Density This chart shows subscribership ratios by household density and income quantiles. Tracts were grouped into 400 density/income quantiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of estimated tract households to tract land area, and median household income. For each quantile, the height of the grid represents the household-weighted average ratio of residential fixed connections to households across tracts in the decile. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. 54 Technical Notes General The information presented in this report is based on data from FCC Form 477. Through Form 477, facilities-based broadband providers submit information to the FCC about where they offer and have subscribers to Internet access services over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction. In June 2013, the Commission adopted several changes to Form 477.1 Detailed information about those changes and about the Form 477 reporting requirements in general is available at www.fcc.gov/form477. Due to technical difficulties in 2014 with the redesigned Form 477 filing interface, the filing deadline for Form 477 data as of June 30, 2014 was moved to December 11, 2014. Because of that delay, the Commission staff were not able to perform their typical process of identifying anomalies or errors in the data, following up with filers, and requesting updates to the data where appropriate  a process which usually generates a significant number of corrections and hence a more accurate Form 477 data set. Form 477 collects information about Internet access connections in service to end-user locations that are advertised to deliver information to and/or from the end user  that is, in at least one direction  at transfer rates (speeds) above 200 kilobits per second (kbps). Information is collected about the number of connections by the advertised speeds associated with each product subscribed to in the relevant geographic area, census tracts for fixed and states for mobile. Fixed providers report connections by the maximum advertised upload and download speeds, while mobile providers report connections by minimum advertised upload and download speeds. Fixed connections are further categorized by the technology employed by the part of the connection that terminates at the end-user location. Wherever a number of providers is cited in this report, multiple Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider.  End users are residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based providers report information about connections they provide directly to their own end-user customers and also connections that they provide to Internet Service Providers for resale to end users. For Form 477 purposes, the facilities-based provider of a connection is the entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis. The mutually exclusive Form 477 technology categories are: asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (aDSL in this report); symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (sDSL); other copper wireline; cable modem; optical carrier / fiber to the end user; satellite; terrestrial fixed wireless (using licensed or unlicensed spectrum); mobile wireless; and all other (which is included to capture deployment of additional technologies over time). In the Form 477 data collection, aDSL-based services delivered over fiber-to-the-node architecture are reported in the aDSL category. The other wireline category comprises T1/DS1, T3/DS3, and other copper-based connections, not elsewhere categorized, that deliver Internet access service at the end-user 1 Modernizing the FCC Form 477 Data Program, WC Docket No. 11-10, Report and Order, 28 FCC Rcd 9887 (2013). See also High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2014 (March 2016) at 1-2, available at https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/internet-access-services-reports/internet-access-services- reports. 55 location. Ethernet connections delivering Internet access service are reported in the other wireline category if the connection terminates over copper and in the FTTP category if the connection terminates over fiber. Connections deployed over hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) architecture are reported in the cable modem category. Wireless ISPs (WISPs) report in the fixed wireless category if providing service to dispersed, fixed end-user locations and report in the mobile wireless category if providing a commercial service that can be received at any location within a service footprint. Wireless local area networks (such as Wi-Fi hotspots) that only enable local distribution and sharing of a premises connection are not included, although the shared premises connection is included. Numbers of connections presented in this report are not adjusted for the number of persons at a single end-user location who have access to, or who use, the Internet access services delivered over the connection to that location. Numbers of residential connections are estimated based on the total connections and percentage- residential connections information reported on Form 477. Census tracts Since the collection of data as of December 31, 2008, facilities-based providers of reportable fixed- location Internet access connections have been reporting connection counts at the census tract level of detail. Facilities-based mobile wireless providers report connection counts by state rather than census tract. The census tract-level data summarized in this report were collected for tracts in the 2010 decennial census. For the purposes of this report, there are 73,767 census tracts because we exclude census tracts delineated specifically to cover large bodies of water. About 110 of the census tracts have population but no households because the population resides in group living quarters. For the purpose of estimating residential subscribership rates by census tract, we assume these census tracts have no reportable residential Internet access service because persons residing in group quarters would have Internet access over a business connection provided to the operator of the group quarters. Therefore, these census tracts are included in the  zero column. Ratios of residential fixed-location connections to households that exceed 100% We estimate the share of households with fixed-location connections in individual census tracts by taking the ratio of the reported number of fixed-location residential service connections to the estimated number of households. We continue to find  outlier estimates at or above 100% and to find that the number of outliers is substantially reduced when estimates are made for individual counties rather than for individual census tracts. Possible explanations of ratios at or above 100% include: (1) geocoding misallocations of service locations to census tracts; (2) proper allocation of connections to the county level by some filers, but improper allocation of all connections to a single tract in the county; (3) possible overestimation of residential connections in service plans for which the customer base is primarily residential; and (4) connections at seasonally or occasionally occupied housing units, such as vacation homes, while the household is counted elsewhere. The numbers of households in census tracts that were used to generate the estimated ratios are themselves estimates (from Census 2011-2015 ACS 5-year estimates), which could have an independent effect. 56 Maps showing residential subscribership rates by census tract The two maps based on estimated Internet access connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction per 1,000 households (that is, estimated household subscribership rates) exclude all connections identified as business connections and necessarily exclude residential mobile wireless connections (which are reported for the state but not for individual census tracts). 57 Glossary Term Definition aDSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line: A digital local loop typically using copper facilities and providing greater bandwidth in one direction than the other. Cable modem service A service which offers customers access to the Internet over a cable system. Downstream speed Speed of transmission from the Internet to the end user. End users Residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based provider Entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis. Fixed wireless A radio communication service between specified fixed points. Fixed technologies All technologies other than terrestrial mobile wireless. FTTH or FTTP Fiber to the Home (Premises): A network access architecture in which optical fiber is deployed all the way to the customer s home (premises). Internet access service Service that provides end users access to the Internet. ISPs Internet Service Providers: Companies or organizations that provide Internet access service (see above). Mobile wireless service A radio communication service between mobile and fixed stations, or between mobile stations. Mobile wireless provider Provider of mobile wireless service (see above). Other wireline All copper-wire based technologies other than DSL technologies; Ethernet over copper and T-1 are examples. Power line Internet access service delivered over electric power transmission lines. Satellite communications A telecommunications service provided via one or more satellite relays and their associated uplinks and downlinks. sDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line: DSL technology that provides equal bandwidth for both uploads and downloads. Speed tiers Sub-groupings defined by ranges of upstream speeds and downstream speeds. Upstream speed Speed of transmission from the end user to the Internet. Wi-Fi hotspot Wireless Fidelity: Generic term referring to any type of IEEE 802.11 wireless network. A hotspot is a small geographic area in which users 58 can gain access to a Wi-Fi network which in turn connects to the Internet. Wireless service Telephone, Internet, data, and other services provided to customers through the transmission of signals over networks of radio towers. Wireless service provider Provider of wireless service (see above). WISP Wireless ISP: A company that provides end users with wireless access to the Internet, most commonly by using radio spectrum designated for unlicensed use. 59 Customer Response Publication: Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2018 You can help us provide the best possible information to the public by completing this form and returning it to the Industry Analysis Division of the FCC's Office of Economics and Analytics. 1. Please check the category that best describes you: ____ press ____ current telecommunications carrier ____ potential telecommunications carrier ____ business customer evaluating vendors/service options ____ consultant, law firm, lobbyist ____ other business customer ____ academic/student ____ residential customer ____ FCC employee ____ other federal government employee ____ state or local government employee ____ Other (please specify) 2. 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