Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Industry Analysis Division Office of Economics & Analytics March 2022 This report is available for reference in the FCC’s Reference Information Center, 45 L Street NE, Washington, DC 20554. Copies may be purchased by contacting Best Copy and Printing, Inc., 45 L Street NE, Washington, DC 20554, telephone (800) 378-3160, or via their website at www.bcpiweb.com. The report can also be downloaded from the Internet Access Services Reports webpage at https://www.fcc.gov/internet-access- services-reports. TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS .....................................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 Total Connections ....................................................................................................................2 Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections by Speed 2016-2019 .....................................2 Connections by Speed ..............................................................................................................3 Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed.............................3 Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Upstream Speed .................................4 Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Speed 2016-2019 ........................................................5 Number of Providers by Census Block ..................................................................................6 Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Report Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband .....................................6 Internet Access Subscribership ..............................................................................................7 Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2004-2019 ........................................................................7 Other Report Highlights..........................................................................................................8 SECTION 2: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE NATION...............................................10 SECTION 3: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE STATES ...............................................28 SECTION 4: SUMMARY STATISTICS - COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS .......38 SECTION 5: CORRELATION RESULTS - DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES ..............48 Technical Notes ......................................................................................................................55 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................58 SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS Introduction This report summarizes information about Internet access connections in the United States as of June 30, 2019 as collected by FCC Form 477. For purposes of this report, Internet access connections are those in service, over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction, and reported to the FCC through Form 477.1 The report includes data on total and residential Internet access connections by downstream and upstream speed, by technology, by geography, and over time. Section 2 of the report presents nationwide statistics, Section 3 provides state-level data, and Section 4 includes data on the subscribership differences among counties and census tracts.2 In addition, Section 5 of the report includes an analysis of the correlations between subscribership ratios and various demographic measures.3 Maps depicting the number of fixed connections per 1,000 households by census tract are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/internet- access-services-reports. 1 See the Technical Notes and Glossary at the end of this report for more-detailed information about the Form 477 data collection and the meaning of terms used in this report. 2 The Commission began collecting census tract-level data for data as of December 31, 2008. See High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2008 (February 2010) at 1-4, available at http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/high-speed-services-internet-access-reports (December 2008 High-Speed Report). 3 Publicly-available data that are too voluminous to include in this report are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/general/fcc-form-477-additional-data. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 1 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Total Connections • As shown in Figure 1, total Internet connections increased by about 4.7% between June 2018 and June 2019 to 449 million. Mobile Internet connections increased 5.1% year-over-year to 336 million in June 2019, while fixed connections grew to 113 million – up about 3.3% from June 2018. • We believe mobile Internet connections remain underreported by as much as 2% through June 2018 due to inadequate accounting of connections sold by downstream mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs). Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections 2016-2019 448.9 450 441.3 112.7 428.9 110.8 420.8 109.1 404.8 408.7 108.1 395.5 400 105.6 106.1 104.0 350 336.2 330.5 319.8 300 312.8 299.3 302.6 291.5 250 200 Connections in Millions in Connections 150 100 50 0 Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 Fixed Mobile Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. Connections include both residential and business connections. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 2 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Connections by Speed Fixed connections – downstream speeds. Figure 2(a) illustrates how the 113 million fixed connections reported for June 2019 were distributed across the five groups of downstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 3 Mbps, 10 Mbps, 25 Mbps, and 100 Mbps. See Figure 9 for more detailed data and cross- tabulations with upload speeds. Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections (112.7 million) by Downstream Speed as of June 30, 2019 1.9% 7.4% 12.3% 57.0% 21.4% Downstream SpeedLess than 3 Mbps (2.1 million) At least 3 Mbps & less than 10 Mbps (8.3 million) At least 10 Mbps & less than 25 Mbps (13.9 million) At least 25 Mbps & less than 100 Mbps (24.1 million) At least 100 Mbps (64.2 million) . U.S. Federal Communications Commission 3 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Fixed connections – upstream speeds. Figure 2(b) illustrates how the 113 million fixed connections reported for June 2019 were distributed across the four groups of upstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 1 Mbps, 3 Mbps, and 6 Mbps. See Figure 9 for more detailed data and cross-tabulations with download speeds. Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections (112.7 million) by Upstream Speed as of June 30, 2019 7.0% 13.2% 59.8% 20.0% Upstream SpeedLess than 1 Mbps (7.9 million) At least 1 Mbps & less than 3 Mbps (14.8 million) At least 3 Mbps & less than 6 Mbps (22.6 million) At least 6 Mbps (67.4 million) U.S. Federal Communications Commission 4 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Fixed connections by downstream speed over time. Figure 3 illustrates how the composition of total fixed Internet connections by different speed groups has changed from 2016 to 2019. Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2016-2019 112.7 110.8 108.1 109.1 64.2 105.6 106.1 60.1 104.0 40.6 52.1 24.5 29.3 18.4 100 40.8 38.9 39.5 34.1 28.1 50 24.4 24.1 Connections in Millions in Connections 24.1 23.4 20.6 18.3 16.0 14.7 13.9 15.7 15.0 13.3 12.1 10.2 9.1 8.3 5.0 0 3.8 3.4 Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 At least 100 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps Less than 3 Mbps Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals elsewhere in this report due to rounding. Connections include both residential and business connections. • The percentage of fixed connections with a downstream speed of at least 25 Mbps has grown from 57% (or 59 million connections) in June 2016 to 78% (or 88 million connections) in June 2019. Over the same period, the percentage of fixed connections with downstream speeds of less than 3 Mbps has decreased from 5% (or 5 million connections) in June 2016 to about 2% (or about 2.1 million connections) in June 2019. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 5 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Number of Providers by Census Block In Figure 4, we show the percentage of “developed” census blocks – blocks that contain housing units – with zero, one, two, or three or more fixed broadband providers offering residential Internet access service at different speeds in June 2019. This information is taken from the block-level Form 477 fixed broadband deployment data that the Commission began collecting in 2014.4 A provider that reports offering service in a particular census block may not offer service, or service at that speed, to all locations in the census block. Accordingly, the number of providers shown in Figure 4 does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household and does not purport to measure competition. Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Reported the Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband as of June 30, 2019 100 94 92 84 4 25 90 80 70 44 60 50 40 30 27 Percentage of Census Blocks with Housing Units Housing Blocks with Percentage Census of 20 16 10 8 6 0 At least 3 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps At least 100 Mbps downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least 768 kbps upstream* 1 Mbps upstream* 3 Mbps upstream 10 Mbps upstream 0 Providers 1 Provider 2 Providers 3+ Providers * Satellite service providers are included in this analysis. Satellite service providers report offering Internet access at bandwidths of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream in 99.8% of developed census blocks.. Column figures may not sum to 100% due to rounding. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2010 census. 4 Download these data and explore the interactive map at https://broadbandmap.fcc.gov/#/. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 6 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Internet Access Subscribership Figure 5 illustrates the number of total and residential fixed Internet access connections (connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction except mobile wireless connections), as well as the number of total fixed connections per 100 persons and the number of residential fixed connections per 100 households, since 2004.5 Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2004-2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) 120,000 100 110,000 90 100,000 80 90,000 70 80,000 70,000 60 60,000 50 50,000 40 40,000 30 30,000 20 per 100 Connections Units Connections in Connections Thousands 20,000 10,000 10 0 0 Residential Fixed Connections (left axis) Total Fixed Connections (left axis) Residential Fixed Connections per 100 Households (right axis) Total Fixed Connections per 100 Population (right axis) • Between June 2009 and June 2019, total (business and residential) fixed connections grew from 78 million connections to 113 million connections – at a compound annual growth rate of 4% per year.6 5 For data through December 2004, only those providers with at least 250 connections in a state were required to report. Historical fixed-location connection counts not included in this report may be found in June 2008 High- Speed Report at Tables 1 and 3, available in Excel format at https://www.fcc.gov/general/reports-high-speed- services-internet-access. 6 The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a smoothed rate of growth calculated in three steps: divide the ending value by the beginning value; raise the result of that division to a power equal to one divided by the number of years in the period (in this case, 10 years, so the power is 1/10); subtract the number one from the result of the second step. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 7 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 • Over the same ten-year period, residential fixed connections grew from 72 million connections to 103 million connections – also at a compound annual growth rate of 4% per year. • From June 2009 to June 2019, the number of residential fixed connections per 100 U.S. households increased from 60 to 79.7 Other Report Highlights Typical speeds • The median downstream speed of all reported fixed connections was 100 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 10 Mbps. For residential fixed connections, the median downstream speed was 100 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 10 Mbps. Residential connections • Residential fixed Internet access connections increased by about 3.3% between June 2018 and June 2019, to about 103 million. See Figure 7. • Residential (non-business) mobile wireless Internet access connections on mobile devices with data plans for full Internet access increased by about 4.2%, to 270 million, between June 2018 and June 2019. See Figure 7. • Approximately 90% of residential fixed connections had a speed of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream in June 2019, while 78% had a speed of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream. About 59% percent of all residential fixed connections had a downstream speed of at least 100 Mbps. See Figures 10 and 27. • As a national average in June 2019, there were about 76 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream per 100 households; 66 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream per 100 households; and 45 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 100 Mbps downstream and 10 Mbps upstream per 100 households.8 See Figure 32. 7 We calculate residential fixed connections per 100 households using, in the denominator, U.S. household estimates from the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS) for July of each year and, for Puerto Rico and the other inhabited island areas, Census 2010 households for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 households for the earlier years. (The CPS also estimates U.S. households for March and November of each year.) Figure 5 also shows total (business and residential) fixed connections per 100 population, which we calculate using U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for the United States and Puerto Rico – which are as of July 1 each year – and, for the remaining inhabited island areas, Census 2010 population for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 population for the earlier years. This statistic incorporates connections to business locations into a comparison to persons. (We note that the ratio of accurately-measured residential fixed connections to population has a maximum value for any given country and point in time – the value when every household is connected – if we assume that no household would have more than one fixed connection to its premises. For the United States in June, for example, the maximum value would be 40 because there were about 131 million households in the United States and inhabited insular areas and a population of about 332 million according to the sources used for Figure 5.) 8 Increases over time in the ratio of residential fixed connections to households indicate that increasing shares of households are connected at home. The ratio is somewhat different from the “take rate” of offered service (which may also be called an “adoption rate”) because some households may be located in areas where no fixed-location service is offered. These methodological differences are discussed in greater detail in Inquiry Concerning the Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, U.S. Federal Communications Commission 8 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Census tract and county shares of households with reportable connections • We estimate the share of households with fixed Internet access connections in individual census tracts and counties as of June 30, 2019.9 We continue to observe substantial variation among these estimates. See Figures 37 and 39. Household subscribership rates and demographics • The report includes charts that illustrate correlations between household subscribership rates and demographic measures. We update charts based on income, household density, education and age. The data indicate that some demographic variables are correlated with Internet access subscribership rates. See Figures 44-49. and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Amended by the Broadband Data Improvement Act, GN Docket No.11-121, Eighth Broadband Progress Report, 27 FCC Rcd 10342, 10386, para. 94 (2012). 9 For both census tracts and counties, we continue to find estimates above 100% for the share of households with fixed Internet access connections. See p. 57 for more information. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 9 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 SECTION 2 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE NATION Table of Contents Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2015-2019 ......................... 12 Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2015-2019 .............................................................................................. 12 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2016-2019 ........................ 13 Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of June 30, 2019 ................................................................................. 14 Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of June 30, 2019 ......................................................................... 15 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 .............................................................................................................. 16 Figure 12 Connections by Technology as of June 30, 2019 ................................................... 16 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 .............................................................................................................. 17 Figure 14 Residential Connections by Technology as of June 30, 2019................................. 17 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 .......................................................................................... 18 Figure 16 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 ..................................................................... 18 Figure 17 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 .......................................................................................... 19 Figure 18 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2019 ............................................................................. 19 Figure 19 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 ..................................................................... 20 Figure 20 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2019........................................................ 20 Figure 21 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 .......................................................................................... 21 Figure 22 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2019 ............................................................................. 21 Figure 23 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 ..................................................................................... 22 Figure 24 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2019 ........................................................................ 22 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 (Shares of Selected Technologies) ................................... 23 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 10 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 26 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 (Net Adds for Selected Technologies).............................. 23 Figure 27 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of June 30, 2019 (Shares of Selected Technologies for Selected Speeds) ........................................ 24 Figure 28 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of June 30, 2019 ......................................................................................................... 25 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of June 30, 2019 ......................................................................................................... 26 Figure 30 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 .................................................................... 27 Figure 31 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction - Selected Technologies 2015-2019 ...................................................... 27 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 11 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2015-2019 (In thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 357,509 375,790 395,496 404,849 408,692 420,838 428,864 441,288 448,867 Total Fixed 100,075 102,111 103,980 105,593 106,130 108,065 109,087 110,756 112,663 Mobile Wireless 257,434 273,679 291,516 299,256 302,562 312,773 319,776 330,532 336,204 Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2015-2019 (In thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 306,292 322,557 330,987 337,978 341,094 351,966 358,867 368,512 373,131 Total Fixed 91,439 93,434 95,001 96,607 97,071 98,845 99,758 101,321 103,043 Mobile Wireless 214,853 229,122 235,985 241,371 244,022 253,121 259,109 267,191 270,087 Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 12 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2016-2019 103.0 101.3 99.8 60.9 100 98.8 57.4 96.6 97.1 49.9 95.0 39.0 23.6 28.2 17.7 38.5 36.4 36.8 31.2 50 24.6 Connections Millions in 21.0 20.9 21.4 20.8 18.0 16.2 14.5 13.3 12.6 13.6 13.0 11.6 10.3 8.8 7.9 7.2 3.9 2.8 0 Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 At least 100 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps At least 3 Mbps and less than 10 Mbps Less than 3 Mbps U.S. Federal Communications Commission 13 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of June 30, 2019 >= 3 Mbps < 1 Mbps 2.7% 1.6% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 8.0% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 3.3% < 1 Mbps 3.9% >= 3 Mbps 19.9% < 1 Mbps 1.5% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 1.5% >= 3 Mbps 57.0% Downstream Speed < 3 Mbps; 1.9% >= 3 Mbps & < 10 Mbps; 7.4% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 12.3% >= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 21.4% >= 100 Mbps; 57.0% Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 3 At least 10 At least 25 Mbps Mbps Mbps and less and less and less Less than 3 than 10 than 25 than 100 At least 100 Upstream Speed Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Total Less than 1 Mbps 1,663 4,377 1,821 # # 7,862 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 426 3,702 9,065 1,641 8 14,842 At least 3 Mbps 3 270 3,013 22,466 64,208 89,960 Total 2,092 8,349 13,899 24,107 64,216 112,663 Percentages Less than 1 Mbps 1.5 3.9 1.6 0.0 0.0 7.0 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 0.4 3.3 8.0 1.5 0.0 13.2 At least 3 Mbps 0.0 0.2 2.7 19.9 57.0 79.8 Total 1.9 7.4 12.3 21.4 57.0 100.0 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 14 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of June 30, 2019 >= 3 Mbps < 1 Mbps 2.6% 1.7% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 7.9% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 3.3% < 1 Mbps 3.5% < 1 Mbps >= 3 Mbps 1.2% 18.8% >= 1 Mbps & < 3 Mbps 1.5% >= 3 Mbps 59.1% Downstream Speed < 3 Mbps; 1.4% >= 3 Mbps & < 10 Mbps; 7.0% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 12.2% >= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 20.3% >= 100 Mbps; 59.1% Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 3 At least 10 At least 25 Mbps Mbps Mbps and less and less and less Less than 3 than 10 than 25 than 100 At least 100 Upstream Speed Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Total Less than 1 Mbps 1,243 3,658 1,708 # # 6,610 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 229 3,427 8,177 1,579 8 13,419 At least 3 Mbps 2 152 2,681 19,321 60,858 83,015 Total 1,474 7,237 12,566 20,900 60,866 103,043 Percentages Less than 1 Mbps 1.2 3.5 1.7 0.0 0.0 6.4 At least 1 Mbps & Less than 3 Mbps 0.2 3.3 7.9 1.5 0.0 13.0 At least 3 Mbps 0.0 0.1 2.6 18.8 59.1 80.6 Total 1.4 7.0 12.2 20.3 59.1 100.0 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 15 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 (In thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 357,509 375,790 395,496 404,849 408,692 420,838 428,864 441,288 448,867 Total Fixed 100,075 102,111 103,980 105,593 106,130 108,065 109,087 110,756 112,663 aDSL 29,351 28,134 27,488 26,527 25,505 24,193 23,074 21,934 20,419 sDSL 77 60 55 42 44 28 28 20 17 Other Wireline1 642 637 622 599 619 581 558 555 515 Cable Modem 57,244 59,706 61,456 63,325 64,060 66,196 67,165 68,871 70,772 FTTP2 9,646 10,450 11,087 11,986 12,831 13,890 14,889 15,928 17,408 Satellite 2,058 2,071 2,079 1,864 1,826 1,872 1,939 1,971 1,984 Fixed Wireless 1,056 1,054 1,193 1,250 1,245 1,306 1,434 1,477 1,549 Mobile Wireless 257,434 273,679 291,516 299,256 302,562 312,773 319,776 330,532 336,204 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 12 Connections by Technology as of June 30, 2019 Cable Modem 15.8% FTTP 3.9% aDSL 4.5% All Other 0.9% Mobile Wireless 74.9% U.S. Federal Communications Commission 16 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 (In thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 306,292 322,557 330,987 337,978 341,094 351,966 358,867 368,512 373,131 Total Fixed 91,439 93,434 95,001 96,607 97,071 98,845 99,758 101,321 103,043 aDSL 26,157 25,139 24,486 23,691 22,774 21,653 20,671 19,692 18,280 sDSL 18 16 10 8 12 9 9 4 4 Other Wireline1 59 54 51 32 74 67 74 74 61 Cable Modem 53,544 55,799 57,358 59,145 59,687 61,567 62,320 63,802 65,476 FTTP2 8,842 9,592 10,140 10,956 11,776 12,702 13,663 14,632 16,025 Satellite 1,875 1,891 1,897 1,676 1,637 1,688 1,751 1,787 1,805 Fixed Wireless 944 943 1,059 1,100 1,112 1,158 1,270 1,330 1,393 Mobile Wireless 214,853 229,122 235,985 241,371 244,022 253,121 259,109 267,191 270,087 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 14 Residential Connections by Technology as of June 30, 2019 Cable Modem 17.5% FTTP 4.3% aDSL 4.9% All Other 0.9% Mobile Wireless 72.4% U.S. Federal Communications Commission 17 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 (In thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 88,952 92,291 95,446 98,677 100,009 101,943 103,970 106,101 108,455 aDSL 20,947 20,744 21,147 21,042 20,621 19,257 18,876 18,124 17,000 sDSL 24 20 20 20 24 16 17 11 9 Other Wireline1 279 314 321 311 340 352 360 370 347 Cable Modem 55,819 58,423 60,343 62,855 63,719 65,906 66,961 68,695 70,608 FTTP2 9,511 10,335 10,975 11,887 12,738 13,783 14,798 15,836 17,320 Satellite 1,690 1,744 1,775 1,609 1,586 1,563 1,722 1,770 1,801 Fixed Wireless 682 712 865 954 981 1,065 1,237 1,296 1,370 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. # = Rounds to zero. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 16 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 3 Mbps Downstream and 768 kbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 (In thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 82,320 85,439 88,198 91,258 92,355 93,987 95,756 97,675 99,780 aDSL 18,988 18,866 19,207 19,133 18,719 17,480 17,128 16,462 15,392 sDSL 1 2 2 2 7 6 6 2 2 Other Wireline1 45 47 49 31 73 66 72 71 60 Cable Modem 52,254 54,650 56,353 58,784 59,411 61,335 62,167 63,670 65,364 FTTP2 8,750 9,512 10,063 10,883 11,704 12,616 13,590 14,560 15,955 Satellite 1,682 1,734 1,764 1,596 1,571 1,545 1,700 1,745 1,775 Fixed Wireless 600 628 759 830 870 939 1,092 1,164 1,232 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. # = Rounds to zero. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 18 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 17 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 (In thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 72,667 76,886 80,397 84,038 86,886 90,609 94,071 97,277 100,401 aDSL 9,471 9,799 10,349 10,810 11,321 11,598 11,822 11,864 11,342 sDSL 9 8 8 10 14 9 11 6 5 Other Wireline1 176 197 203 209 246 262 271 290 274 Cable Modem 52,658 55,710 57,951 60,349 61,704 63,978 65,808 67,705 69,719 FTTP2 8,834 9,528 10,088 10,935 11,811 12,869 13,898 14,983 16,482 Satellite 1,298 1,393 1,467 1,342 1,373 1,402 1,595 1,677 1,726 Fixed Wireless 221 252 330 383 418 491 666 752 854 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. # = Rounds to zero. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 18 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2019 FTTP 16.4% aDSL 11.3% All Other 2.8% Cable Modem 69.4% U.S. Federal Communications Commission 19 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 19 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 (In thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 67,898 71,784 74,841 78,201 80,671 84,163 86,973 89,849 92,623 aDSL 8,743 9,069 9,526 9,963 10,415 10,657 10,862 10,904 10,369 sDSL # 1 2 2 6 5 6 2 1 Other Wireline1 38 43 47 30 71 64 65 66 57 Cable Modem 49,487 52,294 54,274 56,538 57,617 59,864 61,142 62,799 64,569 FTTP2 8,144 8,776 9,248 10,004 10,835 11,762 12,741 13,754 15,164 Satellite 1,293 1,386 1,460 1,333 1,362 1,387 1,575 1,655 1,702 Fixed Wireless 191 213 283 332 365 425 582 670 762 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. # = Rounds to zero. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 20 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2019 FTTP 16.4% aDSL 11.2% All Other 2.7% Cable Modem 69.7% U.S. Federal Communications Commission 20 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 21 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 (In thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 48,767 54,338 58,765 62,933 68,280 73,875 78,952 82,944 86,674 aDSL 762 938 1,239 1,476 2,530 3,586 4,298 4,838 4,770 sDSL * * * * * * * * * Other Wireline1 122 138 155 166 203 219 203 226 230 Cable Modem 40,979 45,530 48,696 51,740 54,829 57,870 60,859 62,869 64,945 FTTP2 6,856 7,673 8,587 9,422 10,344 11,489 12,568 13,750 15,280 Satellite * * * * * * * * * Fixed Wireless 47 55 72 92 120 143 224 263 321 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. # = Rounds to zero. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 22 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2019 FTTP 17.6% aDSL 5.5% All Other 1.9% Cable Modem 74.9% U.S. Federal Communications Commission 21 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 23 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 (In thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Total 46,532 51,812 55,729 59,518 64,520 69,447 73,288 76,852 80,179 aDSL 727 897 1,173 1,408 2,418 3,410 4,068 4,564 4,489 sDSL * * * * * * * * * Other Wireline1 26 31 41 27 67 59 54 59 53 Cable Modem 39,416 43,746 46,527 49,300 52,154 54,748 56,620 58,331 60,132 FTTP2 6,323 7,089 7,916 8,674 9,532 10,553 11,570 12,689 14,122 Satellite * * * * * * * * * Fixed Wireless 40 46 57 75 101 119 193 231 280 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. # = Rounds to zero. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 24 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of June 30, 2019 FTTP 17.6% aDSL 5.6% All Other 1.8% Cable Modem 75.0% U.S. Federal Communications Commission 22 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2015-2019 (Shares of selected technologies) 100 28.6 26.9 25.8 24.5 23.5 21.9 20.7 19.4 17.7 90 15.6 80 14.4 13.7 12.9 12.1 11.3 10.7 10.3 70 9.7 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.9 63.5 3.1 62.3 62.5 63.0 60 3.2 61.2 61.5 59.7 60.4 58.6 50 40 30 20 Percentage of Residential Fixed Connections Fixed Residential of Percentage 10 0 Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 aDSL Cable Modem FTTP All Other Fixed Some previously-published data may have been revised. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Figure 26 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2015-2019 (Net adds for selected technologies) 4000 3813 3157 3000 2632 2330 2362 2000 1887 1636 1298 1000 0 -1000 Connections in ThousandsConnections in -2000 -1671 -1712 -2103 -2392 -3000 Jun 2015 to Jun 2016 to Jun 2017 to Jun 2018 to Jun 2016 Jun 2017 Jun 2018 Jun 2019 aDSL Cable Modem FTTP U.S. Federal Communications Commission 23 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 27 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of June 30, 2019 (Shares of selected technologies for selected speeds, connections in thousands) Connections 103,043 99,780 92,623 80,179 54,552 100 3.2 3.1 2.7 18.2 17.6 15.6 16.0 16.4 90 81.4 80 63.5 65.5 69.7 75.0 70 60 50 40 Estimated Percentage of Households of Percentage Estimated 30 20 17.7 15.4 10 11.2 5.6 0 Over 200 kbps in at At least 3 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps At least 100 Mbps least one direction downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least 768 kbps upstream 1 Mbps upstream 3 Mbps upstream 10 Mbps upstream aDSL Cable Modem FTTP All Other Fixed U.S. Federal Communications Commission 24 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 28 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of June 30, 2019 (In thousands) Downstream Speed At least 1.5 Mbps At least 3 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps Less than and less than and less than and less than and less than At least 100 Technology 1.5 Mbps 3 Mbps 10 Mbps 25 Mbps 100 Mbps Mbps Total aDSL 473 978 6,136 7,396 5,279 157 20,419 sDSL 4 4 5 2 * * 17 Other Wireline1 25 142 74 43 29 202 515 Cable Modem 28 48 951 3,879 12,689 53,176 70,772 FTTP 35 35 557 1,449 4,741 10,591 17,408 Satellite 163 17 78 602 * * 1,984 Fixed Wireless 57 83 549 527 249 83 1,549 Total 785 1,306 8,349 13,899 24,107 64,216 112,663 Percentages aDSL 0.4 0.9 5.4 6.6 4.7 0.1 18.1 sDSL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 Other Wireline1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 Cable Modem 0.0 0.0 0.8 3.4 11.3 47.2 62.8 FTTP 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.3 4.2 9.4 15.5 Satellite 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 * * 1.8 Fixed Wireless 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.1 1.4 Total 0.7 1.2 7.4 12.3 21.4 57.0 100.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 25 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of June 30, 2019 (In thousands) Downstream Speed At least 1.5 Mbps At least 3 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps Less than and less than and less than and less than and less than At least 100 Technology 1.5 Mbps 3 Mbps 10 Mbps 25 Mbps 100 Mbps Mbps Total aDSL 420 791 5,314 6,639 4,970 145 18,280 sDSL 2 1 # # * * 4 Other Wireline1 # 1 3 5 9 43 61 Cable Modem 22 30 832 3,556 10,378 50,658 65,476 FTTP 28 27 512 1,290 4,223 9,945 16,025 Satellite 25 4 74 599 * * 1,805 Fixed Wireless 49 75 502 476 222 68 1,393 Total 545 930 7,237 12,566 20,900 60,866 103,043 Percentages aDSL 0.4 0.8 5.2 6.4 4.8 0.1 17.7 sDSL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 Other Wireline1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Cable Modem 0.0 0.0 0.8 3.5 10.1 49.2 63.5 FTTP 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.3 4.1 9.7 15.6 Satellite 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 * * 1.8 Fixed Wireless 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.1 1.4 Total 0.5 0.9 7.0 12.2 20.3 59.1 100.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 26 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 30 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun aDSL 792 778 769 774 768 743 738 720 717 sDSL 177 179 171 160 161 150 136 125 122 Other Wireline1 240 250 244 236 243 235 249 241 223 Cable Modem 393 392 388 385 384 383 372 379 381 FTTP 931 990 1,017 1,066 1,103 1,147 1,183 1,259 1,304 Satellite 10 10 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 Fixed Wireless 949 983 1,027 1,071 1,095 1,160 1,188 1,229 1,237 Mobile Wireless 100 96 99 98 98 83 73 71 70 Total 1,881 1,917 1,957 2,000 2,030 2,090 2,129 2,198 2,207 1 For this Figure, the categories Power Line and All Other were combined with Other Wireline. Multiple Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider. * = 1-3 providers. Some previously published data may have been revised. Figure 31 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction Selected Technologies 2015-2019 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 Number Providers of 400 300 200 100 0 Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 aDSL Cable Modem FTTP Mobile Wireless U.S. Federal Communications Commission 27 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 SECTION 3 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE STATES Table of Contents Figure 32 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of June 30, 2019 .................................................................................................. 29 Figure 33 Connections by Type of End User by State as of June 30, 2019 ............................. 31 Figure 34 Connections by Technology by State as of June 30, 2019 ...................................... 32 Figure 35 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of June 30, 2019 ........................................................................................................... 34 Figure 36 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of June 30, 2019 .................. 36 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 28 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 32 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of June 30, 2019 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in At least 10 Mbps Down At least 25 Mbps Down At least 100 Mbps Down at least One Direction and 1 Mbps Up and 3 Mbps Up and 10 Mbps Up Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership State Households Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Alabama 1,868 1,406 0.75 1,194 0.64 967 0.52 701 0.38 Alaska 253 203 0.80 175 0.69 127 0.50 * * American Samoa 10 * * * * * * 0 0.00 Arizona 2,571 2,196 0.85 1,882 0.73 1,651 0.64 1,100 0.43 Arkansas 1,158 773 0.67 616 0.53 439 0.38 241 0.21 California 13,044 11,548 0.89 10,666 0.82 9,345 0.72 6,038 0.46 Colorado 2,149 1,966 0.91 1,689 0.79 1,539 0.72 675 0.31 Connecticut 1,371 1,241 0.91 1,163 0.85 973 0.71 663 0.48 Delaware 363 351 0.97 340 0.93 327 0.90 181 0.50 District of Columbia 284 256 0.90 245 0.86 231 0.81 146 0.51 Florida 7,736 7,297 0.94 6,812 0.88 5,924 0.77 4,539 0.59 Georgia 3,759 3,173 0.84 2,850 0.76 2,320 0.62 1,711 0.46 Guam 42 * * * * * * * * Hawaii 459 464 1.01 443 0.96 * * * * Idaho 630 519 0.82 367 0.58 292 0.46 114 0.18 Illinois 4,846 3,925 0.81 3,562 0.74 2,852 0.59 2,073 0.43 Indiana 2,570 2,023 0.79 1,759 0.68 1,401 0.55 970 0.38 Iowa 1,265 974 0.77 764 0.60 633 0.50 312 0.25 Kansas 1,129 906 0.80 784 0.69 616 0.55 415 0.37 Kentucky 1,735 1,382 0.80 1,177 0.68 970 0.56 690 0.40 Louisiana 1,739 1,322 0.76 1,167 0.67 935 0.54 639 0.37 Maine 560 527 0.94 443 0.79 351 0.63 270 0.48 Maryland 2,205 1,984 0.90 1,909 0.87 1,782 0.81 1,040 0.47 Massachusetts 2,617 2,416 0.92 2,319 0.89 2,233 0.85 1,309 0.50 Michigan 3,935 3,155 0.80 2,837 0.72 2,359 0.60 1,771 0.45 Minnesota 2,186 1,812 0.83 1,519 0.70 1,328 0.61 710 0.32 Mississippi 1,104 725 0.66 586 0.53 392 0.36 198 0.18 Missouri 2,415 1,880 0.78 1,567 0.65 1,282 0.53 951 0.39 Montana 428 348 0.81 276 0.65 224 0.52 * * Nebraska 759 612 0.81 526 0.69 436 0.57 335 0.44 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 29 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 32 - Continued Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of June 30, 2019 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in At least 10 Mbps Down At least 25 Mbps Down At least 100 Mbps Down at least One Direction and 1 Mbps Up and 3 Mbps Up and 10 Mbps Up Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership State Households Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Nevada 1,099 963 0.88 890 0.81 767 0.70 610 0.56 New Hampshire 532 516 0.97 476 0.90 431 0.81 226 0.43 New Jersey 3,232 3,064 0.95 2,975 0.92 2,877 0.89 2,090 0.65 New Mexico 780 596 0.76 439 0.56 360 0.46 132 0.17 New York 7,343 6,419 0.87 6,137 0.84 5,791 0.79 4,994 0.68 North Carolina 3,965 3,448 0.87 2,983 0.75 2,691 0.68 2,179 0.55 North Dakota 318 274 0.86 257 0.81 238 0.75 183 0.57 Northern Mariana Isl 16 * * * * * * * * Ohio 4,676 3,788 0.81 3,351 0.72 2,748 0.59 1,974 0.42 Oklahoma 1,480 1,082 0.73 895 0.60 701 0.47 439 0.30 Oregon 1,612 1,381 0.86 1,196 0.74 1,073 0.67 520 0.32 Pennsylvania 5,053 4,208 0.83 3,809 0.75 3,436 0.68 1,939 0.38 Puerto Rico 1,193 466 0.39 321 0.27 178 0.15 * * Rhode Island 410 374 0.91 369 0.90 352 0.86 289 0.70 South Carolina 1,922 1,627 0.85 1,464 0.76 1,196 0.62 912 0.47 South Dakota 344 279 0.81 262 0.76 236 0.69 161 0.47 Tennessee 2,597 2,042 0.79 1,847 0.71 1,530 0.59 1,186 0.46 Texas 9,692 8,068 0.83 7,365 0.76 6,225 0.64 4,082 0.42 Utah 977 874 0.89 753 0.77 661 0.68 292 0.30 Vermont 260 244 0.94 197 0.76 156 0.60 75 0.29 Virgin Islands 43 26 0.61 16 0.36 9 0.20 * * Virginia 3,151 2,662 0.84 2,439 0.77 2,257 0.72 1,483 0.47 Washington 2,848 2,528 0.89 2,225 0.78 2,028 0.71 959 0.34 West Virginia 733 553 0.75 432 0.59 356 0.49 187 0.25 Wisconsin 2,358 1,945 0.82 1,693 0.72 1,381 0.59 1,075 0.46 Wyoming 230 191 0.83 157 0.68 137 0.60 95 0.41 Total 122,060 103,043 0.84 92,623 0.76 80,179 0.66 54,552 0.45 # = Rounds to Zero; * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477 (Connections); 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 30 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 33 Connections by Type of End User by State as of June 30, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Connections Percentages State Residential Business Residential Business Total Alabama 5,204 1,265 80.4 19.6 6,469 Alaska 826 130 86.4 13.6 955 American Samoa * * * * * Arizona 7,470 1,397 84.2 15.8 8,867 Arkansas 2,878 809 78.1 21.9 3,687 California 47,305 7,971 85.6 14.4 55,276 Colorado 6,382 1,311 83.0 17.0 7,693 Connecticut 4,135 942 81.4 18.6 5,077 Delaware 1,102 220 83.4 16.6 1,321 District of Columbia 1,006 552 64.6 35.4 1,559 Florida 24,977 4,689 84.2 15.8 29,666 Georgia 11,574 2,680 81.2 18.8 14,254 Guam 189 53 78.1 21.9 242 Hawaii 1,762 295 85.7 14.3 2,057 Idaho 1,805 376 82.8 17.2 2,181 Illinois 14,383 3,062 82.4 17.6 17,445 Indiana 6,944 1,525 82.0 18.0 8,469 Iowa 3,274 764 81.1 18.9 4,038 Kansas 4,976 724 87.3 12.7 5,700 Kentucky 4,881 893 84.5 15.5 5,774 Louisiana 5,236 963 84.5 15.5 6,199 Maine 1,439 419 77.5 22.5 1,858 Maryland 7,259 1,305 84.8 15.2 8,563 Massachusetts 8,455 1,679 83.4 16.6 10,134 Michigan 10,948 2,479 81.5 18.5 13,427 Minnesota 6,181 1,399 81.5 18.5 7,580 Mississippi 3,009 581 83.8 16.2 3,590 Missouri 6,505 1,429 82.0 18.0 7,934 Montana 1,076 300 78.2 21.8 1,376 Nebraska 1,945 553 77.9 22.1 2,498 Nevada 3,439 606 85.0 15.0 4,045 New Hampshire 1,504 375 80.0 20.0 1,879 New Jersey 10,760 2,125 83.5 16.5 12,885 New Mexico 2,145 401 84.3 15.7 2,545 New York 24,817 4,582 84.4 15.6 29,399 North Carolina 10,900 2,535 81.1 18.9 13,435 North Dakota 833 223 78.9 21.1 1,057 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * Ohio 12,946 2,948 81.5 18.5 15,894 Oklahoma 4,075 827 83.1 16.9 4,903 Oregon 4,637 1,006 82.2 17.8 5,643 Pennsylvania 14,360 3,105 82.2 17.8 17,465 Puerto Rico 3,601 410 89.8 10.2 4,011 Rhode Island 1,155 237 83.0 17.0 1,392 South Carolina 5,243 1,200 81.4 18.6 6,443 South Dakota 873 242 78.3 21.7 1,115 Tennessee 7,072 1,735 80.3 19.7 8,808 Texas 31,803 5,731 84.7 15.3 37,535 Utah 3,133 683 82.1 17.9 3,816 Vermont 684 210 76.5 23.5 894 Virgin Islands 124 15 89.1 10.9 139 Virginia 8,795 2,198 80.0 20.0 10,994 Washington 8,611 1,696 83.5 16.5 10,307 West Virginia 1,638 323 83.5 16.5 1,961 Wisconsin 6,108 1,380 81.6 18.4 7,488 Wyoming 642 160 80.1 19.9 802 Total 373,131 75,736 83.1 16.9 448,867 # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 31 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 34 Connections by Technology by State as of June 30, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Alabama 427 # * 831 202 * 7 4,935 6,469 Alaska 77 * 2 * 8 * 11 716 955 American Samoa 0 0 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 514 * 11 1,559 198 * 45 6,503 8,867 Arkansas 290 # * 415 80 * 9 2,838 3,687 California 2,523 3 * 8,385 1,401 * 151 42,608 55,276 Colorado * # 17 1,394 209 * 75 5,554 7,693 Connecticut * * 2 1,052 26 * # 3,716 5,077 Delaware * * 3 244 * * * 941 1,321 District of Columbia * * 6 * * * * 1,266 1,559 Florida 1,300 # * 5,419 1,114 * 19 21,695 29,666 Georgia 827 # * 1,969 587 * 7 10,781 14,254 Guam * 0 0 * * 0 0 200 242 Hawaii * * 1 * 64 * 2 1,558 2,057 Idaho 165 * 3 238 90 * 53 1,615 2,181 Illinois 998 # * 2,865 276 * 87 13,157 17,445 Indiana 542 # * 1,228 322 * 44 6,278 8,469 Iowa 259 # * 494 228 * 48 2,976 4,038 Kansas 213 # * 490 221 * 43 4,712 5,700 Kentucky 366 * 2 850 219 * 20 4,278 5,774 Louisiana 368 * 3 841 168 * 9 4,749 6,199 Maine 114 1 * 431 10 * 7 1,281 1,858 Maryland * # 16 1,180 * * 5 6,412 8,563 Massachusetts * * 19 1,974 * * 11 7,490 10,134 Michigan 720 1 * 2,404 150 * 47 10,009 13,427 Minnesota 447 2 * 1,200 254 * 33 5,610 7,580 Mississippi 323 # * 343 63 * 7 2,788 3,590 Missouri 582 1 * 999 334 * 48 5,890 7,934 Montana 96 * 2 * 35 * 24 986 1,376 Nebraska 135 # * 388 105 * 32 1,826 2,498 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 32 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 34 - Continued Connections by Technology by State as of June 30, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Nevada 187 # 5 * 64 * 26 2,996 4,045 New Hampshire 66 # * 461 31 * 2 1,309 1,879 New Jersey 118 * 25 2,183 * * # 9,511 12,885 New Mexico 215 * 4 334 57 * 24 1,894 2,545 New York 308 * 37 4,991 1,679 * 11 22,318 29,399 North Carolina 713 # * 2,464 468 * 11 9,697 13,435 North Dakota 33 # * 172 95 * 4 749 1,057 Northern Mariana Isl * 0 * * * 0 0 * * Ohio 897 * 11 2,729 347 * 50 11,809 15,894 Oklahoma 340 # * 601 140 * 53 3,713 4,903 Oregon 220 # * 1,013 206 * 32 4,131 5,643 Pennsylvania 489 # 25 3,035 * * 7 12,853 17,465 Puerto Rico * 0 3 * 11 * 21 3,387 4,011 Rhode Island * * 2 * * * * 985 1,392 South Carolina 390 # * 1,092 233 * 5 4,681 6,443 South Dakota 38 * # 185 67 * 10 808 1,115 Tennessee 448 # * 1,251 442 * 15 6,582 8,808 Texas 1,791 # * 4,759 1,786 * 236 28,722 37,535 Utah 148 * 6 546 188 * 53 2,868 3,816 Vermont 82 * 2 155 27 * 4 620 894 Virgin Islands * 0 * * * * 8 * 139 Virginia 255 # * 1,564 961 * 20 8,084 10,994 Washington 392 # * 1,961 251 * 40 7,584 10,307 West Virginia * * 1 391 13 * 4 1,353 1,961 Wisconsin 545 * 3 * 172 * 36 5,380 7,488 Wyoming 46 * 1 118 13 * 28 587 802 Total 20,419 17 515 70,772 17,408 1,984 1,549 336,204 448,867 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline to maintain firm confidentiality. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 33 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 35 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of June 30, 2019 Over 200 kbps Upstream and % over 200 kbps % at least 3 Mbps % at least 10 Mbps % at least 25 Mbps % at least 100 Mbps State Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Alabama 99.7 96.6 86.3 70.5 49.7 Alaska 98.9 94.9 84.1 60.9 43.6 American Samoa * * * * * Arizona 99.8 98.2 92.5 75.4 52.5 Arkansas 99.7 96.1 82.7 59.1 33.4 California 99.8 98.5 91.3 79.6 58.1 Colorado 99.8 97.7 92.8 78.4 51.5 Connecticut 99.7 99.4 92.8 77.9 63.8 Delaware 99.9 99.2 95.9 92.1 67.6 District of Columbia 99.9 98.6 93.5 87.9 70.2 Florida 99.8 98.8 94.5 84.3 60.2 Georgia 99.5 97.6 89.8 76.2 52.0 Guam * * * * * Hawaii 99.9 99.8 93.8 88.5 65.0 Idaho 99.7 97.0 82.5 57.4 39.3 Illinois 99.8 98.5 90.3 76.3 51.0 Indiana 99.6 98.1 87.7 72.5 46.6 Iowa 99.7 96.3 84.8 66.8 32.2 Kansas 99.8 97.8 87.4 66.8 44.7 Kentucky 99.5 96.8 85.6 71.6 49.9 Louisiana 99.6 96.9 88.5 71.5 48.1 Maine 99.1 96.8 82.5 66.5 53.6 Maryland 99.9 99.0 95.1 89.2 66.1 Massachusetts 99.9 99.1 95.1 91.6 71.6 Michigan 99.5 98.2 89.7 77.5 54.3 Minnesota 99.8 97.7 89.5 73.7 48.7 Mississippi 99.5 95.3 81.2 58.1 32.3 Missouri 99.7 97.0 86.2 69.2 51.3 Montana 99.8 96.2 85.1 65.3 51.5 Nebraska 99.6 97.7 88.5 71.7 53.5 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 34 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 35 - Continued Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of June 30, 2019 Over 200 kbps Upstream and % over 200 kbps % at least 3 Mbps % at least 10 Mbps % at least 25 Mbps % at least 100 Mbps State Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Nevada 99.9 98.9 94.4 81.6 61.0 New Hampshire 99.4 97.6 90.5 82.7 66.4 New Jersey 99.8 99.1 96.5 93.3 76.9 New Mexico 99.9 96.3 85.1 62.4 34.9 New York 99.7 99.1 94.7 89.1 76.2 North Carolina 99.4 97.8 88.9 78.1 62.4 North Dakota 99.9 98.6 94.4 85.9 64.6 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * Ohio 99.8 98.1 88.8 72.7 52.6 Oklahoma 99.7 97.8 83.0 63.8 41.4 Oregon 99.7 97.7 90.8 78.1 53.1 Pennsylvania 99.8 97.8 90.9 83.3 59.2 Puerto Rico 100.0 93.4 73.1 43.4 22.4 Rhode Island 99.6 99.2 98.0 92.9 74.2 South Carolina 99.7 98.2 90.3 75.2 56.6 South Dakota 99.8 98.6 95.2 84.3 54.7 Tennessee 99.6 97.9 90.5 77.2 56.2 Texas 99.9 98.6 91.2 76.8 55.0 Utah 99.9 98.6 91.9 76.5 47.7 Vermont 98.0 94.6 79.2 65.2 45.4 Virgin Islands 99.9 99.8 65.3 * * Virginia 99.5 98.0 91.6 83.9 62.4 Washington 99.6 97.9 91.8 80.2 57.5 West Virginia 98.2 97.3 77.4 64.0 44.5 Wisconsin 99.3 97.3 88.2 71.3 54.8 Wyoming 99.9 96.4 86.3 73.6 48.0 Total 99.7 98.1 90.7 78.4 57.0 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 35 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 36 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of June 30, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Alabama 23 4 * 17 38 * 21 7 74 Alaska 15 * 11 * 16 * 15 9 37 American Samoa 0 0 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 23 * 22 16 43 * 51 6 106 Arkansas 23 5 * 19 42 * 23 5 83 California 38 12 * 33 87 * 127 5 213 Colorado * 6 23 17 69 * 62 9 135 Connecticut * * 12 9 21 * 5 4 35 Delaware * * 10 5 * * * 4 23 District of Columbia * * 13 * * * * 4 41 Florida 23 5 * 21 71 * 32 6 108 Georgia 26 4 * 28 84 * 25 5 120 Guam * 0 0 * * 0 0 4 4 Hawaii * * 8 * 11 * 5 5 21 Idaho 21 * 13 19 40 * 42 9 75 Illinois 52 7 * 20 103 * 97 6 195 Indiana 36 4 * 12 76 * 67 5 125 Iowa 84 12 * 38 171 * 88 8 232 Kansas 27 9 * 26 67 * 68 9 126 Kentucky 15 * 11 28 50 * 29 8 98 Louisiana 18 * 19 21 43 * 24 6 79 Maine 13 5 * 9 20 * 11 5 39 Maryland * 5 18 16 * * 22 5 68 Massachusetts * * 16 11 * * 20 5 62 Michigan 35 6 * 25 72 * 50 7 128 Minnesota 44 8 * 22 84 * 54 5 130 Mississippi 19 4 * 14 30 * 15 6 60 Missouri 36 7 * 19 72 * 71 7 144 Montana 22 * 13 * 33 * 34 7 64 Nebraska 31 5 * 17 58 * 48 7 103 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 36 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 36 - Continued Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of June 30, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Nevada 18 6 13 * 34 * 27 5 67 New Hampshire 9 4 * 6 21 * 8 5 36 New Jersey 12 * 27 10 * * 11 4 61 New Mexico 20 * 18 11 33 * 33 7 70 New York 34 * 27 21 76 * 37 7 126 North Carolina 22 6 * 28 59 * 27 6 102 North Dakota 21 6 * 9 32 * 12 6 48 Northern Mariana Isl * 0 * * * 0 0 * * Ohio 34 * 27 31 72 * 63 4 149 Oklahoma 38 7 * 14 60 * 48 11 113 Oregon 38 6 * 17 60 * 46 6 103 Pennsylvania 25 5 22 25 * * 30 9 108 Puerto Rico * 0 4 * 7 * 11 5 21 Rhode Island * * 7 * * * * 4 25 South Carolina 18 4 * 17 35 * 13 6 55 South Dakota 22 * 14 9 34 * 20 8 72 Tennessee 23 6 * 22 70 * 34 7 112 Texas 68 14 * 35 134 * 157 11 263 Utah 18 * 17 13 32 * 38 8 74 Vermont 9 * 7 7 20 * 7 6 35 Virgin Islands * 0 * * * * 4 * 8 Virginia 24 6 * 20 70 * 42 6 114 Washington 26 7 * 27 63 * 57 6 121 West Virginia * * 10 17 23 * 16 6 57 Wisconsin 42 * 22 * 74 * 47 6 117 Wyoming 13 * 8 8 22 * 23 8 48 Total 717 122 223 381 1,304 6 1,237 70 2,207 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 37 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 SECTION 4 SUMMARY STATISTICS: COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS Table of Contents Figure 37 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of June 30, 2019 .................... 39 Figure 38 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of June 30, 2019 .................................................................................................. 40 Figure 39 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of June 30, 2019 ............... 41 Figure 40 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of June 30, 2019 .................................................................................................. 42 Figure 41 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of June 30, 2019 .............................................................................. 43 Figure 42 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of June 30, 2019 ................................................................ 44 Figure 43 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of June 30, 2019 ................................................................ 46 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 38 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 37 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of June 30, 2019 16% Number of Counties 3,234 467 Median 0.73 14% 439 387 12% 10% 313 310 267 8% 231 217 197 6% Percentage Counties of 155 4% 104 2% 55 25 18 13 14 11 3 8 0% 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 Max Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households Note: Ratios over 1 were set to 1. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 39 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 38 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of June 30, 2019 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 5 than 10 than 20 than 30 than 40 than 50 than 60 than 80 than 0 and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no more more more more more more more more more than than than than than than than than 100% Technology Zero than 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% or more aDSL 1.5 7.5 9.8 31.4 25.5 13.8 6.2 2.3 1.6 0.2 0.2 sDSL 94.3 5.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline 93.9 6.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 11.3 7.3 6.0 12.9 12.9 12.5 11.8 11.8 11.4 1.5 0.6 FTTP 15.5 44.2 11.1 11.7 6.6 3.4 2.5 2.1 2.4 0.3 0.1 Satellite 0.4 64.2 22.9 10.9 1.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 14.8 60.5 12.5 8.0 2.6 1.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 Total 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.8 1.3 4.9 11.9 49.7 26.3 4.4 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 40 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 39 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of June 30, 2019 14 Number of Tracts 73,767 Median 0.84 12 10 8 6 Percentage of Tracts of Percentage 4 2 0 0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 Max Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households Note: Ratios over 2 were set to 2. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 41 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 40 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of June 30, 2019 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 5 than 10 than 20 than 30 than 40 than 50 than 60 than 80 than 0 and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no more more more more more more more more more than than than than than than than than 100% Technology Zero than 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% or more aDSL 3.5 25.2 16.0 26.0 16.5 7.4 2.9 1.4 0.8 0.2 0.2 sDSL 99.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline 99.0 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 4.8 2.7 1.5 3.6 5.2 10.0 15.4 19.5 27.1 8.2 2.0 FTTP 34.1 20.9 8.8 11.8 7.9 5.9 4.7 2.9 2.5 0.4 0.1 Satellite 23.8 65.9 5.5 3.7 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 68.5 24.7 3.0 2.3 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Total 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.2 2.7 6.2 29.5 45.4 13.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 42 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 41 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Service by Technology as of June 30, 2019 (Internet Access Service over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Number of Providers Seven or Technology Zero One Two Three Four Five Six More aDSL 22.4 75.1 2.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 sDSL 99.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline1 99.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 84.9 14.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 FTTP 72.2 26.2 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Satellite 0.0 0.1 0.9 98.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 50.8 28.6 13.8 5.6 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 aDSL and/or Cable Modem and/or FTTP 14.3 65.8 17.9 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Any Technology 0.0 0.1 0.1 4.0 14.7 41.3 25.0 14.8 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. The number of providers in a census block does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household, and does not purport to measure competition. Providers may list a census block on Form 477 if service can be provided to at least one location in the block. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2010 census. Sources: FCC Form 477 and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 43 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 42 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of June 30, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Counties Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Alabama 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 12 31 10 0 Alaska 29 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 2 9 10 3 American Samoa 5 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 Arizona 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 8 0 Arkansas 75 0 0 0 0 0 3 13 28 31 0 0 California 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 12 42 3 Colorado 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 19 22 14 Connecticut 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 Delaware 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 District of Columbia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Florida 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 17 32 12 Georgia 159 0 0 0 0 3 5 13 29 63 38 8 Guam 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Hawaii 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 Idaho 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 23 11 5 Illinois 102 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 19 60 20 0 Indiana 92 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 60 18 0 Iowa 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 82 12 1 Kansas 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 75 21 0 Kentucky 120 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 14 74 27 0 Louisiana 64 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 14 29 10 0 Maine 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 6 Maryland 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 16 1 Massachusetts 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 3 Michigan 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 50 21 4 Minnesota 87 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 57 25 2 Mississippi 82 0 0 0 0 1 6 22 30 20 2 1 Missouri 115 0 0 0 0 0 2 10 25 61 15 2 Montana 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 31 20 2 Nebraska 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 12 68 10 0 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 44 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 42 - Continued Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of June 30, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Counties Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Nevada 17 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 9 5 0 New Hampshire 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 New Jersey 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 3 New Mexico 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 17 8 4 New York 62 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 24 31 6 North Carolina 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 48 42 7 North Dakota 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 30 17 4 Northern Mariana Isl 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Ohio 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 56 23 1 Oklahoma 77 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 23 38 4 1 Oregon 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 16 16 3 Pennsylvania 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 38 25 3 Puerto Rico 78 0 0 0 20 17 10 13 16 2 0 0 Rhode Island 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 South Carolina 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 10 20 11 3 South Dakota 66 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 43 15 2 Tennessee 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 16 65 13 0 Texas 254 0 0 0 0 0 2 15 39 137 53 8 Utah 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 16 6 Vermont 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 4 Virgin Islands 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 Virginia 134 0 0 0 0 1 5 6 15 63 41 3 Washington 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 14 22 2 West Virginia 55 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 42 9 0 Wisconsin 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 39 26 6 Wyoming 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 10 1 Total 3,234 3 0 0 21 25 43 159 386 1606 849 142 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 45 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 43 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of June 30, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Tracts Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Alabama 1,179 5 0 0 0 11 49 92 188 446 320 68 Alaska 167 1 0 1 4 1 7 4 13 51 64 21 American Samoa 18 2 0 0 0 7 5 1 1 0 1 1 Arizona 1,526 12 2 8 13 13 15 43 99 399 633 289 Arkansas 686 1 0 0 0 7 44 102 140 271 111 10 California 8,036 56 3 3 10 15 42 55 253 1,731 4,805 1,063 Colorado 1,249 14 1 0 0 2 3 12 29 262 692 234 Connecticut 829 4 0 0 1 0 1 5 15 137 528 138 Delaware 215 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 50 100 59 District of Columbia 179 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 57 75 39 Florida 4,199 39 3 0 4 6 15 55 125 807 1,904 1,241 Georgia 1,964 11 1 0 1 10 35 95 160 572 790 289 Guam 56 6 0 0 3 4 4 4 7 8 6 14 Hawaii 326 13 0 0 0 1 0 2 4 52 137 117 Idaho 298 0 0 0 1 3 3 5 15 123 125 23 Illinois 3,121 6 1 0 4 6 21 87 256 1,171 1,379 190 Indiana 1,508 4 1 0 4 4 19 47 150 657 530 92 Iowa 825 4 0 0 0 0 5 15 51 503 225 22 Kansas 770 10 0 0 1 2 1 18 59 343 282 54 Kentucky 1,115 10 0 1 0 7 17 36 87 429 465 63 Louisiana 1,136 12 1 1 1 10 25 86 147 427 355 71 Maine 351 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 83 172 93 Maryland 1,394 9 0 0 0 1 7 20 50 272 777 258 Massachusetts 1,471 12 0 0 2 1 2 2 22 240 942 248 Michigan 2,767 29 1 2 10 11 51 139 252 827 1,235 210 Minnesota 1,335 4 0 0 1 1 6 19 54 480 679 91 Mississippi 661 4 0 0 0 7 40 120 144 226 105 15 Missouri 1,393 4 0 0 2 6 31 80 169 480 525 96 Montana 271 2 0 0 1 0 3 7 7 120 113 18 Nebraska 532 3 0 1 0 0 2 8 39 227 217 35 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 46 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 43 - Continued Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of June 30, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Tracts Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Nevada 683 5 0 1 0 1 9 14 24 180 328 121 New Hampshire 294 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 28 183 78 New Jersey 2,004 9 0 0 1 3 4 1 10 251 1,225 500 New Mexico 499 2 4 2 4 6 16 20 57 184 168 36 New York 4,900 79 1 5 13 17 24 32 126 1,373 2,377 853 North Carolina 2,183 18 1 0 2 0 7 16 124 711 929 375 North Dakota 205 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 96 72 25 Northern Mariana Isl 22 2 0 0 0 2 4 6 1 7 0 0 Ohio 2,946 8 0 0 4 2 16 70 202 1,171 1,300 173 Oklahoma 1,046 0 0 2 4 15 38 77 194 373 267 76 Oregon 827 2 0 0 0 0 2 7 22 227 498 69 Pennsylvania 3,217 27 1 0 6 4 7 47 122 1,140 1,617 246 Puerto Rico 903 18 61 111 190 123 126 81 41 47 29 76 Rhode Island 241 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 27 169 41 South Carolina 1,097 12 0 0 1 11 12 56 109 356 372 168 South Dakota 222 0 0 0 2 0 2 4 20 100 74 20 Tennessee 1,497 21 1 0 1 9 20 74 164 591 482 134 Texas 5,253 39 0 4 5 27 90 212 517 1,735 1,900 724 Utah 588 4 2 0 3 0 1 1 11 120 347 99 Vermont 184 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 31 99 51 Virgin Islands 29 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 9 10 3 1 Virginia 1,895 23 0 2 2 14 30 59 120 465 908 272 Washington 1,446 2 1 0 1 3 4 12 23 264 937 199 West Virginia 484 0 0 1 3 1 9 21 49 219 146 35 Wisconsin 1,393 3 1 0 1 4 2 6 40 536 727 73 Wyoming 132 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 53 64 8 Total 73,767 558 87 145 308 381 879 1,984 4,551 21,746 33,513 9,615 Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 47 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 SECTION 5 CORRELATED RESULTS: DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES Table of Contents Figure 44 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of June 30, 2019 ........... 49 Figure 45 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of June 30, 2019 ........... 50 Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of June 30, 2019............................................................................... 51 Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of June 30, 2019............................................................................... 52 Figure 48 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of June 30, 2019 ........................................................................................................... 53 Figure 49 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of June 30, 2019 ........................................................................................................... 54 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 48 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 44 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of June 30, 2019 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.52 0.64 0.66 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.77 0.82 0.89 Median 0.54 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.83 0.91 1.0 Max 0.9 Q3 0.8 Median 0.7 Q1 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio 0.4 0.3 Min 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Income Median Household Income by Decile Higher Income Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the income decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 49 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 45 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of June 30, 2019 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.73 0.71 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.74 0.77 0.82 0.78 Median 0.72 0.72 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.72 0.77 0.83 0.87 1.0 Max 0.9 Q3 0.8 Median Q1 0.7 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio 0.4 0.3 Min 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Density County Household Density by Decile Higher Density Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the density decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 50 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of June 30, 2019 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.59 0.62 0.66 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.89 Median 0.60 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.76 0.79 0.84 0.90 1.0 Max 0.9 Q3 0.8 Median Q1 0.7 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio 0.4 0.3 0.2 Min 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Share County Share of College Graduates by Decile Higher Share Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the share decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 51 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of June 30, 2019 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.77 0.77 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.68 0.73 0.78 Median 0.80 0.78 0.74 0.73 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.70 0.73 0.77 1.0 Max 0.9 0.8 Q3 0.7 Median 0.6 Q1 0.5 Subscribership Ratio 0.4 0.3 0.2 Min 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Average Age County Average Age by Decile Higher Average Age Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the average age decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 52 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 48 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of June 30, 2019 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage High-Speed Fixed of Residential Connections 20 10 0 Lowest Density Highest Density aDSL Cable Modem FTTP Satellite Fixed Wireless This chart shows subscribership ratios by technology and household density. Tracts were grouped into 100 density percentiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of estimated tract households to tract land area from the Census Bureau. For each percentile, the height of the bar represents the household-weighted average ratio of residential fixed connections to households across tracts in the percentile. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 53 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Figure 49 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of June 30, 2019 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction by Tract) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Richest Highest Density Poorest Lowest Density This chart shows subscribership ratios by household density and income quantiles. Tracts were grouped into 400 density/income quantiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of estimated tract households to tract land area, and median household income. For each quantile, the height of the grid represents the household-weighted average ratio of residential fixed connections to households across tracts in the decile. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 54 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Technical Notes General The information presented in this report is based on data from FCC Form 477. Through Form 477, facilities-based broadband providers submit information to the FCC about where they offer and have subscribers to Internet access services over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction. In June 2013, the Commission adopted several changes to Form 477.1 Detailed information about those changes and about the Form 477 reporting requirements in general is available at www.fcc.gov/form477. Due to technical difficulties in 2014 with the redesigned Form 477 filing interface, the filing deadline for Form 477 data as of June 30, 2014 was moved to December 11, 2014. Because of that delay, the Commission staff were not able to perform their typical process of identifying anomalies or errors in the data, following up with filers, and requesting updates to the data where appropriate – a process which usually generates a significant number of corrections and hence a more accurate Form 477 data set. Form 477 collects information about Internet access connections in service to end-user locations that are advertised to deliver information to and/or from the end user – that is, in at least one direction – at transfer rates (speeds) above 200 kilobits per second (kbps). Information is collected about the number of connections by the advertised speeds associated with each product subscribed to in the relevant geographic area, census tracts for fixed and states for mobile. Fixed providers report connections by the maximum advertised upload and download speeds, while mobile providers report connections by minimum advertised upload and download speeds. Fixed connections are further categorized by the technology employed by the part of the connection that terminates at the end-user location. Wherever a number of providers is cited in this report, multiple Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider. “End users” are residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based providers report information about connections they provide directly to their own end-user customers and also connections that they provide to Internet Service Providers for resale to end users. For Form 477 purposes, the facilities-based provider of a connection is the entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis. The mutually exclusive Form 477 technology categories are: asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (aDSL in this report); symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (sDSL); other copper wireline; cable modem; optical carrier / fiber to the end user; satellite; terrestrial fixed wireless (using licensed or unlicensed spectrum); mobile wireless; and all other (which is included to capture deployment of additional technologies over time). In the Form 477 data collection, aDSL-based services delivered over fiber-to-the-node architecture are reported in the aDSL category. The other wireline category comprises T1/DS1, T3/DS3, and other copper-based connections, not elsewhere categorized, that deliver Internet access service at the end-user 1 Modernizing the FCC Form 477 Data Program, WC Docket No. 11-10, Report and Order, 28 FCC Rcd 9887 (2013). See also High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2014 (March 2016) at 1-2, available at https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/internet-access-services-reports/internet-access-services- reports. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 55 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 location. Ethernet connections delivering Internet access service are reported in the other wireline category if the connection terminates over copper and in the FTTP category if the connection terminates over fiber. Connections deployed over hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) architecture are reported in the cable modem category. Wireless ISPs (WISPs) report in the fixed wireless category if providing service to dispersed, fixed end-user locations and report in the mobile wireless category if providing a commercial service that can be received at any location within a service footprint. Wireless local area networks (such as Wi-Fi hotspots) that only enable local distribution and sharing of a premises connection are not included, although the shared premises connection is included. Numbers of connections presented in this report are not adjusted for the number of persons at a single end-user location who have access to, or who use, the Internet access services delivered over the connection to that location. Numbers of residential connections are estimated based on the total connections and percentage- residential connections information reported on Form 477. Census tracts Since the collection of data as of December 31, 2008, facilities-based providers of reportable fixed- location Internet access connections have been reporting connection counts at the census tract level of detail. Facilities-based mobile wireless providers report connection counts by state rather than census tract. The census tract-level data summarized in this report were collected for tracts in the 2010 decennial census. For the purposes of this report, there are 73,767 census tracts because we exclude census tracts delineated specifically to cover large bodies of water. About 110 of the census tracts have population but no households because the population resides in group living quarters. For the purpose of estimating residential subscribership rates by census tract, we assume these census tracts have no reportable residential Internet access service because persons residing in group quarters would have Internet access over a business connection provided to the operator of the group quarters. Therefore, these census tracts are included in the “zero” column. Ratios of residential fixed-location connections to households that exceed 100% We estimate the share of households with fixed-location connections in individual census tracts by taking the ratio of the reported number of fixed-location residential service connections to the estimated number of households. We continue to find “outlier” estimates at or above 100% and to find that the number of outliers is substantially reduced when estimates are made for individual counties rather than for individual census tracts. Possible explanations of ratios at or above 100% include: (1) geocoding misallocations of service locations to census tracts; (2) proper allocation of connections to the county level by some filers, but improper allocation of all connections to a single tract in the county; (3) possible overestimation of residential connections in service plans for which the customer base is primarily residential; and (4) connections at seasonally or occasionally occupied housing units, such as vacation homes, while the household is counted elsewhere. The numbers of households in census tracts that were used to generate the estimated ratios are themselves estimates (from Census 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates), which could have an independent effect. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 56 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Maps showing residential subscribership rates by census tract The two maps based on estimated Internet access connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction per 1,000 households (that is, estimated household subscribership rates) exclude all connections identified as business connections and necessarily exclude residential mobile wireless connections (which are reported for the state but not for individual census tracts). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 57 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Glossary Term Definition aDSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line: A digital local loop typically using copper facilities and providing greater bandwidth in one direction than the other. Cable modem service A service which offers customers access to the Internet over a cable system. Downstream speed Speed of transmission from the Internet to the end user. End users Residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based provider Entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis. Fixed wireless A radio communication service between specified fixed points. Fixed technologies All technologies other than terrestrial mobile wireless. FTTH or FTTP Fiber to the Home (Premises): A network access architecture in which optical fiber is deployed all the way to the customer’s home (premises). Internet access service Service that provides end users access to the Internet. ISPs Internet Service Providers: Companies or organizations that provide Internet access service (see above). Mobile wireless service A radio communication service between mobile and fixed stations, or between mobile stations. Mobile wireless provider Provider of mobile wireless service (see above). Other wireline All copper-wire based technologies other than DSL technologies; Ethernet over copper and T-1 are examples. Power line Internet access service delivered over electric power transmission lines. Satellite communications A telecommunications service provided via one or more satellite relays and their associated uplinks and downlinks. sDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line: DSL technology that provides equal bandwidth for both uploads and downloads. Speed tiers Sub-groupings defined by ranges of upstream speeds and downstream speeds. Upstream speed Speed of transmission from the end user to the Internet. Wi-Fi hotspot Wireless Fidelity: Generic term referring to any type of IEEE 802.11 wireless network. A hotspot is a small geographic area in which users U.S. Federal Communications Commission 58 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 can gain access to a Wi-Fi network which in turn connects to the Internet. Wireless service Telephone, Internet, data, and other services provided to customers through the transmission of signals over networks of radio towers. Wireless service provider Provider of wireless service (see above). WISP Wireless ISP: A company that provides end users with wireless access to the Internet, most commonly by using radio spectrum designated for unlicensed use. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 59 Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 Customer Response Publication: Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2019 You can help us provide the best possible information to the public by completing this form and returning it to the Industry Analysis Division of the FCC's Office of Economics and Analytics. 1. Please check the category that best describes you: ____ press ____ current telecommunications carrier ____ potential telecommunications carrier ____ business customer evaluating vendors/service options ____ consultant, law firm, lobbyist ____ other business customer ____ academic/student ____ residential customer ____ FCC employee ____ other federal government employee ____ state or local government employee ____ Other (please specify) 2. 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