Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 Industry Analysis Division Office of Economics & Analytics August 2023 This report is available for reference in the FCC’s Reference Information Center, 45 L Street NE, Washington, DC 20554. Copies may be purchased by contacting Best Copy and Printing, Inc., 45 L Street NE, Washington, DC 20554, telephone (800) 378-3160, or via their website at www.bcpiweb.com. The report can also be downloaded from the Internet Access Services Reports webpage at www.fcc.gov/internet-access-services- reports. To discuss the information in this report, please call (202) 418-0940 or send an e-mail to OEA- IADreports@fcc.gov. TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS .....................................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 Total Connections ....................................................................................................................2 Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections by Speed 2016-2019 .....................................2 Connections by Speed ..............................................................................................................3 Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed.............................3 Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Upstream Speed .................................4 Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Speed 2016-2019 ........................................................5 Number of Providers by Census Block ..................................................................................6 Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Report Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband .....................................6 Internet Access Subscribership ..............................................................................................7 Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2004-2019 ........................................................................7 Other Report Highlights..........................................................................................................8 SECTION 2: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE NATION ..............................................10 SECTION 3: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE STATES ...............................................28 SECTION 4: SUMMARY STATISTICS - COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS .......38 SECTION 5: CORRELATION RESULTS - DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES ..............48 Technical Notes ......................................................................................................................55 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................58 SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS Introduction This report summarizes information about Internet access connections in the United States as of December 31, 2019 as collected by FCC Form 477. For purposes of this report, Internet access connections are those in service, over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction, and reported to the FCC through Form 477.1 The report includes data on total and residential Internet access connections by downstream and upstream speed, by technology, by geography, and over time. Section 2 of the report presents nationwide statistics, Section 3 provides state-level data, and Section 4 includes data on the subscribership differences among counties and census tracts.2 In addition, Section 5 of the report includes an analysis of the correlations between subscribership ratios and various demographic measures.3 Maps depicting the number of fixed connections per 1,000 households by census tract are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/internet- access-services-reports. 1 See the Technical Notes and Glossary at the end of this report for more-detailed information about the FCC Form 477 data collection and the meaning of terms used in this report. 2 The Commission began collecting census tract-level data for data as of December 31, 2008. See High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2008 (February 2010) at 1-4, available at http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/high-speed-services-internet-access-reports (December 2008 High-Speed Report). 3 Publicly-available data that are too voluminous to include in this report are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/general/fcc-form-477-additional-data. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 1 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 Total Connections  As shown in Figure 1, total Internet connections increased by about 3.4% between December 2018 and December 2019 to 466 million. Mobile Internet connections increased 3.4% year-over- year to 352 million in December 2019, while fixed connections grew to 114 million – up about 3.2% from December 2018. Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections 2016-2019 466.3 459.3 451.1 114.3 450 112.7 110.8 428.9 420.8 109.1 404.8 408.7 108.1 400 105.6 106.1 350 352.0 346.6 340.3 319.8 300 312.8 299.3 302.6 250 200 Connections in Millions in Connections 150 100 50 0 Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 Fixed Mobile Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Connections include both residential and business connections. We believe mobile Internet connections remain underreported by as much as 2% through June 2018 due to inadequate accounting of connections sold by downstream mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs). Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 2 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 Connections by Speed Fixed connections – downstream speeds. Figure 2(a) illustrates how the 114 million fixed connections reported for December 2019 were distributed across the five groups of downstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 10 Mbps, 25 Mbps, 100 Mbps, and 940 Mbps. See Figure 9 for more detail. Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections (114.3 million) by Downstream Speed as of December 31, 2019 5.3% 7.9% 11.4% 56.1% 19.3% Downstream Speed Less than 10 Mbps (9.0 million) At least 10 Mbps & less than 25 Mbps (13.1 million) At least 25 Mbps & less than 100 Mbps (22.1 million) At least 100 Mbps & less than 940 Mbps (64.1 million) At least 940 Mbps (6.0 million) Note: Numbers may not sum to total due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 3 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 Fixed connections – upstream speeds. Figure 2(b) illustrates how the 114 million fixed connections reported for December 2019 were distributed across the five groups of upstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 1 Mbps, 3 Mbps, 20 Mbps, and 500 Mbps. See Figure 9 for more detail. Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections (114.3 million) by Upstream Speed as of December 31, 2019 3.8% 6.3% 21.8% 12.0% 56.1% Upstream Speed Less than 1 Mbps (7.2 million) At least 1 Mbps & less than 3 Mbps (13.7 million) At least 3 Mbps & less than 20 Mbps (64.2 million) At least 20 Mbps & less than 500 Mbps (25.0 million) At least 500 Mbps (4.3 million) Note: Numbers may not sum to total due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 4 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 Fixed connections by downstream speed over time. Figure 3 illustrates how the composition of total fixed Internet connections by different speed groups has changed from 2016 to 2019. Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2016-2019 114.3 112.7 110.8 6.0 108.1 109.1 4.6 105.6 106.1 3.5 59.7 64.1 38.8 49.6 56.6 23.9 28.3 100 38.9 39.5 34.1 28.1 50 24.4 24.1 Connections in Millions in Connections 22.1 23.4 20.6 18.3 16.0 14.7 13.9 13.1 18.8 16.7 15.1 12.8 11.5 10.4 9.0 0 Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 At least 940 Mbps At least 100 Mbps and less than 940 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps Less than 10 Mbps Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Connections include both residential and business connections. Source: FCC Form 477.  The percentage of fixed connections with a downstream speed of at least 100 Mbps has grown from 23% (or 24 million connections) in December 2016 to 61% (or 70 million connections) in December 2019. Over the same period, the percentage of fixed connections with downstream speeds of less than 10 Mbps has decreased from 18% (or 19 million connections) in December 2016 to about 8% (or about 9 million connections) in December 2019. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 5 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 Number of Providers by Census Block In Figure 4, we show the percentage of “developed” census blocks – blocks that contain housing units – with zero, one, two, or three or more fixed broadband providers offering residential Internet access service at different speeds in December 2019. This information is taken from the block-level FCC Form 477 fixed broadband deployment data that the Commission began collecting in 2014.4 A provider that reports offering service in a particular census block may not offer service, or service at that speed, to all locations in the census block. Accordingly, the number of providers shown in Figure 4 does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household and does not purport to measure competition. Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Reported the Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband as of December 31, 2019 100 28 18 5 20 25 90 80 35 79 70 39 42 60 50 33 40 30 25 28 Percentage of Census Blocks with Housing Units Housing with Blocks PercentageCensus of 20 14 10 7 0 At least 10 Mbps* At least 25 Mbps* At least 100 Mbps At least 940 Mbps downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least 1 Mbps upstream 3 Mbps upstream 20 Mbps upstream 500 Mbps upstream 0 Providers 1 Provider 2 Providers 3+ Providers * Satellite service providers are excluded from this analysis. Satellite service providers report offering internet access at bandwidths of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream in 99.8% of developed Census blocks. Note: Numbers may sum to totals due to rounding. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2010 census. Source: FCC Form 477. 4 Download these data and explore the interactive map at https://broadband477map.fcc.gov/#/. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 6 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 Internet Access Subscribership Figure 5 illustrates the number of total and residential fixed Internet access connections (connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction except mobile wireless connections), as well as the number of total fixed connections per 100 persons and the number of residential fixed connections per 100 households, since 2004.5 Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2004-2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) 120,000 100 110,000 90 100,000 80 90,000 70 80,000 70,000 60 60,000 50 50,000 40 40,000 30 30,000 20 Connections per 100Units Connections in Thousands 20,000 10,000 10 0 0 Residential Fixed Connections (left axis) Total Fixed Connections (left axis) Residential Fixed Connections per 100 Households (right axis) Total Fixed Connections per 100 Population (right axis)  Between December 2009 and December 2019, total (business and residential) fixed connections grew from 80 million connections to 114 million connections – at a compound annual growth rate of 4% per year.6 5 For data through December 2004, only those providers with at least 250 connections in a state were required to report. Historical fixed-location connection counts not included in this report may be found in June 2008 High- Speed Report at Tables 1 and 3, available in Excel format at https://www.fcc.gov/general/reports-high-speed- services-internet-access. 6 The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a smoothed rate of growth calculated in three steps: (1) divide the ending value by the beginning value; (2) raise the result of that division to a power equal to one divided by the number of years in the period (in this case, 10 years, so the power is 1/10); (3) subtract the number one from the result of the second step. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 7 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019  Over the same ten-year period, residential fixed connections grew from 73 million connections to 105 million connections – also at a compound annual growth rate of 4% per year.  From June 2009 to June 2019, the number of residential fixed connections per 100 U.S. households increased from 60 to 80.7 Other Report Highlights Typical speeds  The median downstream speed of all reported fixed connections was 100 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 10 Mbps. For residential fixed connections, the median downstream speed was 100 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 10 Mbps. Residential connections  Residential fixed Internet access connections increased by about 3.3% between December 2018 and December 2019, to about 105 million. See Figure 7.  Residential (non-business) mobile wireless Internet access connections on mobile devices with data plans for full Internet access increased by about 2.4%, to 270 million, between December 2018 and December 2019. See Figure 7.  Approximately 91% of residential fixed connections had a speed of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream in December 2019, while 80% had a speed of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream. About 63% percent of all residential fixed connections had a downstream speed of at least 100 Mbps. See Figures 10 and 29.  As a national average in December 2019, there were about 79 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream per 100 households; 69 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream per 100 households; and 19 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 100 Mbps downstream and 20 Mbps upstream per 100 households.8 See Figure 34. 7 We calculate residential fixed connections per 100 households using, in the denominator, U.S. household estimates from the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS) for July of each year and, for Puerto Rico and the other inhabited island areas, Census 2010 households for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 households for the earlier years. (The CPS also estimates U.S. households for March and November of each year.) Figure 5 also shows total (business and residential) fixed connections per 100 population, which we calculate using U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for the United States and Puerto Rico – which are as of July 1 each year – and, for the remaining inhabited island areas, Census 2010 population for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 population for the earlier years. This statistic incorporates connections to business locations into a comparison to persons. (We note that the ratio of accurately-measured residential fixed connections to population has a maximum value for any given country and point in time – the value when every household is connected – if we assume that no household would have more than one fixed connection to its premises. For the United States in June, for example, the maximum value would be 40 because there were about 131 million households in the United States and inhabited insular areas and a population of about 332 million according to the sources used for Figure 5.) 8 Increases over time in the ratio of residential fixed connections to households indicate that increasing shares of households are connected at home. The ratio is somewhat different from the “take rate” of offered service (which may also be called an “adoption rate”) because some households may be located in areas where no fixed-location service is offered. These methodological differences are discussed in greater detail in Inquiry Concerning the Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, U.S. Federal Communications Commission 8 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 Census tract and county shares of households with reportable connections  We estimate the share of households with fixed Internet access connections in individual census tracts and counties as of December 31, 2019.9 We continue to observe substantial variation among these estimates. See Figures 39 and 41. Household subscribership rates and demographics  The report includes charts that illustrate correlations between household subscribership rates and demographic measures. We update charts based on income, household density, education and age. The data indicate that some demographic variables are correlated with Internet access subscribership rates. See Figures 46-51. and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Amended by the Broadband Data Improvement Act, GN Docket No.11-121, Eighth Broadband Progress Report, 27 FCC Rcd 10342, 10386, para. 94 (2012). 9 For both census tracts and counties, we continue to find estimates above 100% for the share of households with fixed Internet access connections. See p. 57 for more information. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 9 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 SECTION 2 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE NATION Table of Contents Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2015-2019 .......................... 12 Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2015-2019 ................................................................................................ 12 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2016-2019 ......................... 13 Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2019 ......................................................................... 14 Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2019 ................................................................. 15 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 ................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 12 Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2019 ........................................... 16 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 ............................................................................................ 17 Figure 14 Residential Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2019 ........................ 17 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 16 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2019 ..................................................................... 18 Figure 17 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 ...................................................................... 19 Figure 18 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps by Technology as of December 31, 2019 ................................................................ 19 Figure 19 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 ............................................................................................ 20 Figure 20 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2019 ..................................................................... 20 Figure 21 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 ...................................................................... 21 Figure 22 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2019 ................................................ 21 Figure 23 Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 ............................................................................................ 22 Figure 24 Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2019 ..................................................................... 22 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 ...................................................................... 23 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 10 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 Figure 26 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2019 ................................................ 23 Figure 27 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 (Shares of Selected Technologies) .................................... 24 Figure 28 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 (Net Adds for Selected Technologies) .............................. 24 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2019 (Shares of Selected Technologies for Selected Speeds) ......................................... 25 Figure 30 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2019 .................................................................................................. 26 Figure 31 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2019 ......................................................................................... 27 Figure 32 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 .............................................................. 28 Figure 33 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction - Selected Technologies 2015-2019 ................................................ 28 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 11 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 1 Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2015-2019 (In thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 375,790 395,496 404,849 408,692 420,838 428,864 451,062 459,327 466,302 Total Fixed 102,111 103,980 105,593 106,130 108,065 109,087 110,784 112,725 114,291 Mobile Wireless 273,679 291,516 299,256 302,562 312,773 319,776 340,278 346,603 352,012 Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2015-2019 (In thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 322,557 330,987 337,978 341,094 351,966 358,867 378,286 383,605 388,344 Total Fixed 93,434 95,001 96,607 97,071 98,845 99,758 101,348 103,118 104,703 Mobile Wireless 229,122 235,985 241,371 244,022 253,121 259,109 276,938 280,486 283,641 Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 12 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 2 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2016-2019 104.7 103.1 101.3 5.7 99.8 4.4 100 98.8 3.3 96.6 97.1 56.6 60.6 37.3 47.5 54.1 23.1 27.3 36.4 36.8 31.2 50 24.6 Connections in Millions in Connections 21.0 20.9 19.0 20.8 18.0 16.2 14.5 13.3 12.6 11.8 15.8 14.0 12.5 10.7 9.6 8.7 7.5 0 Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 At least 940 Mbps At least 100 Mbps and less than 940 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps Less than 10 Mbps Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 13 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 3 Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2019 >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 2.3% >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 14.7% >= 20 Mbps < 3 Mbps 3.2% 7.7% < 3 Mbps < 3 Mbps 1.5% 9.1% >= 20 Mbps 5.2% >= 20 Mbps 17.2% >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 38.9% Downstream Speed < 10 Mbps; 7.9% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 11.4% >= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 19.3% >= 100 Mbps & < 940 Mbps; 56.1% >= 940 Mbps; 5.3% Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 10 At least 25 At least 100 Mbps Mbps Mbps and less and less and less Less than than 25 than 100 than 940 At least 940 Upstream Speed 10 Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Total Less than 3 Mbps 8,777 10,370 1,687 10 # 20,845 At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 270 2,628 16,779 44,437 39 64,153 At least 20 Mbps # 77 3,614 19,614 5,989 29,293 Total 9,047 13,075 22,080 64,061 6,028 114,291 Percentages Less than 3 Mbps 7.7 9.1 1.5 0.0 0.0 18.2 At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 0.2 2.3 14.7 38.9 0.0 56.1 At least 20 Mbps 0.0 0.1 3.2 17.2 5.2 25.6 Total 7.9 11.4 19.3 56.1 5.3 100.0 Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 14 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 4 Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2019 >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 2.2% >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 13.6% >= 20 Mbps < 3 Mbps 3.0% 7.0% < 3 Mbps < 3 Mbps 1.6% 9.0% >= 20 Mbps 5.4% >= 20 Mbps 17.0% >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 40.9% Downstream Speed < 10 Mbps; 7.2% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 11.3% >= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 18.1% >= 100 Mbps & < 940 Mbps; 57.9% >= 940 Mbps; 5.5% Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 10 At least 25 At least 100 Mbps Mbps Mbps and less and less and less Less than than 25 than 100 than 940 At least 940 Upstream Speed 10 Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Total Less than 3 Mbps 7,346 9,446 1,625 10 0 18,428 At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 160 2,355 14,208 42,845 38 59,606 At least 20 Mbps # 36 3,164 17,772 5,697 26,669 Total 7,506 11,837 18,997 60,627 5,736 104,703 Percentages Less than 3 Mbps 7.0 9.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 17.6 At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 0.2 2.2 13.6 40.9 0.0 56.9 At least 20 Mbps 0.0 0.0 3.0 17.0 5.4 25.5 Total 7.2 11.3 18.1 57.9 5.5 100.0 Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 15 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 5 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 (in thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 375,790 395,496 404,849 408,692 420,838 428,864 451,062 459,327 466,302 Total Fixed 102,111 103,980 105,593 106,130 108,065 109,087 110,784 112,725 114,291 aDSL 28,134 27,488 26,527 25,505 24,193 23,074 22,377 21,163 20,214 sDSL 60 55 42 44 28 28 20 17 16 Other Wireline1 637 622 599 619 581 558 557 501 525 Cable Modem 59,706 61,456 63,325 64,060 66,196 67,165 68,882 70,750 72,516 FTTP2 10,450 11,087 11,986 12,831 13,890 14,889 15,492 16,748 17,376 Satellite 2,071 2,079 1,864 1,826 1,872 1,939 1,971 1,984 1,975 Fixed Wireless 1,054 1,193 1,250 1,245 1,306 1,434 1,485 1,561 1,669 Mobile Wireless 273,679 291,516 299,256 302,562 312,773 319,776 340,278 346,603 352,012 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 16 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 6 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 (in thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 322,557 330,987 337,978 341,094 351,966 358,867 378,286 383,605 388,344 Total Fixed 93,434 95,001 96,607 97,071 98,845 99,758 101,348 103,118 104,703 aDSL 25,139 24,486 23,691 22,774 21,653 20,671 20,126 18,976 18,159 sDSL 16 10 8 12 9 9 4 4 5 Other Wireline1 54 51 32 74 67 74 76 62 74 Cable Modem 55,799 57,358 59,145 59,687 61,567 62,320 63,813 65,457 67,141 FTTP2 9,592 10,140 10,956 11,776 12,702 13,663 14,205 15,410 16,011 Satellite 1,891 1,897 1,676 1,637 1,688 1,751 1,787 1,805 1,795 Fixed Wireless 943 1,059 1,100 1,112 1,158 1,270 1,338 1,405 1,520 Mobile Wireless 229,122 235,985 241,371 244,022 253,121 259,109 276,938 280,486 283,641 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 17 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 7 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 (in thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 76,886 80,397 84,038 86,886 90,609 94,071 97,302 100,464 103,595 aDSL 9,799 10,349 10,810 11,321 11,598 11,822 12,038 11,829 11,704 sDSL 8 8 10 14 9 11 6 5 5 Other Wireline1 197 203 209 246 262 271 292 261 301 Cable Modem 55,710 57,951 60,349 61,704 63,978 65,808 67,716 69,704 71,934 FTTP2 9,528 10,088 10,935 11,811 12,869 13,898 14,815 16,078 16,854 Satellite 1,393 1,467 1,342 1,373 1,402 1,595 1,677 1,726 1,737 Fixed Wireless 252 330 383 418 491 666 759 861 1,059 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 18 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 8 Figure 17 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 (in thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 71,784 74,841 78,201 80,671 84,163 86,973 89,873 92,698 95,649 aDSL 9,069 9,526 9,963 10,415 10,657 10,862 11,073 10,812 10,682 sDSL 1 2 2 6 5 6 2 1 2 Other Wireline1 43 47 30 71 64 65 68 58 70 Cable Modem 52,294 54,274 56,538 57,617 59,864 61,142 62,810 64,556 66,691 FTTP2 8,776 9,248 10,004 10,835 11,762 12,741 13,589 14,800 15,536 Satellite 1,386 1,460 1,333 1,362 1,387 1,575 1,655 1,702 1,708 Fixed Wireless 213 283 332 365 425 582 676 768 960 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 19 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 9 Figure 19 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 (in thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 54,338 58,765 62,933 68,280 73,875 78,952 82,965 86,744 90,471 aDSL 938 1,239 1,476 2,530 3,586 4,298 4,988 5,233 5,523 sDSL * * * * * * * * * Other Wireline1 138 155 166 203 219 203 228 220 263 Cable Modem 45,530 48,696 51,740 54,829 57,870 60,859 62,880 64,938 67,171 FTTP2 7,673 8,587 9,422 10,344 11,489 12,568 13,605 14,902 15,866 Satellite * * * * * * * * * Fixed Wireless 55 72 92 120 143 224 267 325 449 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 20 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 10 Figure 21 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 (in thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 51,812 55,729 59,518 64,520 69,447 73,288 76,873 80,256 83,725 aDSL 897 1,173 1,408 2,418 3,410 4,068 4,712 4,911 5,168 sDSL * * * * * * * * * Other Wireline1 31 41 27 67 59 54 61 53 64 Cable Modem 43,746 46,527 49,300 52,154 54,748 56,620 58,342 60,125 62,231 FTTP2 7,089 7,916 8,674 9,532 10,553 11,570 12,546 13,780 14,690 Satellite * * * * * * * * * Fixed Wireless 46 57 75 101 119 193 234 283 400 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 21 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 11 Figure 23 Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 (in thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 5,317 6,866 7,968 9,676 12,148 14,619 18,750 22,217 25,603 aDSL 1 1 2 16 47 59 207 387 569 sDSL # # 1 1 1 1 1 # * Other Wireline1 113 117 140 174 192 174 196 178 211 Cable Modem 4,329 5,259 5,356 6,055 7,149 8,352 9,466 11,426 13,088 FTTP2 856 1,470 2,438 3,403 4,729 5,976 8,815 10,146 11,634 Satellite 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * Fixed Wireless 17 20 31 28 30 56 65 79 101 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 22 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 12 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2015-2019 (in thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 4,854 6,316 7,291 8,879 11,030 13,171 17,101 20,322 23,469 aDSL 1 1 2 15 42 53 194 344 512 sDSL # # # # # # # # * Other Wireline1 23 28 24 61 53 46 47 27 36 Cable Modem 4,135 5,020 5,071 5,695 6,591 7,491 8,512 10,312 11,883 FTTP2 683 1,253 2,170 3,089 4,324 5,534 8,292 9,574 10,952 Satellite 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * Fixed Wireless 12 14 24 20 20 47 56 65 86 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 23 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 13 Percentage of Residential Fixed Connections Fixed Residential of Percentage Connections in Thousands in Connections U.S. Federal Communications Commission 24 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 14 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2019 (Shares of selected technologies for selected speeds, connections in thousands) Connections 104,703 95,649 83,725 23,469 3,786 100 3.2 2.9 46.7 98.9 17.5 15.3 16.2 90 64.1 80 69.7 74.3 70 60 50.6 50 40 Estimated Percentage of Households of Percentage Estimated 30 20 17.3 10 11.2 6.2 0 2.2 Over 200 kbps in at At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps At least 100 Mbps At least 940 Mbps least one direction downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least 1 Mbps upstream 3 Mbps upstream 20 Mbps upstream 500 Mbps upstream aDSL Cable Modem FTTP All Other Fixed Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 25 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 15 Figure 30 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 100 At least 4 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps Mbps Less than and less than and less than and less than and less than At least 940 Technology 4 Mbps 10 Mbps 25 Mbps 100 Mbps 940 Mbps Mbps Total aDSL 3,006 3,908 7,115 5,480 705 # 20,214 sDSL * * * * * # 16 Other Wireline1 188 35 38 32 224 7 525 Cable Modem 311 258 3,802 10,988 55,205 1,953 72,516 FTTP 152 332 980 4,035 7,837 4,040 17,376 Satellite * * * * * 0 1,975 Fixed Wireless 231 378 596 355 81 27 1,669 Total 4,074 4,973 13,075 22,080 64,061 6,028 114,291 Percentages aDSL 2.6 3.4 6.2 4.8 0.6 0.0 17.7 sDSL * * * * * 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 Cable Modem 0.3 0.2 3.3 9.6 48.3 1.7 63.4 FTTP 0.1 0.3 0.9 3.5 6.9 3.5 15.2 Satellite * * * * * 0.0 1.7 Fixed Wireless 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.5 Total 3.6 4.4 11.4 19.3 56.1 5.3 100.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 26 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 16 Figure 31 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 100 At least 4 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps Mbps Less than and less than and less than and less than and less than At least 940 Technology 4 Mbps 10 Mbps 25 Mbps 100 Mbps 940 Mbps Mbps Total aDSL 2,536 3,442 6,395 5,148 638 # 18,159 sDSL * * * * * * 5 Other Wireline1 2 2 6 8 53 3 74 Cable Modem 259 180 3,508 8,780 52,565 1,849 67,141 FTTP 130 307 843 3,576 7,294 3,861 16,011 Satellite * * * * * 0 1,795 Fixed Wireless 208 351 547 321 69 23 1,520 Total 3,164 4,342 11,837 18,997 60,627 5,736 104,703 Percentages aDSL 2.4 3.3 6.1 4.9 0.6 0.0 17.3 sDSL * * * * * * 0.0 Other Wireline1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Cable Modem 0.2 0.2 3.4 8.4 50.2 1.8 64.1 FTTP 0.1 0.3 0.8 3.4 7.0 3.7 15.3 Satellite * * * * * 0.0 1.7 Fixed Wireless 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.5 Total 3.0 4.1 11.3 18.1 57.9 5.5 100.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 27 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 17 Figure 32 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2015-2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec aDSL 778 769 774 768 743 738 721 715 691 sDSL 179 171 160 161 150 136 127 123 121 Other Wireline1 250 244 236 243 235 249 243 222 211 Cable Modem 392 388 385 384 383 372 381 381 373 FTTP 990 1,017 1,066 1,103 1,147 1,183 1,269 1,309 1,330 Satellite 10 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 5 Fixed Wireless 983 1,027 1,071 1,095 1,160 1,188 1,239 1,248 1,280 Mobile Wireless 96 99 98 98 83 73 71 70 67 Total 1,917 1,957 2,000 2,030 2,090 2,129 2,215 2,223 2,247 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. Note: Multiple Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider. Some previously-published data may have been revised. Source: FCC Form 477. Number Providers of U.S. Federal Communications Commission 28 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 SECTION 3 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE STATES Table of Contents Figure 34 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2019 ......................................................................................... 30 Figure 35 Connections by Type of End User by State as of December 31, 2019 .................... 32 Figure 36 Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2019 ............................. 33 Figure 37 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2019 .................................................................................................. 35 Figure 38 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2019 ......... 37 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 29 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 18 Figure 34 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2019 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in At least 10 Mbps Down At least 25 Mbps Down At least 100 Mbps Down At least 940 Mbps Down at least One Direction and 1 Mbps Up and 3 Mbps Up and 20 Mbps Up and 500 Mbps Up Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership State Households Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Alabama 1,868 1,429 0.77 1,235 0.66 1,020 0.55 250 0.13 34 0.02 Alaska 253 207 0.82 183 0.72 133 0.52 42 0.16 0 0.00 American Samoa 10 * * * * * * 0 0.00 0 0.00 Arizona 2,571 2,275 0.88 1,993 0.78 1,797 0.70 400 0.16 * * Arkansas 1,158 815 0.70 672 0.58 513 0.44 149 0.13 10 0.01 California 13,044 11,720 0.90 11,013 0.84 9,735 0.75 2,005 0.15 179 0.01 Colorado 2,149 1,992 0.93 1,749 0.81 1,594 0.74 194 0.09 59 0.03 Connecticut 1,371 1,244 0.91 1,174 0.86 995 0.73 295 0.22 2 0.00 Delaware 363 356 0.98 345 0.95 333 0.92 96 0.26 * * District of Columbia 284 262 0.92 252 0.89 238 0.84 92 0.32 * * Florida 7,736 7,651 0.99 7,215 0.93 6,304 0.81 1,751 0.23 119 0.02 Georgia 3,759 3,207 0.85 2,920 0.78 2,413 0.64 811 0.22 129 0.03 Guam 42 * * * * * * 0 0.00 0 0.00 Hawaii 459 465 1.01 447 0.97 * * * * * * Idaho 630 527 0.84 396 0.63 315 0.50 70 0.11 8 0.01 Illinois 4,846 3,979 0.82 3,651 0.75 2,941 0.61 788 0.16 36 0.01 Indiana 2,570 2,053 0.80 1,813 0.71 1,454 0.57 421 0.16 32 0.01 Iowa 1,265 990 0.78 803 0.63 688 0.54 169 0.13 10 0.01 Kansas 1,129 925 0.82 820 0.73 665 0.59 223 0.20 63 0.06 Kentucky 1,735 1,376 0.79 1,199 0.69 1,011 0.58 249 0.14 20 0.01 Louisiana 1,739 1,323 0.76 1,186 0.68 978 0.56 286 0.16 22 0.01 Maine 560 518 0.93 450 0.80 358 0.64 17 0.03 * * Maryland 2,205 2,058 0.93 1,973 0.89 1,851 0.84 704 0.32 * * Massachusetts 2,617 2,438 0.93 2,347 0.90 2,274 0.87 510 0.19 * * Michigan 3,935 3,186 0.81 2,900 0.74 2,426 0.62 438 0.11 19 0.00 Minnesota 2,186 1,843 0.84 1,578 0.72 1,401 0.64 171 0.08 26 0.01 Mississippi 1,104 729 0.66 602 0.55 418 0.38 100 0.09 13 0.01 Missouri 2,415 1,913 0.79 1,631 0.68 1,359 0.56 422 0.17 84 0.03 Montana 428 353 0.83 289 0.68 243 0.57 27 0.06 * * Nebraska 759 627 0.83 557 0.73 467 0.62 129 0.17 19 0.03 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 30 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 19 Figure 34 - Continued Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2019 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in At least 10 Mbps Down At least 25 Mbps Down At least 100 Mbps Down At least 940 Mbps Down at least One Direction and 1 Mbps Up and 3 Mbps Up and 20 Mbps Up and 500 Mbps Up Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership State Households Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Nevada 1,099 984 0.90 920 0.84 814 0.74 201 0.18 * * New Hampshire 532 520 0.98 484 0.91 443 0.83 48 0.09 * * New Jersey 3,232 3,005 0.93 2,920 0.90 2,838 0.88 1,543 0.48 * * New Mexico 780 609 0.78 461 0.59 380 0.49 35 0.04 3 0.00 New York 7,343 6,367 0.87 6,193 0.84 5,817 0.79 3,077 0.42 * * North Carolina 3,965 3,519 0.89 3,130 0.79 2,848 0.72 778 0.20 112 0.03 North Dakota 318 277 0.87 262 0.82 243 0.76 48 0.15 1 0.00 Northern Mariana Isl 16 * * * * * * 0 0.00 0 0.00 Ohio 4,676 3,858 0.82 3,498 0.75 2,919 0.62 503 0.11 16 0.00 Oklahoma 1,480 1,094 0.74 926 0.63 755 0.51 218 0.15 27 0.02 Oregon 1,612 1,407 0.87 1,236 0.77 1,113 0.69 134 0.08 20 0.01 Pennsylvania 5,053 4,300 0.85 3,951 0.78 3,642 0.72 981 0.19 * * Puerto Rico 1,193 471 0.39 358 0.30 206 0.17 25 0.02 * * Rhode Island 410 373 0.91 369 0.90 358 0.87 * * * * South Carolina 1,922 1,658 0.86 1,519 0.79 1,284 0.67 308 0.16 26 0.01 South Dakota 344 282 0.82 267 0.77 245 0.71 26 0.08 # 0.00 Tennessee 2,597 2,083 0.80 1,905 0.73 1,593 0.61 541 0.21 83 0.03 Texas 9,692 8,259 0.85 7,687 0.79 6,619 0.68 2,277 0.23 303 0.03 Utah 977 884 0.90 781 0.80 688 0.70 138 0.14 31 0.03 Vermont 260 248 0.95 204 0.79 165 0.63 24 0.09 * * Virgin Islands 43 * * 17 0.39 * * 0 0.00 0 0.00 Virginia 3,151 2,709 0.86 2,507 0.80 2,339 0.74 892 0.28 * * Washington 2,848 2,583 0.91 2,303 0.81 2,107 0.74 231 0.08 55 0.02 West Virginia 733 516 0.70 405 0.55 335 0.46 92 0.12 2 0.00 Wisconsin 2,358 1,969 0.83 1,749 0.74 1,454 0.62 177 0.08 12 0.01 Wyoming 230 194 0.84 163 0.71 147 0.64 9 0.04 # 0.00 Total 122,060 104,703 0.86 95,649 0.78 83,725 0.69 23,469 0.19 3,786 0.03 # = Rounds to Zero; * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477 (Connections); 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 31 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 20 Figure 35 Connections by Type of End User by State as of December 31, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Connections Percentages State Residential Business Residential Business Total Alabama 5,404 1,286 80.8 19.2 6,690 Alaska 842 130 86.6 13.4 972 American Samoa * * * * * Arizona 8,113 1,445 84.9 15.1 9,558 Arkansas 3,112 818 79.2 20.8 3,930 California 48,994 8,262 85.6 14.4 57,256 Colorado 6,722 1,359 83.2 16.8 8,082 Connecticut 4,207 947 81.6 18.4 5,154 Delaware 1,135 228 83.3 16.7 1,363 District of Columbia 1,049 564 65.0 35.0 1,614 Florida 26,184 4,855 84.4 15.6 31,038 Georgia 12,108 2,769 81.4 18.6 14,877 Guam 193 41 82.4 17.6 234 Hawaii 1,795 317 85.0 15.0 2,112 Idaho 1,904 384 83.2 16.8 2,288 Illinois 14,908 3,163 82.5 17.5 18,071 Indiana 7,176 1,570 82.0 18.0 8,746 Iowa 3,406 784 81.3 18.7 4,190 Kansas 5,079 728 87.5 12.5 5,808 Kentucky 5,030 924 84.5 15.5 5,954 Louisiana 5,382 979 84.6 15.4 6,362 Maine 1,452 430 77.1 22.9 1,882 Maryland 7,550 1,284 85.5 14.5 8,834 Massachusetts 8,600 1,757 83.0 17.0 10,357 Michigan 11,210 2,542 81.5 18.5 13,751 Minnesota 6,354 1,432 81.6 18.4 7,786 Mississippi 3,130 593 84.1 15.9 3,723 Missouri 6,819 1,464 82.3 17.7 8,283 Montana 1,114 302 78.7 21.3 1,415 Nebraska 2,029 563 78.3 21.7 2,592 Nevada 3,631 625 85.3 14.7 4,257 New Hampshire 1,526 394 79.5 20.5 1,920 New Jersey 10,862 2,153 83.5 16.5 13,015 New Mexico 2,302 412 84.8 15.2 2,714 New York 25,231 4,694 84.3 15.7 29,925 North Carolina 11,349 2,635 81.2 18.8 13,984 North Dakota 857 229 78.9 21.1 1,086 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * Ohio 13,428 3,063 81.4 18.6 16,491 Oklahoma 4,377 849 83.7 16.3 5,226 Oregon 4,825 1,045 82.2 17.8 5,869 Pennsylvania 14,850 3,207 82.2 17.8 18,057 Puerto Rico 3,493 409 89.5 10.5 3,902 Rhode Island 1,176 241 83.0 17.0 1,417 South Carolina 5,522 1,236 81.7 18.3 6,759 South Dakota 911 245 78.8 21.2 1,156 Tennessee 7,531 1,784 80.8 19.2 9,316 Texas 34,612 5,914 85.4 14.6 40,526 Utah 3,302 712 82.3 17.7 4,014 Vermont 695 218 76.2 23.8 913 Virgin Islands 126 15 89.1 10.9 141 Virginia 9,069 2,238 80.2 19.8 11,307 Washington 8,930 1,789 83.3 16.7 10,719 West Virginia 1,644 325 83.5 16.5 1,969 Wisconsin 6,341 1,428 81.6 18.4 7,770 Wyoming 655 163 80.0 20.0 818 Total 388,344 77,958 83.3 16.7 466,302 # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 32 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 21 Figure 36 Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Alabama 414 * 4 858 210 * 9 5,132 6,690 Alaska 77 * 2 * 10 * 10 729 972 American Samoa 0 0 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 590 * 12 1,626 135 * 45 7,112 9,558 Arkansas 320 # * 421 89 * 10 3,035 3,930 California 2,457 3 * 8,636 1,384 * 161 44,404 57,256 Colorado * # 18 1,421 153 * 85 5,914 8,082 Connecticut * * 2 1,067 32 * # 3,792 5,154 Delaware * * 2 249 * * * 977 1,363 District of Columbia * * 6 * * * * 1,315 1,614 Florida 1,277 * 34 5,778 1,126 * 23 22,715 31,038 Georgia 816 * 10 2,010 590 * 8 11,370 14,877 Guam * 0 0 * * 0 0 193 234 Hawaii * * 1 * 68 * 2 1,599 2,112 Idaho 216 * 3 246 41 * 52 1,713 2,288 Illinois 978 # * 2,936 284 * 82 13,730 18,071 Indiana 521 * 3 1,260 335 * 53 6,523 8,746 Iowa 288 1 * 494 210 * 55 3,110 4,190 Kansas 207 # * 505 228 * 46 4,800 5,808 Kentucky 358 * 2 840 233 * 22 4,459 5,954 Louisiana 352 * 3 852 175 * 11 4,909 6,362 Maine 108 1 * 426 12 * 8 1,315 1,882 Maryland * # 16 1,209 * * 5 6,657 8,834 Massachusetts * * 18 2,000 * * 14 7,692 10,357 Michigan 691 1 * 2,466 150 * 46 10,305 13,751 Minnesota 479 2 * 1,225 226 * 38 5,782 7,786 Mississippi 311 * 1 352 65 * 9 2,919 3,723 Missouri 572 * 7 1,032 343 * 48 6,206 8,283 Montana 95 * 2 226 32 * 26 1,019 1,415 Nebraska 139 # * 389 109 * 38 1,906 2,592 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 33 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 22 Figure 36 - Continued Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Nevada 180 # 5 * 72 * 28 3,187 4,257 New Hampshire 64 * 4 467 32 * 2 1,346 1,920 New Jersey 104 * 25 2,118 * * # 9,712 13,015 New Mexico 233 * 4 350 37 * 25 2,049 2,714 New York 266 * 36 4,931 1,713 * 9 22,918 29,925 North Carolina 683 * 7 2,540 493 * 14 10,172 13,984 North Dakota 32 # * 175 96 * 4 775 1,086 Northern Mariana Isl * 0 0 * * 0 0 * * Ohio 866 * 11 2,807 368 * 55 12,333 16,491 Oklahoma 334 # * 612 153 * 50 4,021 5,226 Oregon 236 # * 1,044 185 * 34 4,330 5,869 Pennsylvania 456 # 24 3,113 * * 9 13,383 18,057 Puerto Rico * 0 * * 21 * 23 3,268 3,902 Rhode Island * * 2 * * * * 1,011 1,417 South Carolina 376 * 3 1,128 244 * 5 4,965 6,759 South Dakota 39 * # 187 69 * 10 845 1,156 Tennessee 429 # * 1,288 464 * 18 7,048 9,316 Texas 1,762 # * 4,976 1,778 * 253 31,509 40,526 Utah 185 * 6 554 151 * 57 3,054 4,014 Vermont 80 * 2 159 29 * 4 634 913 Virgin Islands * 0 * * * * * * 141 Virginia 240 # * 1,606 978 * 27 8,348 11,307 Washington 420 # * 2,021 217 * 42 7,932 10,719 West Virginia * * 1 351 17 * 4 1,400 1,969 Wisconsin 526 * 3 * 176 * 47 5,630 7,770 Wyoming 47 # * 120 12 * 30 600 818 Total 20,214 16 525 72,516 17,376 1,975 1,669 352,012 466,302 1 PowerLine and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 34 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 23 Figure 37 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2019 Over 200 kbps Upstream and % over 200 kbps % at least 10 Mbps % at least 25 Mbps % at least 100 Mbps % at least 940 Mbps State Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Alabama 99.7 87.7 73.3 53.5 2.8 Alaska 99.0 85.9 62.3 * * American Samoa * * * * * Arizona 99.8 93.5 79.5 54.1 4.9 Arkansas 99.8 85.1 64.9 35.2 2.5 California 99.8 93.0 81.8 60.5 3.7 Colorado 99.8 93.8 80.3 52.3 6.6 Connecticut 99.7 93.5 80.6 70.0 2.6 Delaware 99.9 96.1 92.8 76.2 13.7 District of Columbia 99.9 94.2 88.7 80.5 15.0 Florida 99.8 95.3 86.2 66.5 2.6 Georgia 99.5 91.0 78.6 58.6 5.1 Guam * * * * * Hawaii 100.0 95.0 * * 1.6 Idaho 99.7 85.9 61.3 41.7 2.0 Illinois 99.8 91.4 78.2 58.9 2.5 Indiana 99.5 89.0 74.6 53.8 2.6 Iowa 99.7 86.9 70.8 36.1 3.0 Kansas 99.8 89.4 70.9 47.6 7.8 Kentucky 99.5 87.4 74.4 53.2 1.9 Louisiana 99.7 89.8 74.7 50.7 3.1 Maine 99.2 85.1 69.1 57.4 0.5 Maryland 99.9 95.6 90.0 74.7 15.3 Massachusetts 100.0 95.5 92.5 81.2 10.7 Michigan 99.5 90.7 79.4 60.4 1.4 Minnesota 99.9 90.7 76.8 50.5 3.3 Mississippi 99.5 82.9 60.9 36.5 2.2 Missouri 99.7 87.9 72.3 54.0 5.1 Montana 99.8 86.7 69.8 52.9 4.6 Nebraska 99.6 91.1 75.0 55.5 4.6 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 35 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 24 Figure 37 - Continued Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2019 Over 200 kbps Upstream and % over 200 kbps % at least 10 Mbps % at least 25 Mbps % at least 100 Mbps % at least 940 Mbps State Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Nevada 99.9 95.2 84.5 62.3 5.0 New Hampshire 99.4 91.4 84.4 74.5 4.6 New Jersey 99.8 96.6 93.6 82.3 14.7 New Mexico 99.9 86.0 64.2 36.2 2.0 New York 99.7 96.3 90.4 79.1 9.0 North Carolina 99.4 91.0 81.0 65.4 3.5 North Dakota 99.9 95.3 86.8 67.7 3.3 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * Ohio 99.8 90.9 75.8 56.6 1.0 Oklahoma 99.8 84.8 67.9 44.5 4.5 Oregon 99.7 91.4 79.4 54.6 4.0 Pennsylvania 99.8 92.2 84.9 68.8 10.2 Puerto Rico 100.0 77.1 48.0 * * Rhode Island 99.7 98.2 94.7 * * South Carolina 99.8 92.0 79.0 61.4 2.1 South Dakota 99.8 95.8 86.4 60.5 2.1 Tennessee 99.7 91.5 79.2 62.2 5.0 Texas 99.9 93.0 79.8 58.0 5.3 Utah 100.0 93.3 78.8 49.4 6.3 Vermont 98.1 80.9 67.7 56.1 6.0 Virgin Islands * * * * * Virginia 99.6 92.6 85.5 69.2 13.8 Washington 99.6 92.6 81.6 58.4 5.5 West Virginia 97.8 77.7 64.3 47.7 2.6 Wisconsin 99.3 90.0 74.3 57.7 1.2 Wyoming 99.9 87.9 76.6 49.1 0.5 Total 99.7 92.1 80.6 61.3 5.3 Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 36 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 25 Figure 38 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Alabama 22 * 14 16 38 * 22 7 72 Alaska 16 * 8 * 16 * 19 9 39 American Samoa 0 0 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 21 * 21 15 39 * 52 6 102 Arkansas 22 5 * 16 44 * 29 5 85 California 33 12 * 30 87 * 125 5 206 Colorado * 5 24 16 75 * 65 9 136 Connecticut * * 9 8 22 * 6 4 34 Delaware * * 7 4 * * * 4 26 District of Columbia * * 12 * * * * 4 40 Florida 20 * 28 19 71 * 38 6 111 Georgia 24 * 24 25 87 * 25 5 116 Guam * 0 0 * * 0 0 4 4 Hawaii * * 8 * 11 * 5 5 22 Idaho 20 * 12 16 40 * 41 9 75 Illinois 49 4 * 19 96 * 90 6 177 Indiana 37 * 24 11 79 * 66 4 124 Iowa 78 15 * 40 168 * 85 8 233 Kansas 25 5 * 23 69 * 66 9 125 Kentucky 15 * 12 27 53 * 28 7 98 Louisiana 16 * 16 16 38 * 24 6 71 Maine 12 5 * 7 19 * 14 5 40 Maryland * 4 19 16 * * 25 5 75 Massachusetts * * 15 10 * * 17 6 61 Michigan 32 5 * 25 76 * 58 7 132 Minnesota 40 9 * 20 86 * 58 5 136 Mississippi 18 * 9 12 25 * 15 6 55 Missouri 35 * 27 18 74 * 71 7 141 Montana 20 * 10 7 34 * 36 6 62 Nebraska 31 5 * 17 59 * 51 7 104 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 37 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 26 Figure 38 - Continued Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Nevada 17 5 13 * 34 * 28 5 68 New Hampshire 8 * 8 5 19 * 8 6 33 New Jersey 10 * 24 9 * * 10 4 60 New Mexico 19 * 16 10 34 * 38 6 71 New York 31 * 26 21 75 * 29 7 115 North Carolina 18 * 20 26 61 * 26 6 98 North Dakota 20 4 * 9 32 * 12 6 50 Northern Mariana Isl * 0 0 * * 0 0 * * Ohio 33 * 25 32 79 * 71 4 157 Oklahoma 34 5 * 13 59 * 46 11 108 Oregon 35 6 * 18 60 * 47 6 101 Pennsylvania 22 4 18 25 * * 27 8 105 Puerto Rico * 0 * * 11 * 13 5 24 Rhode Island * * 6 * * * * 4 22 South Carolina 18 * 11 14 37 * 12 6 54 South Dakota 20 * 10 9 39 * 21 8 73 Tennessee 22 4 * 20 71 * 37 6 111 Texas 68 13 * 31 128 * 160 11 254 Utah 19 * 14 11 34 * 36 8 73 Vermont 8 * 7 5 19 * 10 6 37 Virgin Islands * 0 * * * * * * 7 Virginia 23 4 * 20 73 * 44 6 115 Washington 26 5 * 26 66 * 56 6 118 West Virginia * * 11 16 27 * 19 6 65 Wisconsin 41 * 20 * 75 * 48 6 113 Wyoming 13 4 * 7 23 * 22 8 46 Total 691 121 211 373 1,330 5 1,280 67 2,247 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 38 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 SECTION 4 SUMMARY STATISTICS: COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS Table of Contents Figure 39 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of December 31, 2019 ........... 40 Figure 40 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of December 31, 2019 ......................................................................................... 41 Figure 41 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of December 31, 2019 ...... 42 Figure 42 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of December 31, 2019 ......................................................................................... 43 Figure 43 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2019 ................................................................ 44 Figure 44 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2019 ....................................................... 45 Figure 45 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2019 ....................................................... 47 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 39 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 27 Figure 39 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of December 31, 2019 16% Number of Counties 3,234 Median 0.74 14% 448 448 392 12% 359 10% 267 259 264 8% 211 211 6% Percentage of Counties 139 4% 102 2% 48 21 15 16 9 13 9 3 0% 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 Max Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households Note: Ratios over 1 were set to 1. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 40 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 28 Figure 40 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of December 31, 2019 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 5 than 10 than 20 than 30 than 40 than 50 than 60 than 80 than 0 and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no more more more more more more more more more than than than than than than than than 100% Technology Zero than 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% or more aDSL 1.7 8.2 10.8 31.0 24.7 13.5 6.1 2.2 1.6 0.2 0.2 sDSL 94.9 5.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline 93.8 6.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 10.9 8.0 5.6 12.4 13.4 11.5 11.7 11.2 13.0 1.7 0.6 FTTP 14.9 42.8 11.8 12.0 6.2 4.1 2.9 2.0 2.9 0.3 0.1 Satellite 0.4 64.6 22.4 11.0 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 13.6 60.7 12.2 8.8 3.0 1.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Total 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.7 1.1 4.7 10.8 48.1 28.9 4.9 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 41 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 29 Figure 41 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of December 31, 2019 14 Number of Tracts 73,767 Median 0.85 12 10 8 6 Percentage of Tracts 4 2 0 0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 Max Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households Note: Ratios over 2 were set to 2. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 42 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 30 Figure 42 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of December 31, 2019 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 5 than 10 than 20 than 30 than 40 than 50 than 60 than 80 than 0 and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no more more more more more more more more more than than than than than than than than 100% Technology Zero than 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% or more aDSL 4.1 25.5 15.8 25.4 16.7 7.0 2.9 1.4 0.8 0.2 0.2 sDSL 99.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Wireline 99.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 4.7 2.8 1.5 3.4 4.9 9.2 14.7 18.5 28.5 9.5 2.3 FTTP 34.5 21.7 8.2 11.1 7.8 6.0 4.3 2.9 2.8 0.5 0.2 Satellite 24.8 64.9 5.6 3.7 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 67.6 25.1 3.1 2.5 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Total 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.1 2.5 5.5 28.3 45.2 15.5 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 43 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 31 Figure 43 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Service by Technology as of December 31, 2019 (Internet Access Service over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Number of Providers Seven or Technology Zero One Two Three Four Five Six More aDSL 22.8 75.2 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 sDSL 99.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 Other Wireline 99.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 32.0 64.0 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 FTTP 71.6 27.0 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Satellite 0.0 0.1 0.9 98.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 47.9 27.9 15.5 6.4 1.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 aDSL and/or Cable Modem and/or FTTP 10.7 24.2 55.9 8.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Any Technology 0.0 0.1 0.0 3.7 14.2 39.7 24.5 17.8 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. The number of providers in a census block does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household, and does not purport to measure competition. Providers may list a census block on FCC Form 477 if service can be provided to at least one location in the block. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2010 census. Sources: FCC Form 477 and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 44 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 32 Figure 44 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Counties Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Alabama 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 14 32 10 0 Alaska 29 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 12 8 3 American Samoa 5 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Arizona 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 7 0 Arkansas 75 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 30 30 4 0 California 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 44 3 Colorado 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 19 23 16 Connecticut 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 Delaware 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 District of Columbia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Florida 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 18 26 19 Georgia 159 0 0 0 0 3 5 13 25 63 42 8 Guam 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Hawaii 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 Idaho 44 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 20 12 5 Illinois 102 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 16 61 21 0 Indiana 92 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 60 21 0 Iowa 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 84 12 1 Kansas 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 75 23 0 Kentucky 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 13 75 26 0 Louisiana 64 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 11 29 11 0 Maine 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 5 Maryland 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 15 2 Massachusetts 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 3 Michigan 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 49 25 4 Minnesota 87 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 51 32 2 Mississippi 82 0 0 0 0 1 4 25 29 19 3 1 Missouri 115 0 0 0 0 0 2 11 18 62 20 2 Montana 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 32 18 3 Nebraska 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 12 66 13 0 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 45 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 33 Figure 44 - Continued Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Counties Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Nevada 17 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 7 7 0 New Hampshire 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 New Jersey 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 3 New Mexico 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 18 9 3 New York 62 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 25 31 5 North Carolina 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 42 47 8 North Dakota 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 29 16 5 Northern Mariana Isl 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Ohio 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 50 31 0 Oklahoma 77 0 0 0 0 0 2 10 23 36 5 1 Oregon 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 14 16 4 Pennsylvania 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 33 3 Puerto Rico 78 0 0 0 20 18 8 13 15 3 1 0 Rhode Island 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 South Carolina 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 18 15 2 South Dakota 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 41 18 2 Tennessee 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 66 16 2 Texas 254 0 0 0 0 0 2 11 32 139 58 12 Utah 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 17 7 Vermont 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 4 Virgin Islands 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 Virginia 134 0 0 0 0 1 4 5 15 59 47 3 Washington 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 11 22 4 West Virginia 55 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 8 37 8 0 Wisconsin 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 31 35 5 Wyoming 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 12 1 Total 3,234 3 0 0 22 24 37 151 349 1555 934 159 Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 46 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 34 Figure 45 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Tracts Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Alabama 1,179 5 0 0 0 9 49 85 168 443 337 83 Alaska 167 2 0 0 4 1 6 1 9 56 67 21 American Samoa 18 2 0 0 0 5 6 3 0 0 1 1 Arizona 1,526 12 3 4 13 14 17 39 89 349 598 388 Arkansas 686 1 0 0 1 5 40 85 122 259 148 25 California 8,036 56 2 4 9 12 38 55 195 1,596 4,772 1,297 Colorado 1,249 14 1 0 0 2 3 10 19 231 694 275 Connecticut 829 4 0 0 1 0 1 2 14 128 536 143 Delaware 215 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 45 97 68 District of Columbia 179 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 54 69 50 Florida 4,199 39 0 1 2 1 11 40 98 656 1,778 1,573 Georgia 1,964 11 1 0 1 10 32 95 138 567 797 312 Guam 56 7 0 0 4 5 2 5 4 10 4 15 Hawaii 326 13 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 42 137 129 Idaho 298 0 0 0 2 2 4 7 16 117 120 30 Illinois 3,121 6 1 1 4 6 23 75 217 1,146 1,407 235 Indiana 1,508 4 1 0 4 1 11 48 126 646 563 104 Iowa 825 4 0 0 0 0 3 12 52 475 246 33 Kansas 770 10 0 0 1 2 1 16 60 316 305 59 Kentucky 1,115 10 0 1 0 7 17 36 85 443 456 60 Louisiana 1,136 12 1 1 3 9 29 93 139 414 354 81 Maine 351 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 79 187 83 Maryland 1,394 9 0 0 0 0 7 14 45 222 680 417 Massachusetts 1,471 12 0 0 1 1 3 1 20 220 934 279 Michigan 2,767 29 1 3 7 17 40 127 221 824 1,261 237 Minnesota 1,335 4 0 0 0 2 5 11 35 461 719 98 Mississippi 661 4 0 0 0 9 35 121 136 230 105 21 Missouri 1,393 4 0 0 2 8 25 68 162 456 546 122 Montana 271 2 0 0 1 0 3 6 7 114 116 22 Nebraska 532 3 0 1 0 0 0 5 24 218 242 39 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 47 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 35 Figure 45 - Continued Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2019 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Tracts Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Nevada 683 5 0 0 1 0 9 14 22 165 320 147 New Hampshire 294 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 23 179 88 New Jersey 2,004 10 1 0 1 5 7 4 19 350 1,097 510 New Mexico 499 2 3 2 4 8 13 14 54 176 179 44 New York 4,900 81 8 5 15 15 21 39 116 1,427 2,361 812 North Carolina 2,183 18 1 0 1 0 7 17 105 652 919 463 North Dakota 205 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 96 72 25 Northern Mariana Isl 22 2 0 0 0 1 6 6 0 7 0 0 Ohio 2,946 8 0 1 2 4 20 61 193 1,101 1,350 206 Oklahoma 1,046 0 0 2 6 17 37 78 176 368 272 90 Oregon 827 2 0 0 0 0 2 6 17 204 509 87 Pennsylvania 3,217 27 1 1 8 5 7 37 104 1,069 1,608 350 Puerto Rico 903 18 59 104 183 137 118 80 51 49 31 73 Rhode Island 241 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 38 153 47 South Carolina 1,097 12 0 0 0 11 13 53 94 350 373 191 South Dakota 222 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 12 109 75 19 Tennessee 1,497 21 1 0 1 6 13 58 144 586 522 145 Texas 5,253 40 1 0 2 21 63 180 452 1,721 1,932 841 Utah 588 4 2 0 2 1 2 0 12 111 335 119 Vermont 184 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 24 104 54 Virgin Islands 29 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 5 14 3 1 Virginia 1,895 23 0 0 3 13 28 49 110 448 816 405 Washington 1,446 2 1 1 0 4 4 6 15 212 940 261 West Virginia 484 0 0 3 8 10 15 25 68 201 128 26 Wisconsin 1,393 3 1 0 1 4 1 8 42 520 716 97 Wyoming 132 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 48 70 9 Total 73,767 564 90 136 300 394 799 1,810 4,038 20,886 33,340 11,410 Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 48 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 SECTION 5 CORRELATED RESULTS: DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES Table of Contents Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of December 31, 2019 .. 50 Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of December 31, 2019 .. 51 Figure 48 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2019 ..................................................................... 52 Figure 49 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2019 ..................................................................... 53 Figure 50 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of December 31, 2019 .................................................................................................. 54 Figure 51 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of December 31, 2019 .................................................................................................. 55 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 49 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 36 Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of December 31, 2019 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.53 0.65 0.67 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.84 0.90 Median 0.55 0.65 0.68 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.84 0.92 1.0 Max 0.9 Q3 0.8 Median Q1 0.7 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio Ratio Subscribership 0.4 0.3 Min 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Income Median Household Income by Decile Higher Income Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the income decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 50 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 37 Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of December 31, 2019 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.74 0.72 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.71 0.75 0.79 0.83 0.79 Median 0.73 0.73 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.71 0.74 0.79 0.85 0.88 1.0 Max 0.9 Q3 0.8 Median Q1 0.7 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio Ratio Subscribership 0.4 0.3 Min 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Density County Household Density by Decile Higher Density Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the density decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 51 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 38 Figure 48 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2019 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 Median 0.62 0.64 0.68 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.85 0.92 1.0 Max 0.9 Q3 0.8 Median Q1 0.7 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio Ratio Subscribership 0.4 0.3 0.2 Min 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Share County Share of College Graduates by Decile Higher Share Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the share decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 52 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 39 Figure 49 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2019 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.79 0.78 0.74 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.69 0.74 0.79 Median 0.82 0.80 0.75 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.78 1.0 Max 0.9 0.8 Q3 Median 0.7 0.6 Q1 0.5 Subscribership Ratio Ratio Subscribership 0.4 0.3 0.2 Min 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Average Age County Average Age by Decile Higher Average Age Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the average age decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 53 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 40 Figure 50 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of December 31, 2019 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage of Residential Fixed High-Speed Connections High-Speed Fixed Residential of Percentage 20 10 0 Lowest Density Highest Density aDSL Cable Modem FTTP Satellite Fixed Wireless This chart shows subscribership ratios by technology and household density. Tracts were grouped into 100 density percentiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of estimated tract households to tract land area from the Census Bureau. For each percentile, the height of the bar represents the household-weighted average ratio of residential fixed connections to households across tracts in the percentile. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 54 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 41 Figure 51 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of December 31, 2019 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction by Tract) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Richest Highest Density Poorest Lowest Density This chart shows subscribership ratios by household density and income quantiles. Tracts were grouped into 400 density/income quantiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of estimated tract households to tract land area, and median household income. For each quantile, the height of the grid represents the household-weighted average ratio of residential fixed connections to households across tracts in the decile. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 55 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 Technical Notes General The information presented in this report is based on data from FCC Form 477. Through FCC Form 477, facilities-based broadband providers submit information to the FCC about where they offer and have subscribers to Internet access services over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction. In June 2013, the Commission adopted several changes to FCC Form 477.10 Detailed information about those changes and about the FCC Form 477 reporting requirements in general is available at www.fcc.gov/form477. In March 2020, Congress passed the Broadband Data Act which required the Commission to collect broadband availability data at a more granular level than what was historically reported through FCC Form 477.11 As a result, starting in June 2022, broadband availability data have been collected through the Broadband Data Collection (BDC) while subscription data continues to be reported through FCC Form 477. To ensure consistency across the two data collections, several minor changes were made to the FCC Form 477 reporting requirements beginning with filings as of June 30, 2022. Complete reporting requirements for both, the BDC and FCC Form 477, can be found here: www.fcc.gov/BroadbandData/filers. The inaugural BDC filing window for data as of June 30, 2022 was closed on September 1, 2022. Subscription data collected as part of the BDC will be incorporated into this report beginning with the June 30, 2022 edition. FCC Form 477 collects information about Internet access connections in service to end-user locations that are advertised to deliver information to and/or from the end user – that is, in at least one direction – at transfer rates (speeds) above 200 kilobits per second (kbps). Information is collected about the number of connections by the advertised speeds associated with each product subscribed to in the relevant geographic area, census tracts for fixed and states for mobile. Fixed providers report connections by the maximum advertised upload and download speeds, while mobile providers report connections by minimum advertised upload and download speeds. Fixed connections are further categorized by the technology employed by the part of the connection that terminates at the end-user location. Wherever a number of providers is cited in this report, multiple FCC Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider. “End users” are residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based providers report information about connections they provide directly to their own end-user customers and also connections that they provide to Internet Service Providers for resale to end users. For FCC Form 477 purposes, the facilities-based provider of a connection is the entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at 10 Modernizing the FCC Form 477 Data Program, WC Docket No. 11-10, Report and Order, 28 FCC Rcd 9887 (2013). See also High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2014 (March 2016) at 1-2, available at https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/internet-access-services-reports/internet-access-services- reports. 11 Broadband Deployment Accuracy and Technological Availability Act, Pub. L. No. 116-130, 134 Stat. 228 (2020) (codified at 47 U.S.C. §§ 641-646) (Broadband DATA Act or Act). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 56 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis. The mutually exclusive FCC Form 477 technology categories are: asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (aDSL in this report); symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (sDSL); other copper wireline; cable modem; optical carrier / fiber to the end user; satellite; terrestrial fixed wireless (using licensed or unlicensed spectrum); mobile wireless; and all other (which is included to capture deployment of additional technologies over time). In the FCC Form 477 data collection, aDSL-based services delivered over fiber-to-the-node architecture are reported in the aDSL category. The other wireline category comprises T1/DS1, T3/DS3, and other copper-based connections, not elsewhere categorized, that deliver Internet access service at the end-user location. Ethernet connections delivering Internet access service are reported in the other wireline category if the connection terminates over copper and in the FTTP category if the connection terminates over fiber. Connections deployed over hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) architecture are reported in the cable modem category. Wireless ISPs (WISPs) report in the fixed wireless category if providing service to dispersed, fixed end-user locations and report in the mobile wireless category if providing a commercial service that can be received at any location within a service footprint. Wireless local area networks (such as Wi-Fi hotspots) that only enable local distribution and sharing of a premises connection are not included, although the shared premises connection is included. Numbers of connections presented in this report are not adjusted for the number of persons at a single end-user location who have access to, or who use, the Internet access services delivered over the connection to that location. Numbers of residential connections are estimated based on the total connections and percentage- residential connections information reported on FCC Form 477. Census tracts Since the collection of data as of December 31, 2008, facilities-based providers of reportable fixed-location Internet access connections have been reporting connection counts at the census tract level of detail. Facilities-based mobile wireless providers report connection counts by state rather than census tract. The census tract-level data summarized in this report were collected for tracts in the 2010 decennial census. For the purposes of this report, there are 73,767 census tracts because we exclude census tracts delineated specifically to cover large bodies of water. About 110 of the census tracts have population but no households because the population resides in group living quarters. For the purpose of estimating residential subscribership rates by census tract, we assume these census tracts have no reportable residential Internet access service because persons residing in group quarters would have Internet access over a business connection provided to the operator of the group quarters. Therefore, these census tracts are included in the “zero” column. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 57 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 Ratios of residential fixed-location connections to households that exceed 100% We estimate the share of households with fixed-location connections in individual census tracts by taking the ratio of the reported number of fixed-location residential service connections to the estimated number of households. We continue to find “outlier” estimates at or above 100% and to find that the number of outliers is substantially reduced when estimates are made for individual counties rather than for individual census tracts. Possible explanations of ratios at or above 100% include: (1) geocoding misallocations of service locations to census tracts; (2) proper allocation of connections to the county level by some filers, but improper allocation of all connections to a single tract in the county; (3) possible overestimation of residential connections in service plans for which the customer base is primarily residential; and (4) connections at seasonally or occasionally occupied housing units, such as vacation homes, while the household is counted elsewhere. The numbers of households in census tracts that were used to generate the estimated ratios are themselves estimates (from Census 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimates), which could have an independent effect. Maps showing residential subscribership rates by census tract The two maps based on estimated Internet access connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction per 1,000 households (that is, estimated household subscribership rates) exclude all connections identified as business connections and necessarily exclude residential mobile wireless connections (which are reported for the state but not for individual census tracts). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 58 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 Glossary Term Definition aDSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line: A digital local loop typically using copper facilities and providing greater bandwidth in one direction than the other. Cable modem service A service which offers customers access to the Internet over a cable system. Downstream speed Speed of transmission from the Internet to the end user. End users Residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based provider Entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis. Fixed wireless A radio communication service between specified fixed points. Fixed technologies All technologies other than terrestrial mobile wireless. FTTH or FTTP Fiber to the Home (Premises): A network access architecture in which optical fiber is deployed all the way to the customer’s home (premises). Internet access service Service that provides end users access to the Internet. ISPs Internet Service Providers: Companies or organizations that provide Internet access service (see above). Mobile wireless service A radio communication service between mobile and fixed stations, or between mobile stations. Mobile wireless provider Provider of mobile wireless service (see above). Other wireline All copper-wire based technologies other than DSL technologies; Ethernet over copper and T-1 are examples. Power line Internet access service delivered over electric power transmission lines. Satellite communications A telecommunications service provided via one or more satellite relays and their associated uplinks and downlinks. sDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line: DSL technology that provides equal bandwidth for both uploads and downloads. Speed tiers Sub-groupings defined by ranges of upstream speeds and downstream speeds. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 59 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019 Upstream speed Speed of transmission from the end user to the Internet. Wi-Fi hotspot Wireless Fidelity: Generic term referring to any type of IEEE 802.11 wireless network. A hotspot is a small geographic area in which users can gain access to a Wi-Fi network which in turn connects to the Internet. Wireless service Telephone, Internet, data, and other services provided to customers through the transmission of signals over networks of radio towers. Wireless service provider Provider of wireless service (see above). WISP Wireless ISP: A company that provides end users with wireless access to the Internet, most commonly by using radio spectrum designated for unlicensed use. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 60 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2019