Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 Industry Analysis Division Office of Economics & Analytics August 2023 This report is available for reference in the FCC’s Reference Information Center, 45 L Street NE, Washington, DC 20554. Copies may be purchased by contacting Best Copy and Printing, Inc., 45 L Street NE, Washington, DC 20554, telephone (800) 378-3160, or via their website at www.bcpiweb.com. The report can also be downloaded from the Internet Access Services Reports webpage at https://www.fcc.gov/internet-access- services-reports. To discuss the information in this report, please call (202) 418-0940 or send an e-mail to OEA-IADreports@fcc.gov. TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS .....................................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 Total Connections ....................................................................................................................2 Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections by Speed 2017-2020 .....................................2 Connections by Speed ..............................................................................................................3 Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed.............................3 Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Upstream Speed .................................4 Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Speed 2017-2020 ........................................................5 Number of Providers by Census Block ..................................................................................6 Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Report Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband .....................................6 Internet Access Subscribership ..............................................................................................7 Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2005-2020 ........................................................................7 Other Report Highlights..........................................................................................................8 SECTION 2: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE NATION ..............................................10 SECTION 3: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE STATES ...............................................28 SECTION 4: SUMMARY STATISTICS - COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS .......38 SECTION 5: CORRELATION RESULTS - DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES ..............48 Technical Notes ......................................................................................................................55 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................58 SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS Introduction This report summarizes information about Internet access connections in the United States as of December 31, 2020 as collected by FCC Form 477. For purposes of this report, Internet access connections are those in service, over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction, and reported to the FCC through Form 477.1 The report includes data on total and residential Internet access connections by downstream and upstream speed, by technology, by geography, and over time. Section 2 of the report presents nationwide statistics, Section 3 provides state-level data, and Section 4 includes data on the subscribership differences among counties and census tracts.2 In addition, Section 5 of the report includes an analysis of the correlations between subscribership ratios and various demographic measures.3 Maps depicting the number of fixed connections per 1,000 households by census tract are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/internet- access-services-reports. 1 See the Technical Notes and Glossary at the end of this report for more-detailed information about the FCC Form 477 data collection and the meaning of terms used in this report. 2 The Commission began collecting census tract-level data for data as of December 31, 2008. See High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2008 (February 2010) at 1-4, available at http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/high-speed-services-internet-access-reports (December 2008 High-Speed Report). 3 Publicly-available data that are too voluminous to include in this report are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/general/fcc-form-477-additional-data. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 1 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 Total Connections  As shown in Figure 1, total Internet connections increased by about 5.3% between December 2019 and December 2020 to 491 million. Mobile Internet connections increased 5.0% year-over- year to 370 million in December 2020, while fixed connections grew to 121 million – up about 6.1% from December 2019. Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections 2017-2020 550 500 490.9 480.2 121.3 466.3 459.3 118.4 451.1 114.3 450 112.7 428.9 110.8 420.8 109.1 108.1 400 369.6 361.7 350 352.0 346.6 340.3 319.8 300 312.8 250 Connections in Millions in Connections 200 150 100 50 0 Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 2020 2020 Fixed Mobile Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Connections include both residential and business connections. We believe mobile Internet connections remain underreported by as much as 2% through June 2018 due to inadequate accounting of connections sold by downstream mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs). Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 2 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 Connections by Speed Fixed connections – downstream speeds. Figure 2(a) illustrates how the 121 million fixed connections reported for December 2020 were distributed across the five groups of downstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 10 Mbps, 25 Mbps, 100 Mbps, and 940 Mbps. See Figure 9 for more detail. Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections (121.3 million) by Downstream Speed as of December 31, 2020 9.9% 6.1% 8.5% 18.6% 56.9% Downstream Speed Less than 10 Mbps (7.4 million) At least 10 Mbps & less than 25 Mbps (10.3 million) At least 25 Mbps & less than 100 Mbps (22.6 million) At least 100 Mbps & less than 940 Mbps (69.0 million) At least 940 Mbps (12.0 million) Note: Numbers may not sum to total due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 3 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 Fixed connections – upstream speeds. Figure 2(b) illustrates how the 121 million fixed connections reported for December 2020 were distributed across the five groups of upstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 1 Mbps, 3 Mbps, 20 Mbps, and 500 Mbps. See Figure 9 for more detail. Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections (121.3 million) by Upstream Speed as of December 31, 2020 6.9% 5.0% 24.5% 9.1% 54.5% Upstream Speed Less than 1 Mbps (6.0 million) At least 1 Mbps & less than 3 Mbps (11.0 million) At least 3 Mbps & less than 20 Mbps (66.1 million) At least 20 Mbps & less than 500 Mbps (29.7 million) At least 500 Mbps (8.3 million) Note: Numbers may not sum to total due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 4 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 Fixed connections by downstream speed over time. Figure 3 illustrates how the composition of total fixed Internet connections by different speed groups has changed from 2017 to 2020. Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2017-2020 121.3 118.4 12.0 114.3 112.7 8.6 110.8 6.0 108.1 109.1 4.6 66.6 59.7 64.1 69.0 38.8 49.6 56.6 100 34.1 28.1 Connections in Millions in Connections 50 24.4 24.1 22.1 23.6 22.6 18.3 16.0 14.7 13.9 13.1 11.2 10.3 15.1 12.8 11.5 10.4 9.0 8.4 7.4 0 Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 2020 2020 At least 940 Mbps At least 100 Mbps and less than 940 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps Less than 10 Mbps Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Connections include both residential and business connections. Source: FCC Form 477.  The percentage of fixed connections with a downstream speed of at least 100 Mbps has grown from 38% (or 41 million connections) in December 2017 to 67% (or 81 million connections) in December 2020. Over the same period, the percentage of fixed connections with downstream speeds of less than 10 Mbps has decreased from 14% (or 15 million connections) in December 2017 to about 6% (or about 7 million connections) in December 2020. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 5 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 Number of Providers by Census Block In Figure 4, we show the percentage of “developed” census blocks – blocks that contain housing units – with zero, one, two, or three or more fixed broadband providers offering residential Internet access service at different speeds in December 2020. This information is taken from the block-level FCC Form 477 fixed broadband deployment data that the Commission began collecting in 2014.4 A provider that reports offering service in a particular census block may not offer service, or service at that speed, to all locations in the census block. Accordingly, the number of providers shown in Figure 4 does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household and does not purport to measure competition. Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Reported the Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband as of December 31, 2020 100 51 38 7 22 90 27 80 76 70 42 60 33 50 30 40 30 21 23 Percentage of Census Blocks with Housing Units Housing with Blocks PercentageCensus of 20 15 10 8 5 0 At least 10 Mbps* At least 25 Mbps* At least 100 Mbps At least 940 Mbps downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least 1 Mbps upstream 3 Mbps upstream 20 Mbps upstream 500 Mbps upstream 0 Providers 1 Provider 2 Providers 3+ Providers * Satellite service providers are excluded from this analysis. Satellite service providers report offering internet access at bandwidths of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream in 99.8% of developed Census blocks. Note: Numbers may sum to totals due to rounding. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2010 census. Source: FCC Form 477. 4 Download these data and explore the interactive map at https://broadband477map.fcc.gov/#/. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 6 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 Internet Access Subscribership Figure 5 illustrates the number of total and residential fixed Internet access connections (connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction except mobile wireless connections), as well as the number of total fixed connections per 100 persons and the number of residential fixed connections per 100 households, since 2005. Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2005-2020 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) 130,000 100 120,000 90 110,000 80 100,000 90,000 70 80,000 60 70,000 50 60,000 50,000 40 40,000 30 30,000 Connections per 100Units 20 Connections in Thousands 20,000 10 10,000 0 0 Residential Fixed Connections (left axis) Total Fixed Connections (left axis) Residential Fixed Connections per 100 Households (right axis) Total Fixed Connections per 100 Population (right axis)  Between December 2010 and December 2020, total (business and residential) fixed connections grew from 85 million connections to 121 million connections – at a compound annual growth rate of 4% per year.5  Over the same ten-year period, residential fixed connections grew from 77 million connections to 112 million connections – also at a compound annual growth rate of 4% per year. 5 The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a smoothed rate of growth calculated in three steps: (1) divide the ending value by the beginning value; (2) raise the result of that division to a power equal to one divided by the number of years in the period (in this case, 10 years, so the power is 1/10); (3) subtract the number one from the result of the second step. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 7 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020  From June 2010 to June 2020, the number of residential fixed connections per 100 U.S. households increased from 63 to 83.6 Other Report Highlights Typical speeds  The median downstream speed of all reported fixed connections was 115 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 10 Mbps. For residential fixed connections, the median downstream speed was 150 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 10 Mbps. Residential connections  Residential fixed Internet access connections increased by about 6.6% between December 2019 and December 2020, to about 112 million. See Figure 7.  Residential (non-business) mobile wireless Internet access connections on mobile devices with data plans for full Internet access increased by about 4.4%, to 296 million, between December 2019 and December 2020. See Figure 7.  Approximately 93% of residential fixed connections had a speed of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream in December 2020, while 85% had a speed of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream. About 69% percent of all residential fixed connections had a downstream speed of at least 100 Mbps. See Figures 10 and 29.  As a national average in December 2020, there were about 84 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream per 100 households; 76 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream per 100 households; and 26 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 100 Mbps downstream and 20 Mbps upstream per 100 households.7 See Figure 34. 6 We calculate residential fixed connections per 100 households using, in the denominator, U.S. household estimates from the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS) for July of each year and, for Puerto Rico and the other inhabited island areas, Census 2010 households for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 households for the earlier years. (The CPS also estimates U.S. households for March and November of each year.) Figure 5 also shows total (business and residential) fixed connections per 100 population, which we calculate using U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for the United States and Puerto Rico – which are as of July 1 each year – and, for the remaining inhabited island areas, Census 2010 population for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 population for the earlier years. This statistic incorporates connections to business locations into a comparison to persons. (We note that the ratio of accurately-measured residential fixed connections to population has a maximum value for any given country and point in time – the value when every household is connected – if we assume that no household would have more than one fixed connection to its premises. For the United States in June, for example, the maximum value would be 40 because there were about 131 million households in the United States and inhabited insular areas and a population of about 332 million according to the sources used for Figure 5.) 7 Increases over time in the ratio of residential fixed connections to households indicate that increasing shares of households are connected at home. The ratio is somewhat different from the “take rate” of offered service (which may also be called an “adoption rate”) because some households may be located in areas where no fixed-location service is offered. These methodological differences are discussed in greater detail in Inquiry Concerning the Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, U.S. Federal Communications Commission 8 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 Census tract and county shares of households with reportable connections  We estimate the share of households with fixed Internet access connections in individual census tracts and counties as of December 31, 2020.8 We continue to observe substantial variation among these estimates. See Figures 39 and 41. Household subscribership rates and demographics  The report includes charts that illustrate correlations between household subscribership rates and demographic measures. We update charts based on income, household density, education and age. The data indicate that some demographic variables are correlated with Internet access subscribership rates. See Figures 46-51. Amended by the Broadband Data Improvement Act, GN Docket No.11-121, Eighth Broadband Progress Report, 27 FCC Rcd 10342, 10386, para. 94 (2012). 8 For both census tracts and counties, we continue to find estimates above 100% for the share of households with fixed Internet access connections. See p. 57 for more information. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 9 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 SECTION 2 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE NATION Table of Contents Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2016-2020 .......................... 12 Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2016-2020 ................................................................................................ 12 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2017-2020 ......................... 13 Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2020 ......................................................................... 14 Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2020 ................................................................. 15 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2016-2020 ................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 12 Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2020 ........................................... 16 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2016-2020 ............................................................................................ 17 Figure 14 Residential Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2020 ........................ 17 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2016-2020 ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 16 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2020 ..................................................................... 18 Figure 17 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2016-2020 ...................................................................... 19 Figure 18 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps by Technology as of December 31, 2020 ................................................................ 19 Figure 19 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2016-2020 ............................................................................................ 20 Figure 20 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2020 ..................................................................... 20 Figure 21 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2016-2020 ...................................................................... 21 Figure 22 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2020 ................................................ 21 Figure 23 Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2016-2020 ............................................................................................ 22 Figure 24 Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2020 ..................................................................... 22 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2016-2020 ...................................................................... 23 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 10 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 Figure 26 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2020 ................................................ 23 Figure 27 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2016-2020 (Shares of Selected Technologies) .................................... 24 Figure 28 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2016-2020 (Net Adds for Selected Technologies) .............................. 24 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2020 (Shares of Selected Technologies for Selected Speeds) ......................................... 25 Figure 30 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2020 .................................................................................................. 26 Figure 31 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2020 ......................................................................................... 27 Figure 32 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2016-2020 ............................................................... 28 Figure 33 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction - Selected Technologies 2016-2020 ................................................. 28 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 11 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 1 Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2016-2020 (in thousands) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 404,849 408,692 420,838 428,864 451,062 459,327 466,302 480,185 490,888 Total Fixed 105,593 106,130 108,065 109,087 110,784 112,725 114,291 118,449 121,250 Mobile Wireless 299,256 302,562 312,773 319,776 340,278 346,603 352,012 361,737 369,638 Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2016-2020 (in thousands) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 337,978 341,094 351,966 358,867 378,286 383,605 388,344 403,212 407,652 Total Fixed 96,607 97,071 98,845 99,758 101,348 103,118 104,703 108,909 111,621 Mobile Wireless 241,371 244,022 253,121 259,109 276,938 280,486 283,641 294,303 296,031 Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 12 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 2 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2017-2020 111.6 108.9 11.5 104.7 8.3 103.1 101.3 5.7 99.8 4.4 100 98.8 3.3 63.0 64.9 56.6 60.6 37.3 47.5 54.1 31.2 50 24.6 Connections in Millions in Connections 21.0 20.9 19.0 20.7 19.8 16.2 14.5 13.3 12.6 11.8 10.1 9.2 12.5 10.7 9.6 8.7 7.5 6.9 6.1 0 Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 2020 2020 At least 940 Mbps At least 100 Mbps and less than 940 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps Less than 10 Mbps Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 13 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 3 Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2020 >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 1.9% 14.2% < 3 Mbps 6.6% >= 20 Mbps < 3 Mbps < 3 Mbps2.9% 5.9% 1.5% >= 20 Mbps 9.8% >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 38.2% >= 20 Mbps 18.7% Downstream Speed < 10 Mbps; 6.1% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 8.5% >= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 18.6% >= 100 Mbps & < 940 Mbps; 56.9% >= 940 Mbps; 9.9% Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 10 At least 25 At least 100 Mbps Mbps Mbps and less and less and less Less than than 25 than 100 than 940 At least 940 Upstream Speed 10 Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Total Less than 3 Mbps 7,189 7,976 1,832 38 3 17,038 At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 222 2,295 17,208 46,295 110 66,132 At least 20 Mbps 2 63 3,523 22,653 11,840 38,081 Total 7,414 10,334 22,563 68,986 11,953 121,250 Percentages Less than 3 Mbps 5.9 6.6 1.5 0.0 0.0 14.1 At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 0.2 1.9 14.2 38.2 0.1 54.5 At least 20 Mbps 0.0 0.1 2.9 18.7 9.8 31.4 Total 6.1 8.5 18.6 56.9 9.9 100.0 Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 14 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 4 Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2020 >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 1.8% < 3 Mbps >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 6.4% 13.4% < 3 Mbps 5.4% >= 20 Mbps 2.7% < 3 Mbps 1.6% >= 20 Mbps 10.2% >= 20 Mbps 18.2% >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 39.9% Downstream Speed < 10 Mbps; 5.5% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 8.3% >= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 17.7% >= 100 Mbps & < 940 Mbps; 58.2% >= 940 Mbps; 10.3% Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 10 At least 25 At least 100 Mbps Mbps Mbps and less and less and less Less than than 25 than 100 than 940 At least 940 Upstream Speed 10 Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Total Less than 3 Mbps 5,985 7,173 1,767 37 3 14,964 At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 130 2,049 14,955 44,546 108 61,789 At least 20 Mbps 1 27 3,067 20,344 11,429 34,868 Total 6,115 9,249 19,790 64,927 11,540 111,621 Percentages Less than 3 Mbps 5.4 6.4 1.6 0.0 0.0 13.4 At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 0.1 1.8 13.4 39.9 0.1 55.4 At least 20 Mbps 0.0 0.0 2.7 18.2 10.2 31.2 Total 5.5 8.3 17.7 58.2 10.3 100.0 Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 15 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 5 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2016-2020 (in thousands) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 404,849 408,692 420,838 428,864 451,062 459,327 466,302 480,185 490,888 Total Fixed 105,593 106,130 108,065 109,087 110,784 112,725 114,291 118,449 121,250 aDSL 26,527 25,505 24,193 23,074 22,377 21,163 20,214 19,639 18,786 sDSL 42 44 28 28 20 17 16 19 13 Other Wireline1 599 619 581 558 557 501 525 516 527 Cable Modem 63,325 64,060 66,196 67,165 68,882 70,750 72,516 75,986 77,909 FTTP2 11,986 12,831 13,890 14,889 15,492 16,748 17,376 18,443 19,945 Satellite 1,864 1,826 1,872 1,939 1,971 1,984 1,975 1,993 1,931 Fixed Wireless 1,250 1,245 1,306 1,434 1,485 1,561 1,669 1,853 2,140 Mobile Wireless 299,256 302,562 312,773 319,776 340,278 346,603 352,012 361,737 369,638 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 16 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 6 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2016-2020 (in thousands) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 337,978 341,094 351,966 358,867 378,286 383,605 388,344 403,212 407,652 Total Fixed 96,607 97,071 98,845 99,758 101,348 103,118 104,703 108,909 111,621 aDSL 23,691 22,774 21,653 20,671 20,126 18,976 18,159 17,647 16,920 sDSL 8 12 9 9 4 4 5 7 3 Other Wireline1 32 74 67 74 76 62 74 64 59 Cable Modem 59,145 59,687 61,567 62,320 63,813 65,457 67,141 70,710 72,543 FTTP2 10,956 11,776 12,702 13,663 14,205 15,410 16,011 16,971 18,384 Satellite 1,676 1,637 1,688 1,751 1,787 1,805 1,795 1,815 1,752 Fixed Wireless 1,100 1,112 1,158 1,270 1,338 1,405 1,520 1,694 1,958 Mobile Wireless 241,371 244,022 253,121 259,109 276,938 280,486 283,641 294,303 296,031 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 17 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 7 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2016-2020 (in thousands) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 84,038 86,886 90,609 94,071 97,302 100,464 103,595 109,159 112,445 aDSL 10,810 11,321 11,598 11,822 12,038 11,829 11,704 12,421 11,760 sDSL 10 14 9 11 6 5 5 8 4 Other Wireline1 209 246 262 271 292 261 301 307 323 Cable Modem 60,349 61,704 63,978 65,808 67,716 69,704 71,934 75,391 77,513 FTTP2 10,935 11,811 12,869 13,898 14,815 16,078 16,854 17,993 19,555 Satellite 1,342 1,373 1,402 1,595 1,677 1,726 1,737 1,778 1,727 Fixed Wireless 383 418 491 666 759 861 1,059 1,263 1,564 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 18 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 8 Figure 17 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2016-2020 (in thousands) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 78,201 80,671 84,163 86,973 89,873 92,698 95,649 101,201 104,199 aDSL 9,963 10,415 10,657 10,862 11,073 10,812 10,682 11,374 10,761 sDSL 2 6 5 6 2 1 2 4 1 Other Wireline1 30 71 64 65 68 58 70 61 56 Cable Modem 56,538 57,617 59,864 61,142 62,810 64,556 66,691 70,299 72,215 FTTP2 10,004 10,835 11,762 12,741 13,589 14,800 15,536 16,566 18,042 Satellite 1,333 1,362 1,387 1,575 1,655 1,702 1,708 1,745 1,691 Fixed Wireless 332 365 425 582 676 768 960 1,151 1,433 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 19 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 9 Figure 19 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2016-2020 (in thousands) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 62,933 68,280 73,875 78,952 82,965 86,744 90,471 96,984 101,630 aDSL 1,476 2,530 3,586 4,298 4,988 5,233 5,523 5,910 6,237 sDSL * * * * * * * * * Other Wireline1 166 203 219 203 228 220 263 273 286 Cable Modem 51,740 54,829 57,870 60,859 62,880 64,938 67,171 71,856 74,169 FTTP2 9,422 10,344 11,489 12,568 13,605 14,902 15,866 17,076 18,840 Satellite * * * * * * * * * Fixed Wireless 92 120 143 224 267 325 449 571 804 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 20 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 10 Figure 21 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2016-2020 (in thousands) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 59,518 64,520 69,447 73,288 76,873 80,256 83,725 90,170 94,451 aDSL 1,408 2,418 3,410 4,068 4,712 4,911 5,168 5,538 5,871 sDSL * * * * * * * * * Other Wireline1 27 67 59 54 61 53 64 56 51 Cable Modem 49,300 52,154 54,748 56,620 58,342 60,125 62,231 67,017 69,098 FTTP2 8,674 9,532 10,553 11,570 12,546 13,780 14,690 15,781 17,445 Satellite * * * * * * * * * Fixed Wireless 75 101 119 193 234 283 400 512 727 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 21 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 11 Figure 23 Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2016-2020 (in thousands) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 7,968 9,676 12,148 14,619 18,750 22,217 25,603 29,554 34,493 aDSL 2 16 47 59 207 387 569 658 774 sDSL 1 1 1 1 1 # * * * Other Wireline1 140 174 192 174 196 178 211 213 217 Cable Modem 5,356 6,055 7,149 8,352 9,466 11,426 13,088 15,496 18,420 FTTP2 2,438 3,403 4,729 5,976 8,815 10,146 11,634 13,071 14,933 Satellite 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * * Fixed Wireless 31 28 30 56 65 79 101 116 143 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 22 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 12 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2016-2020 (in thousands) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 7,291 8,879 11,030 13,171 17,101 20,322 23,469 27,164 31,773 aDSL 2 15 42 53 194 344 512 594 733 sDSL # # # # # # * * * Other Wireline1 24 61 53 46 47 27 36 27 20 Cable Modem 5,071 5,695 6,591 7,491 8,512 10,312 11,883 14,157 16,843 FTTP2 2,170 3,089 4,324 5,534 8,292 9,574 10,952 12,288 14,055 Satellite 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * * Fixed Wireless 24 20 20 47 56 65 86 98 118 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 23 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 13 Percentage of Residential Fixed Connections Fixed Residential of Percentage Connections in Thousands in Connections U.S. Federal Communications Commission 24 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 14 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2020 (Shares of selected technologies for selected speeds, connections in thousands) Connections 111,621 104,199 94,451 31,773 7,355 100 3.4 3.1 2.2 44.2 97.9 18.5 16.5 17.3 90 80 65.0 69.3 73.2 70 60 53.0 50 40 Estimated Percentage of Households of Percentage Estimated 30 20 15.2 10 10.3 6.2 2.3 0 Over 200 kbps in at At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps At least 100 Mbps At least 940 Mbps least one direction downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least 1 Mbps upstream 3 Mbps upstream 20 Mbps upstream 500 Mbps upstream aDSL Cable Modem FTTP All Other Fixed Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 25 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 15 Figure 30 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 100 At least 4 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps Mbps Less than and less than and less than and less than and less than At least 940 Technology 4 Mbps 10 Mbps 25 Mbps 100 Mbps 940 Mbps Mbps Total aDSL 2,432 3,248 6,277 5,873 955 # 18,786 sDSL * 1 * * * * 13 Other Wireline1 172 32 33 46 221 23 527 Cable Modem 204 183 2,136 11,099 59,956 4,329 77,909 FTTP 119 234 703 3,611 7,719 7,559 19,945 Satellite * 42 * * * 0 1,931 Fixed Wireless 202 373 748 660 115 41 2,140 Total 3,299 4,114 10,334 22,563 68,986 11,953 121,250 Percentages aDSL 2.0 2.7 5.2 4.8 0.8 0.0 15.5 sDSL * 0.0 * * * * 0.0 Other Wireline1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 Cable Modem 0.2 0.2 1.8 9.2 49.4 3.6 64.3 FTTP 0.1 0.2 0.6 3.0 6.4 6.2 16.4 Satellite * 0.0 * * * 0.0 1.6 Fixed Wireless 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.0 1.8 Total 2.7 3.4 8.5 18.6 56.9 9.9 100.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 26 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 16 Figure 31 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 100 At least 4 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps Mbps Less than and less than and less than and less than and less than At least 940 Technology 4 Mbps 10 Mbps 25 Mbps 100 Mbps 940 Mbps Mbps Total aDSL 2,045 2,850 5,608 5,514 * * 16,920 sDSL * # * * * * 3 Other Wireline1 2 1 5 5 27 19 59 Cable Modem 183 138 1,919 9,284 56,849 4,171 72,543 FTTP 96 212 588 3,139 7,036 7,314 18,384 Satellite * * * * * 0 1,752 Fixed Wireless 178 347 696 608 93 37 1,958 Total 2,527 3,589 9,249 19,790 64,927 11,540 111,621 Percentages aDSL 1.8 2.6 5.0 4.9 * * 15.2 sDSL * 0.0 * * * * 0.0 Other Wireline1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Cable Modem 0.2 0.1 1.7 8.3 50.9 3.7 65.0 FTTP 0.1 0.2 0.5 2.8 6.3 6.6 16.5 Satellite * * * * * 0.0 1.6 Fixed Wireless 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.0 1.8 Total 2.3 3.2 8.3 17.7 58.2 10.3 100.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 27 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 17 Figure 32 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2016-2020 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec aDSL 774 768 743 738 721 715 691 677 653 sDSL 160 161 150 136 127 123 121 118 106 Other Wireline1 236 243 235 249 243 222 211 215 209 Cable Modem 385 384 383 372 381 381 373 365 368 FTTP 1,066 1,103 1,147 1,183 1,269 1,309 1,330 1,377 1,441 Satellite 6 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 6 Fixed Wireless 1,071 1,095 1,160 1,188 1,239 1,248 1,280 1,312 1,396 Mobile Wireless 98 98 83 73 71 70 67 64 64 Total 2,000 2,030 2,090 2,129 2,215 2,223 2,247 2,279 2,381 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. Note: Multiple FCC Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider. Some previously-published data may have been revised. Source: FCC Form 477. Number Providers of U.S. Federal Communications Commission 28 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 SECTION 3 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE STATES Table of Contents Figure 34 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2020 ......................................................................................... 30 Figure 35 Connections by Type of End User by State as of December 31, 2020 .................... 32 Figure 36 Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2020 ............................. 33 Figure 37 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2020 ......................................................................................... 35 Figure 38 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2020 ......................................................................................... 37 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 29 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 18 Figure 34 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2020 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in At least 10 Mbps Down At least 25 Mbps Down At least 100 Mbps Down At least 940 Mbps Down at least One Direction and 1 Mbps Up and 3 Mbps Up and 20 Mbps Up and 500 Mbps Up Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership State Households Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Alabama 1,889 1,552 0.82 1,383 0.73 1,181 0.63 377 0.20 105 0.06 Alaska 255 222 0.87 202 0.79 152 0.59 * * * * American Samoa 10 * * * * * * 0 0.00 0 0.00 Arizona 2,643 2,444 0.92 2,205 0.83 2,013 0.76 502 0.19 * * Arkansas 1,170 906 0.77 776 0.66 630 0.54 218 0.19 45 0.04 California 13,103 12,330 0.94 11,766 0.90 10,873 0.83 2,871 0.22 500 0.04 Colorado 2,137 2,106 0.99 1,918 0.90 1,810 0.85 338 0.16 100 0.05 Connecticut 1,385 1,305 0.94 1,247 0.90 1,095 0.79 347 0.25 12 0.01 Delaware 371 381 1.03 372 1.00 367 0.99 115 0.31 * * District of Columbia 288 273 0.95 266 0.92 261 0.91 107 0.37 * * Florida 7,931 8,078 1.02 7,719 0.97 6,948 0.88 2,448 0.31 364 0.05 Georgia 3,830 3,470 0.91 3,231 0.84 2,804 0.73 1,172 0.31 341 0.09 Guam 42 * * * * * * 0 0.00 0 0.00 Hawaii 468 487 1.04 472 1.01 * * * * * * Idaho 649 572 0.88 471 0.72 381 0.59 141 0.22 18 0.03 Illinois 4,884 4,201 0.86 3,951 0.81 3,350 0.69 1,181 0.24 115 0.02 Indiana 2,603 2,204 0.85 2,004 0.77 1,681 0.65 621 0.24 105 0.04 Iowa 1,274 1,050 0.82 899 0.71 794 0.62 271 0.21 25 0.02 Kansas 1,142 979 0.86 894 0.78 766 0.67 285 0.25 104 0.09 Kentucky 1,748 1,479 0.85 1,336 0.76 1,171 0.67 382 0.22 65 0.04 Louisiana 1,752 1,427 0.81 1,303 0.74 1,117 0.64 371 0.21 72 0.04 Maine 570 565 0.99 507 0.89 423 0.74 42 0.07 1 0.00 Maryland 2,231 2,135 0.96 2,078 0.93 2,025 0.91 803 0.36 * * Massachusetts 2,647 2,522 0.95 2,451 0.93 2,417 0.91 659 0.25 * * Michigan 3,980 3,435 0.86 3,201 0.80 2,761 0.69 707 0.18 65 0.02 Minnesota 2,208 1,952 0.88 1,741 0.79 1,596 0.72 308 0.14 45 0.02 Mississippi 1,117 824 0.74 712 0.64 534 0.48 180 0.16 59 0.05 Missouri 2,440 2,039 0.84 1,799 0.74 1,559 0.64 592 0.24 168 0.07 Montana 436 386 0.89 331 0.76 284 0.65 44 0.10 7 0.02 Nebraska 767 656 0.86 601 0.78 529 0.69 170 0.22 28 0.04 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 30 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 19 Figure 34 - Continued Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2020 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in At least 10 Mbps Down At least 25 Mbps Down At least 100 Mbps Down At least 940 Mbps Down at least One Direction and 1 Mbps Up and 3 Mbps Up and 20 Mbps Up and 500 Mbps Up Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership State Households Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Nevada 1,130 1,071 0.95 1,016 0.90 925 0.82 249 0.22 31 0.03 New Hampshire 539 550 1.02 522 0.97 489 0.91 108 0.20 2 0.00 New Jersey 3,272 3,144 0.96 3,075 0.94 3,021 0.92 1,714 0.52 * * New Mexico 793 677 0.85 548 0.69 488 0.62 69 0.09 5 0.01 New York 7,417 6,630 0.89 6,500 0.88 6,200 0.84 3,467 0.47 * * North Carolina 4,032 3,784 0.94 3,446 0.85 3,214 0.80 1,064 0.26 270 0.07 North Dakota 321 276 0.86 266 0.83 249 0.78 103 0.32 3 0.01 Northern Mariana Isl 16 * * * * * * 0 0.00 0 0.00 Ohio 4,717 4,125 0.87 3,826 0.81 3,388 0.72 781 0.17 * * Oklahoma 1,494 1,193 0.80 1,068 0.71 904 0.61 314 0.21 79 0.05 Oregon 1,643 1,488 0.91 1,354 0.82 1,263 0.77 229 0.14 47 0.03 Pennsylvania 5,107 4,537 0.89 4,238 0.83 4,080 0.80 1,222 0.24 * * Puerto Rico 1,206 673 0.56 586 0.49 355 0.29 108 0.09 4 0.00 Rhode Island 415 393 0.95 390 0.94 381 0.92 204 0.49 * * South Carolina 1,961 1,790 0.91 1,678 0.86 1,489 0.76 493 0.25 73 0.04 South Dakota 348 297 0.85 285 0.82 271 0.78 84 0.24 1 0.00 Tennessee 2,640 2,274 0.86 2,129 0.81 1,867 0.71 777 0.29 204 0.08 Texas 9,906 8,996 0.91 8,547 0.86 7,725 0.78 3,154 0.32 935 0.09 Utah 1,003 948 0.95 870 0.87 803 0.80 218 0.22 68 0.07 Vermont 263 262 1.00 226 0.86 187 0.71 33 0.12 * * Virgin Islands 43 * * * * * * * * 0 0.00 Virginia 3,184 2,864 0.90 2,689 0.84 2,572 0.81 1,025 0.32 * * Washington 2,906 2,715 0.93 2,488 0.86 2,345 0.81 414 0.14 104 0.04 West Virginia 734 572 0.78 468 0.64 401 0.55 119 0.16 2 0.00 Wisconsin 2,378 2,090 0.88 1,899 0.80 1,652 0.69 301 0.13 46 0.02 Wyoming 233 206 0.89 183 0.79 164 0.70 18 0.08 1 0.00 Total 123,671 111,621 0.90 104,199 0.84 94,451 0.76 31,773 0.26 7,355 0.06 # = Rounds to Zero; * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477 (Connections); 2016-2020 ACS 5-year estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 31 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 20 Figure 35 Connections by Type of End User by State as of December 31, 2020 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Connections Percentages State Residential Business Residential Business Total Alabama 5,692 1,416 80.1 19.9 7,108 Alaska 862 137 86.3 13.7 0 American Samoa * * * * * Arizona 8,697 1,508 85.2 14.8 10,205 Arkansas 3,311 861 79.4 20.6 4,172 California 50,789 9,896 83.7 16.3 60,686 Colorado 7,085 1,464 82.9 17.1 8,549 Connecticut 4,631 925 83.4 16.6 5,556 Delaware 1,257 248 83.5 16.5 1,505 District of Columbia 1,056 597 63.9 36.1 1,653 Florida 28,001 4,841 85.3 14.7 32,842 Georgia 12,885 2,965 81.3 18.7 15,850 Guam * * * * * Hawaii 1,829 353 83.8 16.2 2,182 Idaho 2,032 400 83.6 16.4 2,432 Illinois 15,810 3,315 82.7 17.3 19,125 Indiana 7,687 1,568 83.1 16.9 9,256 Iowa 3,572 792 81.8 18.2 4,365 Kansas 3,429 704 83.0 17.0 4,133 Kentucky 5,246 918 85.1 14.9 6,164 Louisiana 5,701 1,020 84.8 15.2 6,721 Maine 1,512 461 76.6 23.4 1,973 Maryland 7,883 1,369 85.2 14.8 9,252 Massachusetts 8,718 1,748 83.3 16.7 10,466 Michigan 12,095 2,407 83.4 16.6 14,502 Minnesota 6,691 1,429 82.4 17.6 8,121 Mississippi 3,412 664 83.7 16.3 4,076 Missouri 7,240 1,445 83.4 16.6 8,685 Montana 1,172 333 77.9 22.1 1,505 Nebraska 2,182 592 78.6 21.4 2,774 Nevada 3,953 576 87.3 12.7 4,529 New Hampshire 1,626 407 80.0 20.0 2,033 New Jersey 11,931 2,162 84.7 15.3 14,093 New Mexico 2,514 460 84.5 15.5 2,974 New York 25,332 5,510 82.1 17.9 30,841 North Carolina 12,178 2,841 81.1 18.9 15,020 North Dakota 871 232 79.0 21.0 1,102 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * Ohio 14,178 3,039 82.3 17.7 17,217 Oklahoma 4,662 849 84.6 15.4 5,512 Oregon 5,094 1,060 82.8 17.2 6,155 Pennsylvania 15,377 3,312 82.3 17.7 18,689 Puerto Rico 2,864 1,158 71.2 28.8 4,022 Rhode Island 1,367 287 82.6 17.4 1,654 South Carolina 5,871 1,325 81.6 18.4 7,196 South Dakota 952 259 78.6 21.4 1,211 Tennessee 8,009 1,855 81.2 18.8 9,864 Texas 36,878 6,305 85.4 14.6 43,182 Utah 3,527 728 82.9 17.1 4,255 Vermont 705 231 75.3 24.7 937 Virgin Islands 121 10 92.4 7.6 131 Virginia 10,230 2,363 81.2 18.8 12,594 Washington 9,397 1,888 83.3 16.7 11,286 West Virginia 1,948 345 84.9 15.1 2,294 Wisconsin 6,648 1,398 82.6 17.4 8,047 Wyoming 669 178 78.9 21.1 847 Total 407,652 83,237 83.0 17.0 490,888 # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 32 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 21 Figure 36 Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2020 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Alabama 397 * 5 949 257 * 16 5,422 7,108 Alaska 66 # 7 * 13 * 13 743 0 American Samoa 0 0 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 568 * 12 1,754 181 * 63 7,588 10,205 Arkansas 323 * 2 460 133 * 15 3,187 4,172 California 2,229 2 * 9,293 1,527 * 202 47,224 60,686 Colorado * # 18 1,534 203 * 96 6,270 8,549 Connecticut * * 2 1,141 43 * * * 5,556 Delaware * * 2 272 * * 1 * 1,505 District of Columbia * * 6 * * * 4 * 1,653 Florida 1,176 * 20 6,131 1,306 * 32 24,093 32,842 Georgia 792 * 10 2,197 696 * 16 12,067 15,850 Guam * 0 0 * * 0 * * * Hawaii * * 1 * 73 * 2 1,644 2,182 Idaho 200 * 3 279 55 * 66 1,811 2,432 Illinois 898 # * 3,153 317 * 114 14,586 19,125 Indiana 494 * 3 1,377 394 * 62 * 9,256 Iowa 269 1 * 511 269 * 58 3,225 4,365 Kansas 196 # * 540 256 * 51 3,070 4,133 Kentucky 341 * 2 898 298 * 27 4,560 6,164 Louisiana 353 * 4 923 200 * 17 5,166 6,721 Maine 107 1 * 471 20 * 10 1,352 1,973 Maryland * * 16 1,313 * * 8 6,950 9,252 Massachusetts * * 17 2,078 * * 17 * 10,466 Michigan 656 * 5 2,699 184 * 65 10,805 14,502 Minnesota 440 1 * 1,308 276 * 49 6,013 8,121 Mississippi 320 * 9 397 105 * 16 3,164 4,076 Missouri 547 # * 1,113 406 * 59 6,482 8,685 Montana 92 * 2 244 45 * 34 1,073 1,505 Nebraska 125 # * 403 136 * 41 2,058 2,774 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 33 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 22 Figure 36 - Continued Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2020 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Nevada 161 # 6 * 99 * 45 3,371 4,529 New Hampshire 59 # * 499 37 * 3 1,426 2,033 New Jersey 89 * 24 2,194 * * 3 * 14,093 New Mexico 223 * 4 406 50 * 32 2,241 2,974 New York 219 * 36 5,074 1,884 * 16 23,566 30,841 North Carolina 635 * 8 2,735 606 * 24 10,935 15,020 North Dakota 29 * 1 170 105 * 4 792 1,102 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * 0 * * * Ohio 805 * 10 3,075 424 * 71 * 17,217 Oklahoma 305 # * 655 222 * 68 4,208 5,512 Oregon 203 # 14 1,123 211 30 41 4,534 6,155 Pennsylvania 412 # * 3,347 1,074 * 19 13,773 18,689 Puerto Rico * 0 * * 56 * 51 3,295 4,022 Rhode Island * * * * * * # * 1,654 South Carolina 354 * 3 1,233 308 * 9 5,250 7,196 South Dakota 36 * 1 194 78 * 12 884 1,211 Tennessee 400 # * 1,405 579 * 23 7,395 9,864 Texas 1,648 # * 5,473 2,083 * 321 33,420 43,182 Utah 158 * 7 603 201 * 53 3,227 4,255 Vermont 78 * 3 171 34 * 3 641 937 Virgin Islands * 0 0 * * * * * 131 Virginia 219 # * 1,727 1,034 * 31 9,479 12,594 Washington 371 # 45 2,146 256 46 53 8,369 11,286 West Virginia * * 1 407 16 * 7 1,670 2,294 Wisconsin 507 * 3 * 219 * 53 5,788 8,047 Wyoming 44 * 1 128 15 * 36 616 847 Total 18,786 13 527 77,909 19,945 1,931 2,140 369,638 490,888 1 PowerLine and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 34 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 23 Figure 37 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2020 Over 200 kbps Upstream and % over 200 kbps % at least 10 Mbps % at least 25 Mbps % at least 100 Mbps % at least 940 Mbps State Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Alabama 99.8 90.3 78.9 59.4 7.9 Alaska 99.7 89.3 68.4 * * American Samoa * * * * * Arizona 99.8 94.5 83.1 58.5 9.5 Arkansas 99.9 88.1 71.0 41.1 7.6 California 99.8 94.6 87.0 68.2 8.3 Colorado 99.9 95.2 86.2 63.3 12.1 Connecticut 99.7 94.7 84.3 72.9 5.5 Delaware 100.0 96.9 95.5 80.2 18.6 District of Columbia 100.0 95.2 93.3 79.0 20.0 Florida 99.8 96.3 90.2 70.3 6.7 Georgia 99.6 92.9 84.3 63.6 12.4 Guam * * * * * Hawaii 100.0 95.6 * * * Idaho 99.9 90.2 68.4 47.9 5.0 Illinois 99.8 93.6 84.4 62.8 6.6 Indiana 99.6 91.5 80.5 58.3 7.0 Iowa 99.5 90.0 76.7 52.5 8.0 Kansas 99.8 92.0 77.6 53.0 13.0 Kentucky 99.7 90.4 79.9 60.2 5.3 Louisiana 99.8 91.7 79.2 55.0 8.6 Maine 99.2 88.3 75.3 63.8 1.4 Maryland 99.9 96.5 93.9 77.8 20.9 Massachusetts 100.0 96.5 95.0 83.6 15.4 Michigan 99.6 92.9 84.3 63.9 4.2 Minnesota 99.9 93.0 82.4 59.5 6.4 Mississippi 99.7 86.6 68.2 41.3 9.1 Missouri 99.7 90.5 77.3 59.7 9.9 Montana 99.9 90.1 74.6 54.6 2.1 Nebraska 99.6 93.3 80.9 59.7 7.3 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 35 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 24 Figure 37 - Continued Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2020 Over 200 kbps Upstream and % over 200 kbps % at least 10 Mbps % at least 25 Mbps % at least 100 Mbps % at least 940 Mbps State Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Nevada 99.9 96.0 87.4 64.9 10.3 New Hampshire 99.5 93.1 88.1 78.2 7.7 New Jersey 99.8 97.3 95.2 83.6 20.8 New Mexico 99.9 88.6 73.6 45.0 4.3 New York 99.8 97.2 92.7 82.7 13.0 North Carolina 99.4 92.8 84.9 71.0 7.5 North Dakota 99.9 96.7 89.1 69.8 5.5 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * Ohio 99.8 93.1 82.0 64.7 3.2 Oklahoma 99.7 89.5 74.8 51.2 10.6 Oregon 99.9 93.8 85.1 64.4 8.8 Pennsylvania 99.9 93.7 89.7 71.8 13.4 Puerto Rico 100.0 85.6 52.9 25.1 0.7 Rhode Island 99.6 98.5 95.7 80.3 23.3 South Carolina 99.8 93.8 84.2 68.6 5.1 South Dakota 99.8 97.1 91.2 63.6 4.1 Tennessee 99.7 93.7 85.3 66.1 11.0 Texas 99.9 95.0 85.5 65.6 13.4 Utah 100.0 95.1 85.1 62.6 13.4 Vermont 98.5 84.3 73.1 59.7 8.1 Virgin Islands * * * * * Virginia 99.6 93.9 89.0 72.4 19.1 Washington 99.8 94.4 86.7 67.8 11.5 West Virginia 97.9 81.1 69.3 53.4 5.5 Wisconsin 99.3 92.2 79.4 62.4 2.7 Wyoming 99.9 92.1 79.8 53.1 1.0 Total 99.8 93.9 85.4 66.8 9.9 Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 36 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 25 Figure 38 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2020 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Alabama 23 * 15 18 45 * 30 6 82 Alaska 17 4 9 * 19 * 15 10 38 American Samoa 0 0 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 19 * 18 16 50 * 53 5 101 Arkansas 22 * 13 17 47 * 36 4 90 California 32 12 * 32 94 * 131 4 222 Colorado * 5 20 16 77 * 75 8 139 Connecticut * * 9 9 22 * * * 34 Delaware * * 6 5 * * 4 * 27 District of Columbia * * 12 * * * 8 * 37 Florida 17 * 24 18 78 * 47 6 121 Georgia 25 * 18 26 91 * 31 4 121 Guam * 0 0 * * 0 * * * Hawaii * * 9 * 10 * 9 4 20 Idaho 23 * 15 16 42 * 46 7 77 Illinois 49 5 * 21 98 * 99 5 185 Indiana 36 * 21 12 81 * 75 * 130 Iowa 71 12 * 40 179 * 93 6 237 Kansas 27 5 * 22 74 * 84 8 139 Kentucky 16 * 10 28 60 * 36 6 109 Louisiana 16 * 16 15 41 * 26 5 75 Maine 12 6 * 7 20 * 19 4 43 Maryland * * 19 16 * * 28 4 76 Massachusetts * * 12 11 * * 21 * 60 Michigan 26 * 25 26 82 * 66 6 140 Minnesota 38 7 * 20 92 * 65 4 139 Mississippi 14 * 10 12 37 * 16 5 67 Missouri 31 4 * 17 76 * 87 6 146 Montana 19 * 12 7 38 * 44 6 70 Nebraska 27 5 * 18 63 * 54 6 105 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 37 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 26 Figure 38 - Continued Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2020 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Nevada 17 4 15 * 43 * 34 4 75 New Hampshire 9 4 * 5 22 * 13 4 37 New Jersey 8 * 20 8 * * 11 * 63 New Mexico 18 * 14 10 39 * 45 5 73 New York 28 * 27 22 80 * 31 4 115 North Carolina 19 * 20 27 64 * 31 5 102 North Dakota 18 * 9 9 34 * 15 5 51 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * 0 * * * Ohio 32 * 25 32 88 * 77 * 165 Oklahoma 33 5 * 14 62 * 60 9 118 Oregon 32 6 21 18 66 4 51 5 109 Pennsylvania 21 4 * 27 71 * 39 6 124 Puerto Rico * 0 * * 13 * 30 4 41 Rhode Island * * * * * * 4 * 24 South Carolina 18 * 14 14 40 * 19 5 62 South Dakota 20 * 11 9 42 * 25 7 76 Tennessee 20 4 * 20 84 * 36 5 117 Texas 62 8 * 32 139 * 176 8 273 Utah 20 * 15 11 39 * 39 7 70 Vermont 8 * 8 5 20 * 12 5 36 Virgin Islands * 0 0 * * * * * 6 Virginia 19 4 * 20 78 * 48 5 118 Washington 25 5 28 25 75 4 55 5 118 West Virginia * * 8 16 29 * 23 5 66 Wisconsin 40 * 20 * 75 * 53 5 116 Wyoming 14 * 9 7 23 * 22 7 46 Total 653 106 209 368 1,441 6 1,396 64 2,381 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 38 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 SECTION 4 SUMMARY STATISTICS: COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS Table of Contents Figure 39 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of December 31, 2020 ......................................................................................... 40 Figure 40 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of December 31, 2020 ..................................................................... 41 Figure 41 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of December 31, 2020 ......................................................................................... 42 Figure 42 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of December 31, 2020 ..................................................................... 43 Figure 43 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2020 ........................................... 44 Figure 44 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2020 ........................................... 45 Figure 45 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2020 .......................................... 47 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 39 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 27 Figure 39 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of December 31, 2020 16% Number of Counties 3,234 471 Median 0.80 463 449 14% 380 12% 370 10% 279 264 8% 194 6% Percentage of Counties 146 4% 90 2% 53 36 12 15 3 1 1 1 6 0% 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 Max Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households Note: Ratios over 1 were set to 1. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2016-2020 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 40 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 28 Figure 40 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of December 31, 2020 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 5 than 10 than 20 than 30 than 40 than 50 than 60 than 80 than 0 and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no more more more more more more more more more than than than than than than than than 100% Technology Zero than 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% or more aDSL 1.9 9.6 12.9 30.7 22.6 12.5 5.4 2.3 1.7 0.3 0.1 sDSL 95.8 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 Other Wireline 82.3 17.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 11.3 5.9 5.2 11.1 12.7 11.3 11.5 11.0 16.2 2.9 0.8 FTTP 10.3 39.7 13.5 13.5 7.8 4.6 3.3 2.4 4.1 0.6 0.1 Satellite 0.4 65.5 21.4 11.2 1.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 3.5 65.4 15.1 10.0 3.8 1.2 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 Total 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.8 2.8 7.3 39.9 41.4 7.4 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2016-2020 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 41 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 29 Figure 41 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of December 31, 2020 14 Number of Tracts 73,767 Median 0.89 12 10 8 6 Percentage of Tracts 4 2 0 0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 Max Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households Note: Ratios over 2 were set to 2. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2016-2020 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 42 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 30 Figure 42 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of December 31, 2020 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 5 than 10 than 20 than 30 than 40 than 50 than 60 than 80 than 0 and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no more more more more more more more more more than than than than than than than than 100% Technology Zero than 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% or more aDSL 5.2 28.0 16.2 24.6 15.0 5.8 2.6 1.2 0.9 0.2 0.2 sDSL 99.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 Other Wireline 96.9 2.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 4.3 2.6 1.5 3.2 4.3 6.8 11.8 16.5 32.2 13.2 3.6 FTTP 28.0 24.1 8.5 11.7 8.5 6.5 4.9 3.3 3.3 0.8 0.3 Satellite 28.7 61.3 5.3 3.6 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 31.3 60.1 3.5 2.9 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 Total 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.7 3.4 22.1 46.5 24.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2016-2020 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 43 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 31 Figure 43 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Service by Technology as of December 31, 2020 (Internet Access Service over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Number of Providers Seven or Technology Zero One Two Three Four Five Six More aDSL 23.9 74.2 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 sDSL 99.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 Other Wireline 99.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 30.9 65.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 FTTP 69.9 28.6 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Satellite 0.0 0.1 1.0 98.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 28.3 32.9 20.8 11.1 4.8 1.6 0.4 0.2 aDSL and/or Cable Modem and/or FTTP 9.9 24.3 56.1 9.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Any Technology 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.7 9.7 26.6 28.9 32.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. The number of providers in a census block does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household, and does not purport to measure competition. Providers may list a census block on FCC Form 477 if service can be provided to at least one location in the block. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2010 census. Sources: FCC Form 477 and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 44 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 32 Figure 44 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2020 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Counties Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Alabama 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 11 34 18 1 Alaska 29 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 6 12 5 American Samoa 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 Arizona 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 10 0 Arkansas 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 20 39 11 0 California 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 46 6 Colorado 64 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 14 25 19 Connecticut 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 Delaware 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 District of Columbia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Florida 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 16 25 24 Georgia 159 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 21 60 53 14 Guam 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Hawaii 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 Idaho 44 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 17 16 6 Illinois 102 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 11 54 33 1 Indiana 92 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 55 30 1 Iowa 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 36 1 Kansas 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 65 36 0 Kentucky 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 13 58 48 0 Louisiana 64 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 15 26 18 0 Maine 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 Maryland 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 19 2 Massachusetts 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 4 Michigan 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 31 43 6 Minnesota 87 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 26 57 3 Mississippi 82 0 0 0 0 0 1 13 23 35 9 1 Missouri 115 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 12 63 30 3 Montana 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 21 30 4 Nebraska 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 56 31 0 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 45 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 33 Figure 44 - Continued Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2020 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Counties Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Nevada 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 5 8 1 New Hampshire 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 New Jersey 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 17 3 New Mexico 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 12 13 6 New York 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 43 10 North Carolina 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 29 52 18 North Dakota 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 27 3 Northern Mariana Isl 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Ohio 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 33 51 2 Oklahoma 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 12 46 13 1 Oregon 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 8 21 4 Pennsylvania 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 18 45 3 Puerto Rico 78 0 0 0 0 4 12 17 24 19 2 0 Rhode Island 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 South Carolina 46 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 20 18 4 South Dakota 66 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 36 26 2 Tennessee 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 50 37 4 Texas 254 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 14 121 97 17 Utah 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 19 8 Vermont 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 6 Virgin Islands 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 Virginia 134 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 8 45 62 11 Washington 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 10 22 6 West Virginia 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 34 18 0 Wisconsin 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 48 10 Wyoming 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 15 2 Total 3,234 3 0 0 2 7 27 89 236 1291 1339 240 Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2016-2020 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 46 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 34 Figure 45 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2020 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Tracts Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Alabama 1,179 0 0 1 0 3 28 64 106 392 428 157 Alaska 167 1 0 0 2 2 4 5 6 38 72 37 American Samoa 18 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 5 5 0 2 Arizona 1,526 9 2 3 7 15 18 23 46 286 619 498 Arkansas 686 0 0 0 1 5 13 56 91 268 192 60 California 8,036 46 10 3 10 16 32 45 88 997 4,519 2,270 Colorado 1,249 8 0 0 2 1 3 10 20 130 626 449 Connecticut 829 3 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 91 478 252 Delaware 215 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 28 98 85 District of Columbia 179 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 28 85 62 Florida 4,199 29 4 3 2 5 9 19 73 531 1,577 1,947 Georgia 1,964 6 0 2 2 2 23 43 103 467 782 534 Guam 56 8 1 1 3 5 1 2 4 7 8 16 Hawaii 326 10 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 33 122 151 Idaho 298 0 0 0 0 3 4 9 12 89 135 46 Illinois 3,121 5 0 0 5 7 22 52 132 853 1,592 453 Indiana 1,508 5 1 0 4 1 11 22 94 503 644 223 Iowa 825 2 0 0 0 1 0 9 20 380 354 59 Kansas 770 6 0 1 2 4 6 5 37 274 313 122 Kentucky 1,115 7 0 2 0 3 10 32 58 348 499 156 Louisiana 1,136 10 1 0 3 12 23 66 93 345 388 195 Maine 351 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 174 131 Maryland 1,394 6 1 1 1 2 2 17 16 197 660 491 Massachusetts 1,471 12 1 1 1 2 4 6 11 168 854 411 Michigan 2,767 25 2 4 4 18 29 46 123 687 1,329 500 Minnesota 1,335 4 0 0 0 1 5 6 18 330 782 189 Mississippi 661 4 0 0 0 6 17 64 106 241 162 61 Missouri 1,393 2 1 0 2 7 16 54 87 431 579 214 Montana 271 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 7 79 131 48 Nebraska 532 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 16 180 259 70 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 47 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 35 Figure 45 - Continued Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2020 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Tracts Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Nevada 683 4 0 0 1 0 2 8 17 103 334 214 New Hampshire 294 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 152 129 New Jersey 2,004 9 1 0 8 8 19 12 10 229 962 746 New Mexico 499 1 1 2 2 7 4 13 24 156 204 85 New York 4,900 68 3 6 15 19 20 33 62 1,124 2,445 1,105 North Carolina 2,183 12 1 0 0 0 3 11 53 505 931 667 North Dakota 205 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 80 85 33 Northern Mariana Isl 22 2 0 0 0 1 5 6 1 3 4 0 Ohio 2,946 5 0 0 4 6 15 41 102 800 1,532 441 Oklahoma 1,046 0 2 2 3 9 25 51 121 359 330 144 Oregon 827 2 1 0 1 0 1 3 18 135 513 153 Pennsylvania 3,217 18 2 3 5 4 16 32 73 717 1,702 645 Puerto Rico 903 13 8 46 127 126 127 126 77 84 46 123 Rhode Island 241 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 20 141 77 South Carolina 1,097 9 2 8 2 10 9 28 65 274 401 289 South Dakota 222 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 7 101 86 22 Tennessee 1,497 12 1 0 2 6 14 28 71 501 629 233 Texas 5,253 28 2 1 5 14 26 88 233 1,445 2,125 1,286 Utah 588 2 2 0 1 3 2 1 3 76 309 189 Vermont 184 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 13 106 62 Virgin Islands 29 0 0 0 1 0 2 3 0 16 6 1 Virginia 1,895 18 2 1 2 7 24 37 74 373 825 532 Washington 1,446 2 0 1 1 2 4 6 11 150 899 370 West Virginia 484 0 0 0 2 4 8 24 39 189 171 47 Wisconsin 1,393 2 2 0 0 1 3 6 22 362 796 199 Wyoming 132 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 32 72 23 Total 73,767 426 56 97 236 351 614 1,234 2,473 16,309 34,267 17,704 Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2016-2020 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 48 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 SECTION 5 CORRELATED RESULTS: DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES Table of Contents Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of December 31, 2020 ......................................................................................... 50 Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of December 31, 2020 ......................................................................................... 51 Figure 48 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2020 ......................................... 52 Figure 49 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2020 ..................................................................... 53 Figure 50 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of December 31, 2020 ......................................................................................... 54 Figure 51 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of December 31, 2020 ......................................................................................... 55 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 49 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 36 Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of December 31, 2020 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.63 0.70 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.93 Median 0.64 0.71 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.95 1.0 Max 0.9 Q3 Median 0.8 Q1 0.7 0.6 0.5 Min Subscribership Ratio Ratio Subscribership 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Income Median Household Income by Decile Higher Income Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the income decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2016-2020 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 50 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 37 Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of December 31, 2020 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.77 0.77 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.86 Median 0.78 0.78 0.73 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.83 0.90 0.92 1.0 Max 0.9 Q3 Median 0.8 Q1 0.7 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio Ratio Subscribership 0.4 0.3 Min 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Density County Household Density by Decile Higher Density Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the density decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2016-2020 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 51 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 38 Figure 48 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2020 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.90 0.93 Median 0.68 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.90 0.95 1.0 Max Q3 0.9 Median 0.8 Q1 0.7 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio Ratio Subscribership 0.4 Min 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Share County Share of College Graduates by Decile Higher Share Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the share decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2016-2020 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 52 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 39 Figure 49 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2020 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.84 0.83 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.83 Median 0.87 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.84 1.0 Max 0.9 Q3 0.8 Median 0.7 Q1 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio Ratio Subscribership 0.4 0.3 Min 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Average Age County Average Age by Decile Higher Average Age Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the average age decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2016-2020 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 53 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 40 Figure 50 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of December 31, 2020 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage of Residential Fixed High-Speed Connections High-Speed Fixed Residential of Percentage 20 10 0 Lowest Density Highest Density aDSL Cable Modem FTTP Satellite Fixed Wireless This chart shows subscribership ratios by technology and household density. Tracts were grouped into 100 density percentiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of estimated tract households to tract land area from the Census Bureau. For each percentile, the height of the bar represents the household-weighted average ratio of residential fixed connections to households across tracts in the percentile. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2016-2020 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 54 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 41 Figure 51 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of December 31, 2020 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction by Tract) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Richest Highest Density Poorest Lowest Density This chart shows subscribership ratios by household density and income quantiles. Tracts were grouped into 400 density/income quantiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of estimated tract households to tract land area, and median household income. For each quantile, the height of the grid represents the household-weighted average ratio of residential fixed connections to households across tracts in the decile. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2016-2020 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 55 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 Technical Notes General The information presented in this report is based on data from FCC Form 477. Through FCC Form 477, facilities-based broadband providers submit information to the FCC about where they offer and have subscribers to Internet access services over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction. In June 2013, the Commission adopted several changes to FCC Form 477.9 Detailed information about those changes and about the FCC Form 477 reporting requirements in general is available at www.fcc.gov/form477. In March 2020, Congress passed the Broadband Data Act which required the Commission to collect broadband availability data at a more granular level than what was historically reported through FCC Form 477.10 As a result, starting in June 2022, broadband availability data have been collected through the Broadband Data Collection (BDC) while subscription data continues to be reported through FCC Form 477. To ensure consistency across the two data collections, several minor changes were made to the FCC Form 477 reporting requirements beginning with filings as of June 30, 2022. Complete reporting requirements for both, the BDC and FCC Form 477, can be found here: www.fcc.gov/BroadbandData/filers. The inaugural BDC filing window for data as of June 30, 2022 was closed on September 1, 2022. Subscription data collected as part of the BDC will be incorporated into this report beginning with the June 30, 2022 edition. FCC Form 477 collects information about Internet access connections in service to end-user locations that are advertised to deliver information to and/or from the end user – that is, in at least one direction – at transfer rates (speeds) above 200 kilobits per second (kbps). Information is collected about the number of connections by the advertised speeds associated with each product subscribed to in the relevant geographic area, census tracts for fixed and states for mobile. Fixed providers report connections by the maximum advertised upload and download speeds, while mobile providers report connections by minimum advertised upload and download speeds. Fixed connections are further categorized by the technology employed by the part of the connection that terminates at the end-user location. Wherever a number of providers is cited in this report, multiple FCC Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider. “End users” are residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based providers report information about connections they provide directly to their own end-user customers and also connections that they provide to Internet Service Providers for resale to end users. For FCC Form 477 purposes, the facilities-based provider of a connection is the entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at 9 Modernizing the FCC Form 477 Data Program, WC Docket No. 11-10, Report and Order, 28 FCC Rcd 9887 (2013). See also High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2014 (March 2016) at 1-2, available at https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/internet-access-services-reports/internet-access-services- reports. 10 Broadband Deployment Accuracy and Technological Availability Act, Pub. L. No. 116-130, 134 Stat. 228 (2020) (codified at 47 U.S.C. §§ 641-646) (Broadband DATA Act or Act). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 56 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis. The mutually exclusive FCC Form 477 technology categories are: asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (aDSL in this report); symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (sDSL); other copper wireline; cable modem; optical carrier / fiber to the end user; satellite; terrestrial fixed wireless (using licensed or unlicensed spectrum); mobile wireless; and all other (which is included to capture deployment of additional technologies over time). In the FCC Form 477 data collection, aDSL-based services delivered over fiber-to-the-node architecture are reported in the aDSL category. The other wireline category comprises T1/DS1, T3/DS3, and other copper-based connections, not elsewhere categorized, that deliver Internet access service at the end-user location. Ethernet connections delivering Internet access service are reported in the other wireline category if the connection terminates over copper and in the FTTP category if the connection terminates over fiber. Connections deployed over hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) architecture are reported in the cable modem category. Wireless ISPs (WISPs) report in the fixed wireless category if providing service to dispersed, fixed end-user locations and report in the mobile wireless category if providing a commercial service that can be received at any location within a service footprint. Wireless local area networks (such as Wi-Fi hotspots) that only enable local distribution and sharing of a premises connection are not included, although the shared premises connection is included. Numbers of connections presented in this report are not adjusted for the number of persons at a single end-user location who have access to, or who use, the Internet access services delivered over the connection to that location. Numbers of residential connections are estimated based on the total connections and percentage- residential connections information reported on FCC Form 477. Census tracts Since the collection of data as of December 31, 2008, facilities-based providers of reportable fixed-location Internet access connections have been reporting connection counts at the census tract level of detail. Facilities-based mobile wireless providers report connection counts by state rather than census tract. The census tract-level data summarized in this report were collected for tracts in the 2010 decennial census. For the purposes of this report, there are 73,767 census tracts because we exclude census tracts delineated specifically to cover large bodies of water. About 110 of the census tracts have population but no households because the population resides in group living quarters. For the purpose of estimating residential subscribership rates by census tract, we assume these census tracts have no reportable residential Internet access service because persons residing in group quarters would have Internet access over a business connection provided to the operator of the group quarters. Therefore, these census tracts are included in the “zero” column. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 57 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 Ratios of residential fixed-location connections to households that exceed 100% We estimate the share of households with fixed-location connections in individual census tracts by taking the ratio of the reported number of fixed-location residential service connections to the estimated number of households. We continue to find “outlier” estimates at or above 100% and to find that the number of outliers is substantially reduced when estimates are made for individual counties rather than for individual census tracts. Possible explanations of ratios at or above 100% include: (1) geocoding misallocations of service locations to census tracts; (2) proper allocation of connections to the county level by some filers, but improper allocation of all connections to a single tract in the county; (3) possible overestimation of residential connections in service plans for which the customer base is primarily residential; and (4) connections at seasonally or occasionally occupied housing units, such as vacation homes, while the household is counted elsewhere. The numbers of households in census tracts that were used to generate the estimated ratios are themselves estimates (from Census 2016-2020 ACS 5-year estimates), which could have an independent effect. Maps showing residential subscribership rates by census tract The two maps based on estimated Internet access connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction per 1,000 households (that is, estimated household subscribership rates) exclude all connections identified as business connections and necessarily exclude residential mobile wireless connections (which are reported for the state but not for individual census tracts). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 58 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 Glossary Term Definition aDSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line: A digital local loop typically using copper facilities and providing greater bandwidth in one direction than the other. Cable modem service A service which offers customers access to the Internet over a cable system. Downstream speed Speed of transmission from the Internet to the end user. End users Residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based provider Entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis. Fixed wireless A radio communication service between specified fixed points. Fixed technologies All technologies other than terrestrial mobile wireless. FTTH or FTTP Fiber to the Home (Premises): A network access architecture in which optical fiber is deployed all the way to the customer’s home (premises). Internet access service Service that provides end users access to the Internet. ISPs Internet Service Providers: Companies or organizations that provide Internet access service (see above). Mobile wireless service A radio communication service between mobile and fixed stations, or between mobile stations. Mobile wireless provider Provider of mobile wireless service (see above). Other wireline All copper-wire based technologies other than DSL technologies; Ethernet over copper and T-1 are examples. Power line Internet access service delivered over electric power transmission lines. Satellite communications A telecommunications service provided via one or more satellite relays and their associated uplinks and downlinks. sDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line: DSL technology that provides equal bandwidth for both uploads and downloads. Speed tiers Sub-groupings defined by ranges of upstream speeds and downstream speeds. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 59 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020 Upstream speed Speed of transmission from the end user to the Internet. Wi-Fi hotspot Wireless Fidelity: Generic term referring to any type of IEEE 802.11 wireless network. A hotspot is a small geographic area in which users can gain access to a Wi-Fi network which in turn connects to the Internet. Wireless service Telephone, Internet, data, and other services provided to customers through the transmission of signals over networks of radio towers. Wireless service provider Provider of wireless service (see above). WISP Wireless ISP: A company that provides end users with wireless access to the Internet, most commonly by using radio spectrum designated for unlicensed use. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 60 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2020