Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 Industry Analysis Division Office of Economics & Analytics August 2023 This report is available for reference in the FCC’s Reference Information Center, 45 L Street NE, Washington, DC 20554. Copies may be purchased by contacting Best Copy and Printing, Inc., 45 L Street NE, Washington, DC 20554, telephone (800) 378-3160, or via their website at www.bcpiweb.com. The report can also be downloaded from the Internet Access Services Reports webpage at https://www.fcc.gov/internet-access- services-reports. To discuss the information in this report, please call (202) 418-0940 or send an e-mail to OEA-IADreports@fcc.gov. TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS .....................................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 Total Connections ....................................................................................................................2 Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections by Speed 2018-2021 .....................................2 Connections by Speed ..............................................................................................................3 Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed.............................3 Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Upstream Speed .................................4 Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Speed 2018-2021 ........................................................5 Number of Providers by Census Block ..................................................................................6 Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Report Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband .....................................6 Internet Access Subscribership ..............................................................................................7 Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2006-2021 ........................................................................7 Other Report Highlights..........................................................................................................8 SECTION 2: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE NATION ..............................................10 SECTION 3: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE STATES ...............................................28 SECTION 4: SUMMARY STATISTICS - COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS .......38 SECTION 5: CORRELATION RESULTS - DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES ..............48 Technical Notes ......................................................................................................................55 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................58 SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS Introduction This report summarizes information about Internet access connections in the United States as of December 31, 2021 as collected by FCC Form 477. For purposes of this report, Internet access connections are those in service, over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction, and reported to the FCC through Form 477.1 The report includes data on total and residential Internet access connections by downstream and upstream speed, by technology, by geography, and over time. Section 2 of the report presents nationwide statistics, Section 3 provides state-level data, and Section 4 includes data on the subscribership differences among counties and census tracts.2 In addition, Section 5 of the report includes an analysis of the correlations between subscribership ratios and various demographic measures.3 Maps depicting the number of fixed connections per 1,000 households by census tract are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/internet- access-services-reports. 1 See the Technical Notes and Glossary at the end of this report for more-detailed information about the FCC Form 477 data collection and the meaning of terms used in this report. 2 The Commission began collecting census tract-level data for data as of December 31, 2008. See High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2008 (February 2010) at 1-4, available at http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/high-speed-services-internet-access-reports (December 2008 High-Speed Report). 3 Publicly-available data that are too voluminous to include in this report are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/general/fcc-form-477-additional-data. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 1 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 Total Connections  As shown in Figure 1, total Internet connections increased by about 3.9% between December 2020 and December 2021 to 510 million. Mobile Internet connections increased 4.0% year-over- year to 384 million in December 2021, while fixed connections grew to 126 million – up about 3.7% from December 2020. Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections 2018-2021 550 510.2 500.3 500 490.9 125.8 480.2 123.4 121.3 466.3 459.3 118.4 451.1 114.3 450 112.7 110.8 400 384.4 376.8 369.6 361.7 350 352.0 346.6 340.3 300 250 Connections in Millions in Connections 200 150 100 50 0 Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec 2018 2019 2019 2020 2020 2021 2021 Fixed Mobile Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Connections include both residential and business connections. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 2 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 Connections by Speed Fixed connections – downstream speeds. Figure 2(a) illustrates how the 126 million fixed connections reported for December 2021 were distributed across the five groups of downstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 10 Mbps, 25 Mbps, 100 Mbps, and 940 Mbps. See Figure 9 for more detail. Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections (125.8 million) by Downstream Speed as of December 31, 2021 13.3% 4.9% 6.6% 18.2% 57.0% Downstream Speed Less than 10 Mbps (6.1 million) At least 10 Mbps & less than 25 Mbps (8.3 million) At least 25 Mbps & less than 100 Mbps (22.9 million) At least 100 Mbps & less than 940 Mbps (71.8 million) At least 940 Mbps (16.7 million) Note: Numbers may not sum to total due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 3 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 Fixed connections – upstream speeds. Figure 2(b) illustrates how the 126 million fixed connections reported for December 2021 were distributed across the five groups of upstream speeds defined by breakpoints at 1 Mbps, 3 Mbps, 20 Mbps, and 500 Mbps. See Figure 9 for more detail. Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections (125.8 million) by Upstream Speed as of December 31, 2021 9.3% 3.7% 6.6% 27.9% 52.5% Upstream Speed Less than 1 Mbps (4.7 million) At least 1 Mbps & less than 3 Mbps (8.3 million) At least 3 Mbps & less than 20 Mbps (66.1 million) At least 20 Mbps & less than 500 Mbps (35.1 million) At least 500 Mbps (11.7 million) Note: Numbers may not sum to total due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 4 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 Fixed connections by downstream speed over time. Figure 3 illustrates how the composition of total fixed Internet connections by different speed groups has changed from 2018 to 2021. Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2018-2021 125.8 123.4 121.3 16.7 118.4 14.1 12.0 114.3 112.7 8.6 110.8 6.0 4.6 66.6 69.0 70.7 71.8 56.6 59.7 64.1 100 Connections in Millions in Connections 50 24.4 24.1 22.1 23.6 22.6 22.8 22.9 14.7 13.9 13.1 11.2 10.3 9.0 8.3 11.5 10.4 9.0 8.4 7.4 6.8 6.1 0 Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec 2018 2019 2019 2020 2020 2021 2021 At least 940 Mbps At least 100 Mbps and less than 940 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps Less than 10 Mbps Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Connections include both residential and business connections. Source: FCC Form 477.  The percentage of fixed connections with a downstream speed of at least 100 Mbps has grown from 54% (or 60 million connections) in December 2018 to 70% (or 89 million connections) in December 2021. Over the same period, the percentage of fixed connections with downstream speeds of less than 10 Mbps has decreased from 10% (or 12 million connections) in December 2018 to about 5% (or about 6 million connections) in December 2021. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 5 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 Number of Providers by Census Block In Figure 4, we show the percentage of “developed” census blocks – blocks that contain housing units – with zero, one, two, or three or more fixed broadband providers offering residential Internet access service at different speeds in December 2021. This information is taken from the block-level FCC Form 477 fixed broadband deployment data that the Commission began collecting in 2014.4 A provider that reports offering service in a particular census block may not offer service, or service at that speed, to all locations in the census block. Accordingly, the number of providers shown in Figure 4 does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household and does not purport to measure competition. Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Reported the Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband as of December 31, 2021 100 59 49 11 30 90 31 80 70 68 60 41 50 26 40 24 30 18 Percentage of Census Blocks with Housing Units Housing with Blocks PercentageCensus of 20 14 17 10 6 4 0 At least 10 Mbps* At least 25 Mbps* At least 100 Mbps At least 940 Mbps downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least 1 Mbps upstream 3 Mbps upstream 20 Mbps upstream 500 Mbps upstream 0 Providers 1 Provider 2 Providers 3+ Providers * Satellite service providers are excluded from this analysis. Satellite service providers report offering internet access at bandwidths of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream in 99.8% of developed Census blocks. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2020 census. Source: FCC Form 477. 4 Download these data and explore the interactive map at https://broadband477map.fcc.gov/#/. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 6 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 Internet Access Subscribership Figure 5 illustrates the number of total and residential fixed Internet access connections (connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction except mobile wireless connections), as well as the number of total fixed connections per 100 persons and the number of residential fixed connections per 100 households, since 2006. Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2006-2021 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction)  Between December 2011 and December 2021, total (business and residential) fixed connections grew from 88 million connections to 126 million connections – at a compound annual growth rate of 4% per year.5  Over the same ten-year period, residential fixed connections grew from 81 million connections to 116 million connections – also at a compound annual growth rate of 4% per year. 5 The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a smoothed rate of growth calculated in three steps: (1) divide the ending value by the beginning value; (2) raise the result of that division to a power equal to one divided by the number of years in the period (in this case, 10 years, so the power is 1/10); (3) subtract the number one from the result of the second step. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 7 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021  From June 2011 to June 2021, the number of residential fixed connections per 100 U.S. households increased from 65 to 86.6 Other Report Highlights Typical speeds  The median downstream speed of all reported fixed connections was 200 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 10 Mbps. For residential fixed connections, the median downstream speed was 200 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 10 Mbps. Residential connections  Residential fixed Internet access connections increased by about 3.7% between December 2020 and December 2021, to about 116 million. See Figure 7.  Residential (non-business) mobile wireless Internet access connections on mobile devices with data plans for full Internet access increased by about 8.4%, to 321 million, between December 2020 and December 2021. See Figure 7.  Approximately 95% of residential fixed connections had a speed of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream in December 2021, while 89% had a speed of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream. About 72% percent of all residential fixed connections had a downstream speed of at least 100 Mbps. See Figures 10 and 29.  As a national average in December 2021, there were about 88 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream per 100 households; 82 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream per 100 households; and 32 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 100 Mbps downstream and 20 Mbps upstream per 100 households.7 See Figure 34. 6 We calculate residential fixed connections per 100 households using, in the denominator, U.S. household estimates from the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS) for July of each year and, for Puerto Rico and the other inhabited island areas, Census 2010 households for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 households for the earlier years. (The CPS also estimates U.S. households for March and November of each year.) Figure 5 also shows total (business and residential) fixed connections per 100 population, which we calculate using U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for the United States and Puerto Rico – which are as of July 1 each year – and, for the remaining inhabited island areas, Census 2010 population for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 population for the earlier years. This statistic incorporates connections to business locations into a comparison to persons. (We note that the ratio of accurately-measured residential fixed connections to population has a maximum value for any given country and point in time – the value when every household is connected – if we assume that no household would have more than one fixed connection to its premises. For the United States in June, for example, the maximum value would be 40 because there were about 133 million households in the United States and inhabited insular areas and a population of about 336 million according to the sources used for Figure 5.) 7 Increases over time in the ratio of residential fixed connections to households indicate that increasing shares of households are connected at home. The ratio is somewhat different from the “take rate” of offered service (which may also be called an “adoption rate”) because some households may be located in areas where no fixed-location service is offered. These methodological differences are discussed in greater detail in Inquiry Concerning the Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, U.S. Federal Communications Commission 8 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 Census tract and county shares of households with reportable connections  We estimate the share of households with fixed Internet access connections in individual census tracts and counties as of December 31, 2021.8 We continue to observe substantial variation among these estimates. See Figures 39 and 41. Household subscribership rates and demographics  The report includes charts that illustrate correlations between household subscribership rates and demographic measures. We update charts based on income, household density, education and age. The data indicate that some demographic variables are correlated with Internet access subscribership rates. See Figures 46-51. Amended by the Broadband Data Improvement Act, GN Docket No.11-121, Eighth Broadband Progress Report, 27 FCC Rcd 10342, 10386, para. 94 (2012). 8 For both census tracts and counties, we continue to find estimates above 100% for the share of households with fixed Internet access connections. See p. 57 for more information. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 9 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 SECTION 2 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE NATION Table of Contents Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2017-2021 .......................... 12 Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2017-2021 ................................................................................................ 12 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2018-2021 ......................... 13 Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................... 14 Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2021 ................................................................. 15 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2017-2021 ................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 12 Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ........................................... 16 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2016-2020 ............................................................................................ 17 Figure 14 Residential Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ........................ 17 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 16 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ..................................................................... 18 Figure 17 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 ...................................................................... 19 Figure 18 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ................................................................ 19 Figure 19 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 ............................................................................................ 20 Figure 20 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ..................................................................... 20 Figure 21 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 ...................................................................... 21 Figure 22 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ................................................ 21 Figure 23 Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 ............................................................................................ 22 Figure 24 Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ..................................................................... 22 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 ...................................................................... 23 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 10 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 Figure 26 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ................................................ 23 Figure 27 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2017-2021 (Shares of Selected Technologies) .................................... 24 Figure 28 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2017-2021 (Net Adds for Selected Technologies) .............................. 24 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2021 (Shares of Selected Technologies for Selected Speeds) ......................................... 25 Figure 30 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2021 .................................................................................................. 26 Figure 31 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 27 Figure 32 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2017-2021 ............................................................... 28 Figure 33 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction - Selected Technologies 2017-2021 ................................................. 28 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 11 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 1 Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2017-2021 (in thousands) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 420,838 428,864 451,062 459,327 466,302 480,185 490,888 500,261 510,198 Total Fixed 108,065 109,087 110,784 112,725 114,291 118,449 121,250 123,425 125,777 Mobile Wireless 312,773 319,776 340,278 346,603 352,012 361,737 369,638 376,835 384,420 Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2017-2021 (in thousands) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 351,966 358,867 378,286 383,605 388,344 403,212 407,652 415,260 436,576 Total Fixed 98,845 99,758 101,348 103,118 104,703 108,909 111,621 113,581 115,792 Mobile Wireless 253,121 259,109 276,938 280,486 283,641 294,303 296,031 301,679 320,785 Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 12 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 2 Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2018-2021 115.8 113.6 111.6 16.1 108.9 13.6 11.5 104.7 8.3 103.1 101.3 5.7 4.4 100 3.3 63.0 64.9 66.2 67.0 54.1 56.6 60.6 Connections in Millions in Connections 50 21.0 20.9 19.0 20.7 19.8 20.2 20.4 13.3 12.6 11.8 10.1 9.2 8.0 7.3 9.6 8.7 7.5 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.0 0 Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec 2018 2019 2019 2020 2020 2021 2021 At least 940 Mbps At least 100 Mbps and less than 940 Mbps At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps Less than 10 Mbps Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 13 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 3 Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2021 >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 15.0% >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 1.6% < 3 Mbps >= 20 Mbps 5.0% 2.7% < 3 Mbps 4.7% >= 20 Mbps 13.2% >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 35.8% >= 20 Mbps 21.3% Downstream Speed < 10 Mbps; 4.9% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 6.6% >= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 18.2% >= 100 Mbps & < 940 Mbps; 57.0% >= 940 Mbps; 13.3% Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 10 At least 25 At least 100 Mbps Mbps Mbps and less and less and less Less than than 25 than 100 than 940 At least 940 Upstream Speed 10 Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Total Less than 3 Mbps 5,908 6,272 728 11 # 12,920 At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 204 1,950 18,852 44,966 118 66,090 At least 20 Mbps 2 75 3,339 26,775 16,577 46,767 Total 6,114 8,297 22,919 71,752 16,695 125,777 Percentages Less than 3 Mbps 4.7 5.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 10.3 At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 0.2 1.6 15.0 35.8 0.1 52.5 At least 20 Mbps 0.0 0.1 2.7 21.3 13.2 37.2 Total 4.9 6.6 18.2 57.0 13.3 100.0 Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 14 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 4 Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction as of December 31, 2021 >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 14.6% 1.5% < 3 Mbps 4.8% >= 20 Mbps < 3 Mbps 2.5% 4.2% >= 20 Mbps 13.8% >= 20 Mbps 20.7% >= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps 37.1% Downstream Speed < 10 Mbps; 4.3% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 6.3% >= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 17.7% >= 100 Mbps & < 940 Mbps; 57.8% >= 940 Mbps; 13.9% Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds. Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 10 At least 25 At least 100 Mbps Mbps Mbps and less and less and less Less than than 25 than 100 than 940 At least 940 Upstream Speed 10 Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Total Less than 3 Mbps 4,878 5,550 669 10 # 11,108 At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 121 1,724 16,890 42,998 114 61,848 At least 20 Mbps 2 33 2,880 23,959 15,962 42,836 Total 5,001 7,307 20,440 66,967 16,077 115,792 Percentages Less than 3 Mbps 4.2 4.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 9.6 At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 0.1 1.5 14.6 37.1 0.1 53.4 At least 20 Mbps 0.0 0.0 2.5 20.7 13.8 37.0 Total 4.3 6.3 17.7 57.8 13.9 100.0 Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 15 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 5 Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2017-2021 (in thousands) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 420,838 428,864 451,062 459,327 466,302 480,185 490,888 500,261 510,198 Total Fixed 108,065 109,087 110,784 112,725 114,291 118,449 121,250 123,425 125,777 aDSL 24,193 23,074 22,377 21,163 20,214 19,639 18,786 18,085 16,868 sDSL 28 28 20 17 16 19 13 18 14 Other Wireline1 581 558 557 501 525 516 527 517 530 Cable Modem 66,196 67,165 68,882 70,750 72,516 75,986 77,909 79,330 80,232 FTTP2 13,890 14,889 15,492 16,748 17,376 18,443 19,945 21,120 23,338 Satellite 1,872 1,939 1,971 1,984 1,975 1,993 1,931 1,910 1,873 Fixed Wireless 1,306 1,434 1,485 1,561 1,669 1,853 2,140 2,445 2,923 Mobile Wireless 312,773 319,776 340,278 346,603 352,012 361,737 369,638 376,835 384,420 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 16 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 6 Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2017-2021 (in thousands) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 351,966 358,867 378,286 383,605 388,344 403,212 407,652 415,260 436,576 Total Fixed 98,845 99,758 101,348 103,118 104,703 108,909 111,621 113,581 115,792 aDSL 21,653 20,671 20,126 18,976 18,159 17,647 16,920 16,278 15,186 sDSL 9 9 4 4 5 7 3 4 3 Other Wireline1 67 74 76 62 74 64 59 63 80 Cable Modem 61,567 62,320 63,813 65,457 67,141 70,710 72,543 73,844 74,599 FTTP2 12,702 13,663 14,205 15,410 16,011 16,971 18,384 19,414 21,531 Satellite 1,688 1,751 1,787 1,805 1,795 1,815 1,752 1,728 1,692 Fixed Wireless 1,158 1,270 1,338 1,405 1,520 1,694 1,958 2,251 2,701 Mobile Wireless 253,121 259,109 276,938 280,486 283,641 294,303 296,031 301,679 320,785 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 17 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 7 Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 (in thousands) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 90,609 94,071 97,302 100,464 103,595 109,159 112,445 115,772 118,773 aDSL 11,598 11,822 12,038 11,829 11,704 12,421 11,760 12,017 11,334 sDSL 9 11 6 5 5 8 4 7 5 Other Wireline1 262 271 292 261 301 307 323 323 341 Cable Modem 63,978 65,808 67,716 69,704 71,934 75,391 77,513 79,035 79,956 FTTP2 12,869 13,898 14,815 16,078 16,854 17,993 19,555 20,813 23,058 Satellite 1,402 1,595 1,677 1,726 1,737 1,778 1,727 1,717 1,700 Fixed Wireless 491 666 759 861 1,059 1,263 1,564 1,860 2,379 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 18 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 8 Figure 17 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 (in thousands) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 84,163 86,973 89,873 92,698 95,649 101,201 104,199 107,212 109,975 aDSL 10,657 10,862 11,073 10,812 10,682 11,374 10,761 11,003 10,363 sDSL 5 6 2 1 2 4 1 2 1 Other Wireline1 64 65 68 58 70 61 56 61 77 Cable Modem 59,864 61,142 62,810 64,556 66,691 70,299 72,215 73,611 74,386 FTTP2 11,762 12,741 13,589 14,800 15,536 16,566 18,042 19,145 21,286 Satellite 1,387 1,575 1,655 1,702 1,708 1,745 1,691 1,676 1,656 Fixed Wireless 425 582 676 768 960 1,151 1,433 1,714 2,206 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 19 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 9 Figure 19 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 (in thousands) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 73,875 78,952 82,965 86,744 90,471 96,984 101,630 106,794 110,627 aDSL 3,586 4,298 4,988 5,233 5,523 5,910 6,237 6,397 6,237 sDSL * * * * * * * 2 2 Other Wireline1 219 203 228 220 263 273 286 288 299 Cable Modem 57,870 60,859 62,880 64,938 67,171 71,856 74,169 77,502 78,656 FTTP2 11,489 12,568 13,605 14,902 15,866 17,076 18,840 20,171 22,459 Satellite * * * * * * * 1,328 1,353 Fixed Wireless 143 224 267 325 449 571 804 1,105 1,620 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 20 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 10 Figure 21 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 (in thousands) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 69,447 73,288 76,873 80,256 83,725 90,170 94,451 99,254 102,804 aDSL 3,410 4,068 4,712 4,911 5,168 5,538 5,871 6,008 5,855 sDSL * * * * * * * 1 1 Other Wireline1 59 54 61 53 64 56 51 58 74 Cable Modem 54,748 56,620 58,342 60,125 62,231 67,017 69,098 72,268 73,262 FTTP2 10,553 11,570 12,546 13,780 14,690 15,781 17,445 18,615 20,795 Satellite * * * * * * * 1,288 1,311 Fixed Wireless 119 193 234 283 400 512 727 1,015 1,506 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 21 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 11 Figure 23 Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 (in thousands) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 12,148 14,619 18,750 22,217 25,603 29,554 34,493 38,563 43,352 aDSL 47 59 207 387 569 658 774 867 885 sDSL 1 1 1 # * * * * * Other Wireline1 192 174 196 178 211 213 217 218 224 Cable Modem 7,149 8,352 9,466 11,426 13,088 15,496 18,420 20,924 23,298 FTTP2 4,729 5,976 8,815 10,146 11,634 13,071 14,933 16,373 18,705 Satellite 0 0 0 0 * * * * * Fixed Wireless 30 56 65 79 101 116 143 180 239 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 22 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 12 Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 (in thousands) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Total 11,030 13,171 17,101 20,322 23,469 27,164 31,773 35,456 39,921 aDSL 42 53 194 344 512 594 733 820 835 sDSL # # # # * * * * * Other Wireline1 53 46 47 27 36 27 20 21 35 Cable Modem 6,591 7,491 8,512 10,312 11,883 14,157 16,843 19,128 21,298 FTTP2 4,324 5,534 8,292 9,574 10,952 12,288 14,055 15,329 17,537 Satellite 0 0 0 0 * * * * * Fixed Wireless 20 47 56 65 86 98 118 158 215 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. 2 Fiber to the premises. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. # = Rounds to zero. Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 23 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 13 Percentage of Residential Fixed Connections Fixed Residential of Percentage Connections in Thousands in Connections U.S. Federal Communications Commission 24 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 14 Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2021 (Shares of selected technologies for selected speeds, connections in thousands) Connections 115,792 109,975 102,804 39,921 9,273 100 3.9 3.6 2.8 43.9 99.3 20.2 18.6 19.4 90 80 64.4 67.6 71.3 70 60 53.4 50 40 Estimated Percentage of Households of Percentage Estimated 30 20 13.1 10 9.4 5.7 0 Over 200 kbps in at At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps At least 100 Mbps At least 940 Mbps least one direction downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least downstream and at least 1 Mbps upstream 3 Mbps upstream 20 Mbps upstream 500 Mbps upstream aDSL Cable Modem FTTP All Other Fixed Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 25 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 15 Figure 30 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 100 At least 4 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps Mbps Less than and less than and less than and less than and less than At least 940 Technology 4 Mbps 10 Mbps 25 Mbps 100 Mbps 940 Mbps Mbps Total aDSL 2,065 2,598 5,425 5,684 1,096 # 16,868 sDSL * * * * * * 14 Other Wireline1 159 30 38 45 224 35 530 Cable Modem 177 90 1,159 11,179 60,751 6,875 80,232 FTTP 86 185 577 3,400 9,365 9,725 23,338 Satellite * * * * * 0 1,873 Fixed Wireless 217 327 748 1,372 199 60 2,923 Total 2,858 3,257 8,297 22,919 71,752 16,695 125,777 Percentages aDSL 1.6 2.1 4.3 4.5 0.9 0.0 13.4 sDSL * * * * * * 0.0 Other Wireline1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 Cable Modem 0.1 0.1 0.9 8.9 48.3 5.5 63.8 FTTP 0.1 0.1 0.5 2.7 7.4 7.7 18.6 Satellite * * * * * 0.0 1.5 Fixed Wireless 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.0 2.3 Total 2.3 2.6 6.6 18.2 57.0 13.3 100.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 26 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 16 Figure 31 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Downstream Speed At least 100 At least 4 Mbps At least 10 Mbps At least 25 Mbps Mbps Less than and less than and less than and less than and less than At least 940 Technology 4 Mbps 10 Mbps 25 Mbps 100 Mbps 940 Mbps Mbps Total aDSL 1,740 2,284 4,810 5,321 1,032 # 15,186 sDSL * * * * * * 3 Other Wireline1 1 1 3 6 38 30 80 Cable Modem 147 59 988 9,696 57,075 6,634 74,599 FTTP 71 166 471 2,937 8,527 9,358 21,531 Satellite * * * * * 0 1,692 Fixed Wireless 195 299 690 1,282 181 54 2,701 Total 2,167 2,834 7,307 20,440 66,967 16,077 115,792 Percentages aDSL 1.5 2.0 4.2 4.6 0.9 0.0 13.1 sDSL * * * * * * 0.0 Other Wireline1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Cable Modem 0.1 0.1 0.9 8.4 49.3 5.7 64.4 FTTP 0.1 0.1 0.4 2.5 7.4 8.1 18.6 Satellite * * * * * 0.0 1.5 Fixed Wireless 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.0 2.3 Total 1.9 2.4 6.3 17.7 57.8 13.9 100.0 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 27 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 17 Figure 32 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2017-2021 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec aDSL 743 738 721 715 691 677 653 638 610 sDSL 150 136 127 123 121 118 106 102 87 Other Wireline1 235 249 243 222 211 215 209 203 213 Cable Modem 383 372 381 381 373 365 368 362 352 FTTP 1,147 1,183 1,269 1,309 1,330 1,377 1,441 1,477 1,505 Satellite 6 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 5 Fixed Wireless 1,160 1,188 1,239 1,248 1,280 1,312 1,396 1,383 1,359 Mobile Wireless 83 73 71 70 67 64 64 63 62 Total 2,090 2,129 2,215 2,223 2,247 2,279 2,381 2,392 2,384 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. Note: Multiple FCC Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider. Some previously-published data may have been revised. Source: FCC Form 477. Number Providers of U.S. Federal Communications Commission 28 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 SECTION 3 SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE STATES Table of Contents Figure 34 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 30 Figure 35 Connections by Type of End User by State as of December 31, 2021 .................... 32 Figure 36 Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2021 ............................. 33 Figure 37 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 35 Figure 38 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2021 ......... 37 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 29 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 18 Figure 34 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2021 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in At least 10 Mbps Down At least 25 Mbps Down At least 100 Mbps Down At least 940 Mbps Down at least One Direction and 1 Mbps Up and 3 Mbps Up and 20 Mbps Up and 500 Mbps Up Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership State Households Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Alabama 1,903 1,645 0.86 1,508 0.79 1,356 0.71 520 0.27 153 0.08 Alaska 261 231 0.89 215 0.83 168 0.64 * * * * American Samoa 10 * * * * * * 0 0.00 0 0.00 Arizona 2,684 2,540 0.95 2,416 0.90 2,235 0.83 526 0.20 90 0.03 Arkansas 1,158 955 0.82 842 0.73 726 0.63 294 0.25 59 0.05 California 13,218 12,667 0.96 12,207 0.92 11,493 0.87 3,765 0.28 641 0.05 Colorado 2,228 2,186 0.98 2,086 0.94 1,947 0.87 530 0.24 136 0.06 Connecticut 1,397 1,321 0.95 1,277 0.91 1,161 0.83 397 0.28 19 0.01 Delaware 381 395 1.04 388 1.02 386 1.01 141 0.37 * * District of Columbia 310 280 0.90 274 0.88 271 0.88 117 0.38 * * Florida 8,157 8,387 1.03 8,090 0.99 7,756 0.95 3,127 0.38 468 0.06 Georgia 3,885 3,635 0.94 3,434 0.88 3,193 0.82 1,529 0.39 411 0.11 Guam 42 * * * * * * * * 0 0.00 Hawaii 478 499 1.04 489 1.02 * * * * * * Idaho 657 617 0.94 551 0.84 444 0.68 211 0.32 34 0.05 Illinois 4,930 4,283 0.87 4,081 0.83 3,788 0.77 1,565 0.32 155 0.03 Indiana 2,623 2,275 0.87 2,111 0.81 1,938 0.74 812 0.31 152 0.06 Iowa 1,276 1,081 0.85 980 0.77 866 0.68 361 0.28 43 0.03 Kansas 1,140 1,008 0.88 944 0.83 857 0.75 336 0.30 127 0.11 Kentucky 1,748 1,544 0.88 1,424 0.81 1,277 0.73 501 0.29 87 0.05 Louisiana 1,749 1,470 0.84 1,362 0.78 1,219 0.70 429 0.25 95 0.05 Maine 571 587 1.03 541 0.95 468 0.82 68 0.12 2 0.00 Maryland 2,294 2,171 0.95 2,126 0.93 2,094 0.91 933 0.41 * * Massachusetts 2,714 2,584 0.95 2,527 0.93 2,508 0.92 794 0.29 * * Michigan 3,977 3,533 0.89 3,348 0.84 3,132 0.79 989 0.25 77 0.02 Minnesota 2,229 2,020 0.91 1,895 0.85 1,734 0.78 458 0.21 69 0.03 Mississippi 1,109 869 0.78 771 0.70 631 0.57 283 0.26 104 0.09 Missouri 2,434 2,118 0.87 1,916 0.79 1,705 0.70 759 0.31 207 0.09 Montana 436 404 0.93 364 0.83 313 0.72 57 0.13 8 0.02 Nebraska 767 674 0.88 634 0.83 578 0.75 199 0.26 36 0.05 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 30 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 19 Figure 34 - Continued Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2021 (Connections and households, in thousands) At least 200 kbps in At least 10 Mbps Down At least 25 Mbps Down At least 100 Mbps Down At least 940 Mbps Down at least One Direction and 1 Mbps Up and 3 Mbps Up and 20 Mbps Up and 500 Mbps Up Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership Subscribership State Households Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Connections Ratio Nevada 1,142 1,093 0.96 1,047 0.92 990 0.87 257 0.22 44 0.04 New Hampshire 540 562 1.04 540 1.00 511 0.95 135 0.25 6 0.01 New Jersey 3,397 3,199 0.94 3,143 0.93 3,116 0.92 1,851 0.55 * * New Mexico 798 703 0.88 629 0.79 547 0.69 109 0.14 10 0.01 New York 7,530 6,859 0.91 6,763 0.90 6,529 0.87 3,762 0.50 * * North Carolina 4,035 3,981 0.99 3,681 0.91 3,482 0.86 1,372 0.34 329 0.08 North Dakota 317 283 0.89 276 0.87 267 0.84 151 0.48 7 0.02 Northern Mariana Isl 16 * * * * * * 0 0.00 0 0.00 Ohio 4,754 4,266 0.90 4,034 0.85 3,714 0.78 1,029 0.22 101 0.02 Oklahoma 1,504 1,258 0.84 1,150 0.76 1,022 0.68 369 0.25 104 0.07 Oregon 1,658 1,560 0.94 1,464 0.88 1,374 0.83 358 0.22 79 0.05 Pennsylvania 5,148 4,649 0.90 4,397 0.85 4,287 0.83 1,478 0.29 * * Puerto Rico 1,197 662 0.55 579 0.48 380 0.32 125 0.10 * * Rhode Island 427 403 0.95 401 0.94 399 0.94 206 0.48 * * South Carolina 1,976 1,919 0.97 1,825 0.92 1,681 0.85 697 0.35 104 0.05 South Dakota 346 311 0.90 303 0.88 291 0.84 114 0.33 2 0.01 Tennessee 2,665 2,404 0.90 2,287 0.86 2,155 0.81 1,042 0.39 302 0.11 Texas 10,239 9,605 0.94 9,235 0.90 8,558 0.84 4,063 0.40 1,160 0.11 Utah 1,034 989 0.96 948 0.92 887 0.86 314 0.30 91 0.09 Vermont 263 269 1.02 237 0.90 200 0.76 42 0.16 13 0.05 Virgin Islands 43 * * * * * * * * 0 0.00 Virginia 3,249 2,953 0.91 2,802 0.86 2,734 0.84 1,135 0.35 * * Washington 2,932 2,852 0.97 2,677 0.91 2,524 0.86 648 0.22 151 0.05 West Virginia 711 568 0.80 491 0.69 428 0.60 145 0.20 4 0.01 Wisconsin 2,402 2,166 0.90 1,997 0.83 1,781 0.74 448 0.19 56 0.02 Wyoming 231 214 0.93 198 0.86 181 0.78 39 0.17 1 0.01 Total 125,319 115,792 0.92 109,975 0.88 102,804 0.82 39,921 0.32 9,273 0.07 # = Rounds to Zero; * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477 (Connections); 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 31 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 20 Figure 35 Connections by Type of End User by State as of December 31, 2021 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Connections Percentages State Residential Business Residential Business Total Alabama 6,379 990 86.6 13.4 7,369 Alaska 892 143 86.2 13.8 1,034 American Samoa * * * * * Arizona 9,304 1,378 87.1 12.9 10,682 Arkansas 3,771 527 87.7 12.3 4,298 California 52,547 9,514 84.7 15.3 62,061 Colorado 7,431 1,428 83.9 16.1 8,859 Connecticut 4,903 853 85.2 14.8 5,756 Delaware 1,354 228 85.6 14.4 1,581 District of Columbia 1,118 654 63.1 36.9 1,773 Florida 30,113 4,557 86.9 13.1 34,670 Georgia 14,220 2,319 86.0 14.0 16,539 Guam * * * * * Hawaii 1,913 329 85.3 14.7 2,242 Idaho 2,240 329 87.2 12.8 2,569 Illinois 16,612 3,075 84.4 15.6 19,687 Indiana 8,338 1,269 86.8 13.2 9,607 Iowa 3,889 623 86.2 13.8 4,512 Kansas 3,674 549 87.0 13.0 4,223 Kentucky 5,590 803 87.4 12.6 6,392 Louisiana 6,113 846 87.8 12.2 6,959 Maine 1,738 308 84.9 15.1 2,046 Maryland 8,250 1,339 86.0 14.0 9,589 Massachusetts 9,139 1,712 84.2 15.8 10,851 Michigan 12,735 2,213 85.2 14.8 14,948 Minnesota 7,135 1,262 85.0 15.0 8,397 Mississippi 3,800 471 89.0 11.0 4,270 Missouri 7,768 1,229 86.3 13.7 8,997 Montana 1,342 226 85.6 14.4 1,568 Nebraska 2,389 467 83.6 16.4 2,856 Nevada 4,205 550 88.4 11.6 4,756 New Hampshire 1,771 337 84.0 16.0 2,107 New Jersey 12,436 2,178 85.1 14.9 14,614 New Mexico 2,695 390 87.4 12.6 3,085 New York 26,941 5,346 83.4 16.6 32,287 North Carolina 13,467 2,284 85.5 14.5 15,751 North Dakota 975 161 85.9 14.1 1,136 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * Ohio 15,127 2,618 85.2 14.8 17,745 Oklahoma 4,992 728 87.3 12.7 5,720 Oregon 5,394 979 84.6 15.4 6,373 Pennsylvania 16,576 2,882 85.2 14.8 19,458 Puerto Rico 3,953 291 93.1 6.9 4,244 Rhode Island 1,441 273 84.1 15.9 1,713 South Carolina 6,588 953 87.4 12.6 7,540 South Dakota 1,096 162 87.1 12.9 1,259 Tennessee 8,964 1,379 86.7 13.3 10,343 Texas 39,453 5,979 86.8 13.2 45,432 Utah 3,744 734 83.6 16.4 4,478 Vermont 781 176 81.6 18.4 957 Virgin Islands 105 12 89.6 10.4 117 Virginia 11,053 2,048 84.4 15.6 13,101 Washington 9,946 1,755 85.0 15.0 11,701 West Virginia 2,064 259 88.8 11.2 2,323 Wisconsin 7,125 1,230 85.3 14.7 8,355 Wyoming 755 121 86.2 13.8 875 Total 436,576 73,621 85.6 14.4 510,198 # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 32 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 21 Figure 36 Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2021 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Alabama 363 * 5 1,011 328 * 22 5,580 7,369 Alaska 63 * 8 * 15 6 14 766 1,034 American Samoa 0 0 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 520 # * 1,823 225 * 93 7,969 10,682 Arkansas 300 * 4 477 192 * 20 3,259 4,298 California 1,969 3 * 9,621 1,731 * 287 48,243 62,061 Colorado * # 17 1,600 238 * 115 6,491 8,859 Connecticut * * 2 1,165 74 * 7 4,316 5,756 Delaware * * * 279 * * 2 * 1,581 District of Columbia * * 6 * * * 9 1,458 1,773 Florida 1,050 # * 6,344 1,516 * 71 25,581 34,670 Georgia 731 * 8 2,273 838 * 35 12,584 16,539 Guam * 0 0 * * 0 * * * Hawaii * * 1 * * * 2 1,688 2,242 Idaho 195 # * 294 83 * 76 1,900 2,569 Illinois 803 1 * 3,222 403 * 144 15,061 19,687 Indiana 434 # * 1,428 467 * 76 7,155 9,607 Iowa 248 # * 507 321 * 67 3,333 4,512 Kansas 170 # * 544 297 * 63 3,129 4,223 Kentucky 318 * 2 924 360 * 33 4,719 6,392 Louisiana 324 * 4 938 251 * 28 5,358 6,959 Maine 98 # * 496 31 * 10 1,395 2,046 Maryland * * 14 1,323 * * 21 7,248 9,589 Massachusetts 62 # * 2,108 598 * 28 8,034 10,851 Michigan 606 1 * 2,794 243 * 83 11,131 14,948 Minnesota 405 1 * 1,359 322 * 68 6,211 8,397 Mississippi 301 * 11 394 180 * 19 3,304 4,270 Missouri 491 # * 1,152 486 * 86 6,706 8,997 Montana 86 * 2 255 51 * 37 1,118 1,568 Nebraska 118 # * 400 163 * 44 2,120 2,856 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 33 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 22 Figure 36 - Continued Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2021 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Nevada 144 * 5 * 123 * 43 3,574 4,756 New Hampshire 48 # * 513 53 * 4 1,480 2,107 New Jersey 71 * 23 2,165 * * 16 11,113 14,614 New Mexico 207 # * 436 57 * 40 2,323 3,085 New York 172 1 * 5,066 2,164 * 45 24,767 32,287 North Carolina 574 # * 2,855 736 * 47 11,455 15,751 North Dakota 22 * # 174 118 * 4 815 1,136 Northern Mariana Isl * 0 * * * 0 * * * Ohio 709 * 8 3,207 516 * 101 13,159 17,745 Oklahoma 297 * 2 674 274 * 80 4,345 5,720 Oregon 195 # * 1,155 256 * 46 4,674 6,373 Pennsylvania 360 * 23 3,433 1,134 * 45 14,423 19,458 Puerto Rico * 0 2 * 95 * 76 3,518 4,244 Rhode Island * * * * * * * * 1,713 South Carolina 313 * 4 1,296 400 * 22 5,470 7,540 South Dakota 31 * 1 201 91 * 11 917 1,259 Tennessee 348 # * 1,459 713 * 34 7,731 10,343 Texas 1,441 # * 5,744 2,591 * 412 35,023 45,432 Utah 138 * 7 620 227 * 70 3,410 4,478 Vermont 77 * 3 177 43 * 4 647 957 Virgin Islands 0 0 0 * * * * 82 117 Virginia 193 # * 1,760 1,104 * 54 9,892 13,101 Washington 368 # * 2,218 302 * 79 8,636 11,701 West Virginia * * 1 425 19 * 12 1,707 2,323 Wisconsin 468 * 3 * 276 * 70 6,008 8,355 Wyoming 39 * 1 134 18 * 39 636 875 Total 16,868 14 530 80,232 23,338 1,873 2,923 384,420 510,198 1 PowerLine and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 34 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 23 Figure 37 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2021 Over 200 kbps Upstream and % over 200 kbps % at least 10 Mbps % at least 25 Mbps % at least 100 Mbps % at least 940 Mbps State Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Alabama 99.8 92.7 83.4 64.7 11.3 Alaska 99.8 91.9 72.7 * * American Samoa * * * * * Arizona 99.9 95.9 88.4 61.8 12.9 Arkansas 99.8 90.2 76.4 47.0 10.8 California 99.8 95.7 89.6 72.2 11.6 Colorado 99.9 96.4 89.1 68.3 16.9 Connecticut 99.8 96.0 88.5 77.0 10.8 Delaware 99.9 97.5 96.9 82.2 24.2 District of Columbia 100.0 96.1 94.8 78.2 23.4 Florida 99.8 97.1 92.5 72.7 9.4 Georgia 99.6 94.2 87.6 67.0 16.1 Guam * * * * * Hawaii 100.0 96.6 * * * Idaho 99.8 91.2 73.2 52.3 8.9 Illinois 99.8 95.0 88.0 64.9 10.2 Indiana 99.6 93.4 85.0 61.3 10.6 Iowa 99.3 91.9 80.6 55.5 10.6 Kansas 99.8 94.2 84.3 58.3 15.9 Kentucky 99.7 92.3 83.4 64.4 6.9 Louisiana 99.8 93.0 83.2 58.0 11.9 Maine 99.3 90.9 80.7 68.4 3.0 Maryland 99.9 97.2 95.6 80.2 27.4 Massachusetts 100.0 97.2 96.3 85.2 20.2 Michigan 99.5 94.5 88.2 67.4 7.2 Minnesota 99.8 95.1 86.5 63.9 9.2 Mississippi 99.7 88.8 73.4 47.5 15.7 Missouri 99.6 92.5 81.3 63.3 12.2 Montana 99.9 92.4 78.4 57.3 2.7 Nebraska 99.6 94.6 85.7 63.4 9.0 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 35 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 24 Figure 37 - Continued Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2021 Over 200 kbps Upstream and % over 200 kbps % at least 10 Mbps % at least 25 Mbps % at least 100 Mbps % at least 940 Mbps State Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Nevada 100.0 96.7 91.3 67.6 13.9 New Hampshire 99.6 94.7 90.8 81.0 12.5 New Jersey 99.8 97.8 96.6 87.3 25.8 New Mexico 99.9 91.8 78.9 51.3 7.1 New York 99.8 97.9 94.4 86.0 16.1 North Carolina 99.5 94.0 87.4 74.6 9.5 North Dakota 99.9 97.7 93.2 76.4 7.4 Northern Mariana Isl * * * * * Ohio 99.8 94.8 86.7 68.3 4.2 Oklahoma 99.6 91.3 80.2 55.8 13.7 Oregon 99.8 94.9 88.0 68.9 13.1 Pennsylvania 99.8 94.9 92.3 75.2 18.4 Puerto Rico 100.0 86.0 59.5 26.3 1.2 Rhode Island 99.6 98.9 97.9 82.6 29.5 South Carolina 99.8 95.3 87.6 72.5 7.5 South Dakota 99.8 97.9 93.8 67.1 6.9 Tennessee 99.7 95.1 89.1 69.9 15.8 Texas 99.9 96.2 88.8 69.8 16.7 Utah 100.0 96.5 89.7 68.8 18.9 Vermont 99.1 86.0 75.6 61.4 11.3 Virgin Islands * * * * * Virginia 99.5 95.0 91.6 74.6 24.7 Washington 99.7 94.9 88.4 71.6 16.4 West Virginia 98.1 85.9 75.7 59.2 9.2 Wisconsin 99.2 93.5 82.5 66.5 3.3 Wyoming 99.9 93.8 84.7 62.2 1.6 Total 99.7 95.1 88.5 70.3 13.3 Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 36 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 25 Figure 38 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2021 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Alabama 23 * 13 17 50 * 30 6 86 Alaska 16 * 6 * 21 4 18 10 41 American Samoa 0 0 0 * * 0 * * * Arizona 19 4 * 18 58 * 54 6 106 Arkansas 23 * 12 17 60 * 38 5 100 California 32 9 * 35 95 * 138 5 222 Colorado * 6 20 17 84 * 74 9 142 Connecticut * * 9 10 24 * 11 4 41 Delaware * * * 5 * * 5 * 36 District of Columbia * * 14 * * * 10 4 45 Florida 15 4 * 21 82 * 51 6 125 Georgia 25 * 18 28 93 * 33 5 128 Guam * 0 0 * * 0 * * * Hawaii * * 8 * * * 6 5 24 Idaho 24 4 * 18 47 * 46 8 80 Illinois 49 7 * 22 100 * 95 6 179 Indiana 33 6 * 15 89 * 67 4 134 Iowa 61 9 * 38 182 * 85 6 232 Kansas 28 4 * 24 75 * 69 8 126 Kentucky 18 * 16 31 69 * 36 7 117 Louisiana 16 * 15 18 42 * 30 6 80 Maine 12 5 * 8 22 * 15 5 41 Maryland * * 18 16 * * 31 5 84 Massachusetts 8 4 * 10 41 * 23 4 63 Michigan 27 5 * 28 86 * 64 7 137 Minnesota 36 8 * 22 97 * 61 5 140 Mississippi 14 * 10 12 45 * 20 5 72 Missouri 31 5 * 19 88 * 86 7 158 Montana 19 * 9 8 38 * 43 6 71 Nebraska 28 4 * 21 58 * 48 6 93 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 37 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 26 Figure 38 - Continued Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2021 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands) Other Cable Fixed Mobile State ADSL SDSL Wireline1 Modem Fiber Satellite Wireless Wireless Total Nevada 20 * 13 * 43 * 33 5 76 New Hampshire 9 4 * 7 25 * 9 5 38 New Jersey 11 * 20 11 * * 15 4 69 New Mexico 20 4 * 11 40 * 45 6 75 New York 32 4 * 24 84 * 38 4 127 North Carolina 24 4 * 25 68 * 34 6 106 North Dakota 18 * 8 9 35 * 12 6 52 Northern Mariana Isl * 0 * * * 0 * * * Ohio 33 * 23 32 91 * 85 4 173 Oklahoma 33 * 15 13 66 * 55 9 116 Oregon 33 6 * 18 73 * 50 6 112 Pennsylvania 21 * 20 28 81 * 45 7 133 Puerto Rico * 0 5 * 18 * 34 4 42 Rhode Island * * * * * * * * 24 South Carolina 17 * 15 15 49 * 22 6 71 South Dakota 17 * 10 9 44 * 30 8 76 Tennessee 22 4 * 20 90 * 42 7 130 Texas 63 5 * 33 148 * 186 9 287 Utah 18 * 17 13 47 * 41 8 78 Vermont 8 * 8 6 26 * 12 5 42 Virgin Islands 0 0 0 * * * * 4 5 Virginia 21 5 * 20 83 * 47 6 123 Washington 25 5 * 26 79 * 57 6 120 West Virginia * * 8 17 32 * 27 6 70 Wisconsin 41 * 16 * 82 * 54 6 121 Wyoming 15 * 8 7 28 * 25 8 51 Total 610 87 213 352 1,505 5 1,359 62 2,384 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. # = Rounds to Zero. * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: FCC Form 477. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 38 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 SECTION 4 SUMMARY STATISTICS: COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS Table of Contents Figure 39 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 40 Figure 40 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ..................................................................... 41 Figure 41 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 42 Figure 42 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ..................................................................... 43 Figure 43 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ........................................... 44 Figure 44 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2021 ........................................... 45 Figure 45 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2021 .......................................... 47 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 39 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 27 Figure 39 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households as of December 31, 2021 22.5 Number of Counties 3,234 Median 0.85 651 16% 14% 554 504 12% 401 10% 384 8% Percentage of Counties 6% 235 169 4% 120 82 2% 51 37 11 14 11 3 3 4 0% 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 Max Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households Note: Ratios over 1 were set to 1. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 40 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 28 Figure 40 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by Technology as of December 31, 2021 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 5 than 10 than 20 than 30 than 40 than 50 than 60 than 80 than 0 and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no more more more more more more more more more than than than than than than than than 100% Technology Zero than 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% or more aDSL 2.2 11.4 14.7 30.7 19.5 10.8 5.4 2.7 2.0 0.3 0.2 sDSL 96.1 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 Other Wireline 93.8 6.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 11.4 5.2 4.7 10.5 12.1 11.2 11.1 11.4 17.3 4.0 1.0 FTTP 7.4 34.8 13.4 15.6 9.3 6.1 3.9 2.9 3.8 2.4 0.4 Satellite 0.4 65.8 21.0 10.8 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 1.8 63.4 16.2 11.3 4.1 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.1 Total 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.8 1.5 4.1 28.1 54.0 11.2 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 41 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 29 Figure 41 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households as of December 31, 2021 14 Number of Tracts 85,160 Median 0.91 12 10 8 6 Percentage of Tracts 4 2 0 0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 Max Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households Note: Ratios over 2 were set to 2. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 42 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 30 Figure 42 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by Technology as of December 31, 2021 Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 5 than 10 than 20 than 30 than 40 than 50 than 60 than 80 than 0 and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no and no more more more more more more more more more than than than than than than than than 100% Technology Zero than 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% or more aDSL 9.5 27.7 16.7 24.4 12.2 4.6 2.2 1.2 1.0 0.3 0.2 sDSL 99.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 Other Wireline 98.9 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 4.9 2.4 1.4 3.0 4.2 7.0 11.3 15.0 31.7 15.0 4.2 FTTP 28.3 20.5 9.0 12.5 9.2 6.6 4.7 3.1 3.4 1.5 1.2 Satellite 31.3 58.7 5.3 3.5 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 5.4 84.5 4.1 3.3 1.3 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 Total 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.5 2.7 18.9 46.0 28.2 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 43 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 31 Figure 43 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Service by Technology as of December 31, 2021 (Internet Access Service over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Number of Providers Seven or Technology Zero One Two Three Four Five Six More aDSL 25.3 72.9 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 sDSL 99.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 Other Wireline 99.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cable Modem 31.8 63.9 4.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 FTTP 64.1 32.2 3.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Satellite 0.0 1.2 65.1 33.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fixed Wireless 21.7 32.6 23.3 13.4 6.0 2.0 0.7 0.2 aDSL and/or Cable Modem and/or FTTP 8.2 24.0 56.9 10.2 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 Any Technology 0.0 0.0 1.8 7.5 16.9 24.8 21.6 27.4 1 Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements. Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. The number of providers in a census block does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household, and does not purport to measure competition. Providers may list a census block on FCC Form 477 if service can be provided to at least one location in the block. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2020 census. Sources: FCC Form 477 and Census 2020. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 44 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 32 Figure 44 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2021 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Counties Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Alabama 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 30 29 2 Alaska 30 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 4 15 6 American Samoa 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 Arizona 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 13 0 Arkansas 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 40 26 1 California 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 49 8 Colorado 64 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 15 27 21 Connecticut 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 Delaware 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 District of Columbia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Florida 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 29 27 Georgia 159 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 7 59 63 23 Guam 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Hawaii 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 Idaho 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 22 11 Illinois 102 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 53 38 1 Indiana 92 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 43 46 1 Iowa 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 31 66 1 Kansas 105 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 39 57 5 Kentucky 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 36 73 5 Louisiana 64 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 32 22 1 Maine 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 9 Maryland 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 17 3 Massachusetts 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 5 Michigan 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 15 52 14 Minnesota 87 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 72 7 Mississippi 82 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 15 48 14 1 Missouri 115 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 44 57 6 Montana 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 39 9 Nebraska 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 32 56 3 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 45 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 33 Figure 44 - Continued Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2021 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Counties Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Nevada 17 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 10 1 New Hampshire 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 New Jersey 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 16 4 New Mexico 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 17 7 New York 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 45 11 North Carolina 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 14 58 27 North Dakota 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 44 5 Northern Mariana Isl 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Ohio 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 24 61 2 Oklahoma 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 40 30 0 Oregon 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 23 5 Pennsylvania 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 54 7 Puerto Rico 78 0 0 0 0 4 15 13 28 18 0 0 Rhode Island 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 South Carolina 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 16 22 7 South Dakota 66 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 52 4 Tennessee 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 28 60 6 Texas 254 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 10 82 126 35 Utah 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 14 13 Vermont 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 6 Virgin Islands 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 Virginia 133 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 7 41 69 11 Washington 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 26 10 West Virginia 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 27 21 3 Wisconsin 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 53 13 Wyoming 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 19 3 Total 3,234 3 0 0 0 7 25 48 133 908 1747 363 Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 46 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 34 Figure 45 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2021 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Tracts Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Alabama 1,435 5 0 0 0 5 15 41 89 387 616 277 Alaska 177 3 0 0 2 2 4 2 9 31 91 33 American Samoa 18 2 0 0 0 3 7 2 1 1 1 1 Arizona 1,765 30 0 4 13 12 19 20 32 304 697 634 Arkansas 823 2 0 0 0 2 7 32 78 285 311 106 California 9,107 61 4 2 4 9 17 37 79 872 5,024 2,998 Colorado 1,447 17 0 0 1 0 4 5 12 146 723 539 Connecticut 879 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 84 511 273 Delaware 259 3 0 6 5 7 9 6 6 30 61 126 District of Columbia 206 2 0 0 0 0 5 3 8 55 73 60 Florida 5,114 44 2 2 3 5 11 17 77 535 1,891 2,527 Georgia 2,791 10 0 2 1 2 16 34 89 539 1,102 996 Guam 56 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 16 12 21 Hawaii 436 13 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 46 172 199 Idaho 456 0 0 0 1 2 1 4 7 73 215 153 Illinois 3,263 6 0 1 4 3 16 48 93 821 1,781 490 Indiana 1,693 9 0 0 5 2 13 26 58 440 842 298 Iowa 896 4 0 0 0 0 3 9 14 309 477 80 Kansas 829 14 0 0 1 7 2 1 13 211 431 149 Kentucky 1,306 9 0 1 3 4 7 24 42 313 649 254 Louisiana 1,376 11 1 1 3 9 13 50 96 412 546 234 Maine 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 195 181 Maryland 1,463 8 1 1 19 29 34 34 35 277 511 514 Massachusetts 1,613 20 0 2 0 7 16 38 54 264 727 485 Michigan 2,971 79 1 0 5 6 24 37 87 587 1,535 610 Minnesota 1,502 4 0 0 1 2 2 3 11 278 897 304 Mississippi 875 4 0 0 2 3 13 39 110 319 262 123 Missouri 1,654 4 0 0 4 8 10 46 68 426 772 316 Montana 319 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 63 168 81 Nebraska 553 2 0 0 2 0 0 6 10 130 316 87 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 47 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 35 Figure 45 - Continued Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2021 (Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater Greater than 0 and than 5 and than 10 and than 20 and than 30 and than 40 and than 50 and than 60 and than 80 and no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more no more 100% or State Tracts Zero than 5% than 10% than 20% than 30% than 40% than 50% than 60% than 80% than 100% more Nevada 775 5 0 0 1 1 3 11 11 104 377 262 New Hampshire 349 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 177 158 New Jersey 2,175 13 2 2 8 19 49 63 105 421 807 686 New Mexico 612 13 1 2 7 8 6 11 17 148 253 146 New York 5,393 136 0 3 13 29 69 117 179 1,262 2,200 1,385 North Carolina 2,660 19 1 1 0 1 4 7 30 362 1,198 1,037 North Dakota 228 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 53 131 43 Northern Mariana Isl 23 2 1 0 0 0 2 3 5 7 2 1 Ohio 3,162 12 0 0 1 6 8 19 52 592 1,907 565 Oklahoma 1,205 11 1 0 1 10 20 30 70 387 476 199 Oregon 994 2 0 0 1 1 1 7 11 124 555 292 Pennsylvania 3,445 48 1 0 2 7 23 51 88 797 1,677 751 Puerto Rico 939 19 2 20 103 162 155 153 95 88 42 100 Rhode Island 247 1 0 0 0 0 5 6 1 46 103 85 South Carolina 1,317 11 0 1 0 0 3 9 50 286 508 449 South Dakota 242 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 51 150 38 Tennessee 1,701 23 0 0 0 2 9 19 47 395 811 395 Texas 6,883 54 3 0 2 7 30 78 213 1,480 2,840 2,176 Utah 716 7 2 1 4 2 2 8 8 84 325 273 Vermont 193 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 109 77 Virgin Islands 29 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 14 6 1 Virginia 2,186 26 7 4 24 31 63 88 110 414 738 681 Washington 1,772 3 2 0 0 3 5 4 7 119 963 666 West Virginia 546 1 0 0 0 0 8 13 34 214 224 52 Wisconsin 1,526 3 1 0 0 2 5 3 13 300 881 318 Wyoming 160 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 22 94 39 Total 85,160 789 33 57 248 422 743 1,277 2,340 16,064 39,163 24,024 Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 48 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 SECTION 5 CORRELATED RESULTS: DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES Table of Contents Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 50 Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 51 Figure 48 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2021 ......................................... 52 Figure 49 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2021 ..................................................................... 53 Figure 50 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 54 Figure 51 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 55 U.S. Federal Communications Commission 49 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 36 Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of December 31, 2021 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.69 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.87 0.90 0.94 Median 0.70 0.77 0.81 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.96 1.0 Max Q3 0.9 Median Q1 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio Ratio Subscribership 0.4 0.3 Min 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Income Median Household Income by Decile Higher Income Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the income decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 50 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 37 Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of December 31, 2021 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.84 0.83 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.86 Median 0.87 0.84 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.91 0.92 1.0 Max Q3 0.9 Median Q1 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio Ratio Subscribership 0.4 0.3 Min 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Density County Household Density by Decile Higher Density Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the density decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 51 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 38 Figure 48 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2021 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.72 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.83 0.82 0.86 0.87 0.92 0.94 Median 0.73 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.84 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.0 Max Q3 0.9 Median Q1 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio Ratio Subscribership 0.4 0.3 Min 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Share County Share of College Graduates by Decile Higher Share Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the share decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 52 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 39 Figure 49 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2021 Subscribership Ratio Average 0.86 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.82 0.89 Median 0.89 0.88 0.85 0.84 0.81 0.83 0.81 0.82 0.85 0.95 1.0 Max 0.9 Q3 Median 0.8 Q1 0.7 0.6 0.5 Subscribership Ratio Ratio Subscribership 0.4 0.3 Min 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lower Average Age County Average Age by Decile Higher Average Age Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the average age decile. Some of the features are labeled, but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile; is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 53 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 40 Figure 50 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of December 31, 2021 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage of Residential Fixed High-Speed Connections High-Speed Fixed Residential of Percentage 20 10 0 Lowest Density Highest Density aDSL Cable Modem FTTP Satellite Fixed Wireless This chart shows subscribership ratios by technology and household density. Tracts were grouped into 100 density percentiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of estimated tract households to tract land area from the Census Bureau. For each percentile, the height of the bar represents the household-weighted average ratio of residential fixed connections to households across tracts in the percentile. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 54 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 41 Figure 51 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of December 31, 2021 (Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction by Tract) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Richest Highest Density Poorest Lowest Density This chart shows subscribership ratios by household density and income quantiles. Tracts were grouped into 400 density/income quantiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of estimated tract households to tract land area, and median household income. For each quantile, the height of the grid represents the household-weighted average ratio of residential fixed connections to households across tracts in the decile. Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 55 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 Technical Notes General The information presented in this report is based on data from FCC Form 477. Through FCC Form 477, facilities-based broadband providers submit information to the FCC about where they offer and have subscribers to Internet access services over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction. In June 2013, the Commission adopted several changes to FCC Form 477.9 Detailed information about those changes and about the FCC Form 477 reporting requirements in general is available at www.fcc.gov/form477. In March 2020, Congress passed the Broadband Data Act which required the Commission to collect broadband availability data at a more granular level than what was historically reported through FCC Form 477.10 As a result, starting in June 2022, broadband availability data have been collected through the Broadband Data Collection (BDC) while subscription data continues to be reported through FCC Form 477. To ensure consistency across the two data collections, several minor changes were made to the FCC Form 477 reporting requirements beginning with filings as of June 30, 2022. Complete reporting requirements for both, the BDC and FCC Form 477, can be found here: www.fcc.gov/BroadbandData/filers. The inaugural BDC filing window for data as of June 30, 2022 was closed on September 1, 2022. Subscription data collected as part of the BDC will be incorporated into this report beginning with the June 30, 2022 edition. FCC Form 477 collects information about Internet access connections in service to end-user locations that are advertised to deliver information to and/or from the end user – that is, in at least one direction – at transfer rates (speeds) above 200 kilobits per second (kbps). Information is collected about the number of connections by the advertised speeds associated with each product subscribed to in the relevant geographic area, census tracts for fixed and states for mobile. Fixed providers report connections by the maximum advertised upload and download speeds, while mobile providers report connections by minimum advertised upload and download speeds. Fixed connections are further categorized by the technology employed by the part of the connection that terminates at the end-user location. Wherever a number of providers is cited in this report, multiple FCC Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider. “End users” are residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based providers report information about connections they provide directly to their own end-user customers and also connections that they provide to Internet Service Providers for resale to end users. For FCC Form 477 purposes, the facilities-based provider of a connection is the entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at 9 Modernizing the FCC Form 477 Data Program, WC Docket No. 11-10, Report and Order, 28 FCC Rcd 9887 (2013). See also High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2014 (March 2016) at 1-2, available at https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/internet-access-services-reports/internet-access-services- reports. 10 Broadband Deployment Accuracy and Technological Availability Act, Pub. L. No. 116-130, 134 Stat. 228 (2020) (codified at 47 U.S.C. §§ 641-646) (Broadband DATA Act or Act). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 56 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis. The mutually exclusive FCC Form 477 technology categories are: asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (aDSL in this report); symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (sDSL); other copper wireline; cable modem; optical carrier / fiber to the end user; satellite; terrestrial fixed wireless (using licensed or unlicensed spectrum); mobile wireless; and all other (which is included to capture deployment of additional technologies over time). In the FCC Form 477 data collection, aDSL-based services delivered over fiber-to-the-node architecture are reported in the aDSL category. The other wireline category comprises T1/DS1, T3/DS3, and other copper-based connections, not elsewhere categorized, that deliver Internet access service at the end-user location. Ethernet connections delivering Internet access service are reported in the other wireline category if the connection terminates over copper and in the FTTP category if the connection terminates over fiber. Connections deployed over hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) architecture are reported in the cable modem category. Wireless ISPs (WISPs) report in the fixed wireless category if providing service to dispersed, fixed end-user locations and report in the mobile wireless category if providing a commercial service that can be received at any location within a service footprint. Wireless local area networks (such as Wi-Fi hotspots) that only enable local distribution and sharing of a premises connection are not included, although the shared premises connection is included. Numbers of connections presented in this report are not adjusted for the number of persons at a single end-user location who have access to, or who use, the Internet access services delivered over the connection to that location. Numbers of residential connections are estimated based on the total connections and percentage- residential connections information reported on FCC Form 477. Census tracts Since the collection of data as of December 31, 2008, facilities-based providers of reportable fixed-location Internet access connections have been reporting connection counts at the census tract level of detail. Facilities-based mobile wireless providers report connection counts by state rather than census tract. The census tract-level data summarized in this report were collected for tracts in the 2020 decennial census. For the purposes of this report, there are 85,160 census tracts because we exclude census tracts delineated specifically to cover large bodies of water. Ratios of residential fixed-location connections to households that exceed 100% We estimate the share of households with fixed-location connections in individual census tracts by taking the ratio of the reported number of fixed-location residential service connections to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission 57 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 estimated number of households. We continue to find “outlier” estimates at or above 100% and to find that the number of outliers is substantially reduced when estimates are made for individual counties rather than for individual census tracts. Possible explanations of ratios at or above 100% include: (1) geocoding misallocations of service locations to census tracts; (2) proper allocation of connections to the county level by some filers, but improper allocation of all connections to a single tract in the county; (3) possible overestimation of residential connections in service plans for which the customer base is primarily residential; and (4) connections at seasonally or occasionally occupied housing units, such as vacation homes, while the household is counted elsewhere. The numbers of households in census tracts that were used to generate the estimated ratios are themselves estimates (from Census 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates), which could have an independent effect. Maps showing residential subscribership rates by census tract The two maps based on estimated Internet access connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction per 1,000 households (that is, estimated household subscribership rates) exclude all connections identified as business connections and necessarily exclude residential mobile wireless connections (which are reported for the state but not for individual census tracts). U.S. Federal Communications Commission 58 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 Glossary Term Definition aDSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line: A digital local loop typically using copper facilities and providing greater bandwidth in one direction than the other. Cable modem service A service which offers customers access to the Internet over a cable system. Downstream speed Speed of transmission from the Internet to the end user. End users Residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based provider Entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis. Fixed wireless A radio communication service between specified fixed points. Fixed technologies All technologies other than terrestrial mobile wireless. FTTH or FTTP Fiber to the Home (Premises): A network access architecture in which optical fiber is deployed all the way to the customer’s home (premises). Internet access service Service that provides end users access to the Internet. ISPs Internet Service Providers: Companies or organizations that provide Internet access service (see above). Mobile wireless service A radio communication service between mobile and fixed stations, or between mobile stations. Mobile wireless provider Provider of mobile wireless service (see above). Other wireline All copper-wire based technologies other than DSL technologies; Ethernet over copper and T-1 are examples. Power line Internet access service delivered over electric power transmission lines. Satellite communications A telecommunications service provided via one or more satellite relays and their associated uplinks and downlinks. sDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line: DSL technology that provides equal bandwidth for both uploads and downloads. Speed tiers Sub-groupings defined by ranges of upstream speeds and downstream speeds. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 59 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021 Upstream speed Speed of transmission from the end user to the Internet. Wi-Fi hotspot Wireless Fidelity: Generic term referring to any type of IEEE 802.11 wireless network. A hotspot is a small geographic area in which users can gain access to a Wi-Fi network which in turn connects to the Internet. Wireless service Telephone, Internet, data, and other services provided to customers through the transmission of signals over networks of radio towers. Wireless service provider Provider of wireless service (see above). WISP Wireless ISP: A company that provides end users with wireless access to the Internet, most commonly by using radio spectrum designated for unlicensed use. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 60 Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021